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The instrument that led to the understanding of cell is electron microscope.

(c) ribosome

In a compound micro scope, magnification of eye piece lens is 10 × and that of objective lens is 40 × the total magnification is 400 ×. It means, the object appears 400 times larger than its actual size.

A meal should have different food items because our body needs different kinds of nutrients for proper functioning.

(a) Cell wall

(b) Mitochondria

1. Plant cell 

• 1. Cell wall is present 
• 2. Vacuoles are present in plenty 
• 3. and large in size 
• 4. Chloroplast is present , 
• 5. Centriole is absent in higher plant cell 

2. Animal cell 

• 1. Cell wall is absent 
• 2. Vacuoles are present fewer in number and 
• 3. smaller in size
• 4. chloroplast is absent 
• 5. Centriole is present in all animal cell.

Schleiden a German botanist and Schwann a German zoologist together put forth the ‘cell theory’ in 1839. 

Cell theory States:

• 1. The body of living organism is formed of one or more cells. 
• 2. All the cells arise only from preexisting cells through cell division.

No, all meals do not have the same food items.

Cells perform all activities such as nutrition respiration and cell division which contribute to the overall growth of an organism. Hence cells are called structural and functional units of an organism.

When we place a de- shelled egg in a concentrated salt solution for a few minutes, the egg shrinks because water passes out of the egg solution into the salt solution because the salt solution is more concentrated.

A cell is basic and structural and functional unit of a living organisms.

Correct answer is (b) Species

(i) Wheat
(ii) Ghee

(d) Cottage cheese (paneer)

Natural system of classification has some merits are,. It includes the related organisms in one group and shows relationships with regard to habitat life process and made of reproduction.

Bi nominal nomenclature is the scientific method of naming the living organisms. Common names often differ from one part of a country to another and certainly vary from one country to another. In contrast, scientific name can be used all over the world speaking different languages. It avoids confusion.

(ii) They are caused due to lack of nutrients in our diet. 

(iv) They can be prevented by taking a balanced diet. 

Viruses contain only nucleic acid covered by a protein coat. They are unable to reproduce out side the living cells but inside the host cell they exhibit the characteristics of living organisms. Hence, They are considered as a link between living and non living.

Aristotle classified plants and animals in to three groups 

1. Plants: 

Herbs with soft stems. 

Shrubs with several woody stems. 

Three with a single woody stem. 

2. Animals : 

Aquatic animals found in water. 

Terrestrial animals, found on land. 

Aerial animals found in air.

Carol us Linnaeus introduced the ‘binomial nomenclature’. The scientific method of naming the organisms called binomial nomenclature.

1. Plants 

Plants belong to autotrophs Plants can prepare their own food 

2. Animals 

Animals belongs to heterotrophs Animals cannot prepare their own food.

Functions of fibers:

1. Fibers help in digestion.

2. Due to fibers, food particles do not stick to the intestine.

3. Roughage absorbs poisonous substances and water is produced during digestion.

4. Roughage absorbs glucose in the body which maintains balance of sugar in the body. This decrease the risk of diabetes.

(a) Monerans

1. c 

2. d 

3. e 

4. f

Taxonomy is the branch of biology. Which deals with the classification of organisms.

Water is an important component for our body. About 70% of our body is water. Water acts as solvent in our body and maintain temperature of the body thereby protects us from many diseases. Water removes many harmful substance from our body. The percentage of water in our liver is 69% and in muscles 75%.

The importance of protein for our body is: 

1. Proteins are necessary for growth and development of our body. 

2. These are responsible for cell division and repair of cells. 

3. Protein acts as enzymes in most of the biochemical reactions.

4. Provides energy to the body in the absence of fats and carbohydrates.

5. They give mental peace.

Aristotle is popularly known as ‘father of biology’.

According to Aristotle’s both are aquatic so they belong to the same group but according to the natural system of classification whale is different from fish in the life process and made of reproduction. Whole belongs to the class mammalia it has mammalian characteristics.

Charaka, an ancient Indian sage, was a philosopher, astronomer and physician. He had listed about 340 plant types and about 200 animals types in his book ‘charaka samhita’ charaka for his contributions in known as ‘father of Ayurveda’.

The seven levels of organisation are : 

Species → Genus → Family → order→ class → Phylum → Kingdom.

The basic unit of classification is called species.

(d) Nitrogen (N)

Fats are obtained from plants and animals.

For example oil from mustard and coconut plant and ghee, meat etc. are obtained from animals

(b) 4 calorie

These are necessary for growth, development and repair of our body.

Fats are called as energy centers.

No. all the components have different functions.

Carbohydrates provide energy to our body for performing different functions and maintain body temperature.

The energy stored in our body is used for doing these activities. Therefore, we feel tired.

Observation: The colour of mixture turns violet. 

Conclusion: Protein reacts with copper sulphate and caustic soda and turns to purple colour solution. This activity shows that gram flour contains protein.

1. Bi nominal nomenclature is the scientific method of naming the living organisms. 

2. Common names often differ from one part of a country to another and certainly vary from one country’ to another.  

3. In contrast, scientific name can be used all over the world speaking different languages. 

4. It avoids confusion.

Mineral salts are mainly obtained from milk, curd, green leafy vegetables, fresh fruits etc.

Vitamins are helpful in normal growth and development of our body. These also increase immunity of our body.