Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Correct Answer is: (A) Pyrus communis 

The pear (/ˈpɛər/) tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus /ˈpaɪrəs/, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pear are valued for their edible fruit and juices while others are cultivated as trees.

(A) Pyrus communis

Penicillin was widely used to kill bacteria during infection. 

During second world war,it was widely used to treat soldiers against bacterial infection

Mores are more rigid than folkways.

Example : In today’s society, students have a lot of burden in addition to which, there are unsatisfying and unlimited wants of their parents. In today’s world, competition is so high that only the academic subjects are not enough and students have to prepare for other professional courses. In this manner a student has to play different roles by which they experience role conflict. Where two or more roles cannot be performed at the same time, it is called role conflict. Role conflict is the tension caused due to trying to balance two or more statuses.

Eating food with fork and spoon is an example of folkways.

(i) Role

(ii) Folkways

(i) Co-operation

(ii) rural

(iii) primary

(iv) position

(i) Role Conflict

(ii) Locality

(iii) Social Group

(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Enacted law

(c) ‘They-Group’ – Out group

(i) out-group

(ii) Voluntary group

(iii) secondary

(iv) reference group

(v) Customary

(vi) Mores

(d) Membership based on choice – Voluntary group

(i) Ascribed Status

(ii) Secondary Group

(iii) Status

(a) Family – Involuntary Group

(d) Nation, State – Large group

Status determined on the basis of age, sex, caste, etc., are ascribed status.

The functional aspect of status is known as ‘role’. It is also a behavioural aspect of duties which are associated with a status. When a person behaves in accordance with one’s position in society, it is termed as ‘role’.

1. Role performance : The way a person actually plays one’s role in a situation. 

2. Role set : A set of roles (a role complex) that centres around a particular social status. For example, a University professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc. 

3. Role strain : A feeling of difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of one’s role obligations. 

4. Role conflict: Incompatibility between two or more roles that an individual is expected to perform in a given situation. For example, the role of a working women, who also manages the home. 

5. Role exit: According to Helen Rose, role exit is a process of disengagement from a role that i is central to one’s self identity, in order to establish a new role and identity.

Characteristics of social group: 

1. A social group consists of two or more persons e.g., two friends, wife and husband. 

2. Social group is a system of social interaction. 

3. Group life involves mutual awareness. 

4. ‘We feeling’ promotes group unity. 

5. Groups are formed for the fulfilment of certain common interests, e.g., political groups, religious groups, caste groups, sports groups

6. Each group has its own norms, rules to regulate behaviour of its members. 

7. Social groups are dynamic in nature, i.e. they change from time to time.

(i) social interaction

(ii) collective

(iii) Dyad

(iv) Primary Group

(v) George Simmel

1. Social status means the position in society : Ralph Linton has given two types of status on the basis of given status and achieved status. A person occupies different types of status at different place. For example, a parent at home may occupy the status of teacher in school, or as customer in a market and so no.

2. Ascribed status : It is assigned to a person by society. Generally, this assignment takes place at birth. It is determined on the basis of age, sex, kinship, race etc. These determinants are biological in origin but are significant mainly because of the social meanings that they have in our culture. 

3. Achieved status : It is attained by a person largely through her or his own effort. On the basis of a person’s unique talent it is achieved. It appears in different fields in society such as politics, sports, education, and industry.

(i) Society includes likeness : According to Maclver ‘society’ means likeness. Social relationships exist among those who are alike in body and mind. People have similarities with regard to their needs aim, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on.

(ii) Society includes difference : A society together with likeness is also based on differences. Differences is an important factor for a healthy society. Different types of personalities are essential in our society in order to satisfy the different needs. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

(iii) Interdependence : Individuals in a society depend upon one another for the satisfaction of needs. One group, one nation, one community depends upon the other for its development, t Interdependence is seen in family groups as well. The existence of society depends upon different types of social relationships.

(iv) Co-operation : Every society is characterized by co-operation and division of labour. It is necessary for survival.

(v) Normative nature : In a society, social behaviour is evaluated by social control. These controlling means are known as norms. Norms control the misbehaviour or the acts which are harmful to society thus protecting the society. 

(vi) Society is dynamic : No society is static. It changes continuously; old customs, traditions, I values, norms and institutions replace the new customs, traditions, values, norms and institutions.

(i) Norms

(ii) static

(iii) community

(iv) social relationships

(v) Locality

Ernest was truly noble and humble. His deeds matched with his thoughts. He received the poet warmly. For a while he thought the writer of those poems was truly the greatest and wisest person. The poet and the people ultimately hailed him as the man with the likeness of the Stone Face. But Ernest did not agree with them. He kept hoping that a wiser and better man than himself would appear to make the prophecy true.

No, Ernest did not see the likeness . of the Great Stone Face in Gathergold.

Subscription is a membership fees paid by the member on annual basis. Its is calculated by taking current year subscription plus receivables and deducted previous year and next year subscription and balance amount treated as subscription for the year.

It consists of Capitalized receipts such as Legacies, Life membership fees, Entrance fees, and Donation for the current year and excess of income over expenditure of the current year. Capital fund is the difference between the assets and liabilities of non-profit organization.

Deductive Method : This method deduces conclusions from fundamental assumptions or axioms established by other methods. It proceeds from reasoning to a study of facts and verifications of conclusions arrived at. The process of logic is from general to particular.

Inductive Method : The inductive method derives economic theories on the basis of observations and experiment. In this method, detailed data is collected with regard to a certain economic phenomenon.

Economising of resources means that the available resources should be allocated among different uses in such a way that the resources are put to their best possible use.

A production possibility curve is a curve which shows the various alternative production possibilities which can be employed with the given resources and techniques of production. It is also called Product Transformation Curve.

1. Theory of demand and consumer behaviour.
2. Theory of supply and producer behaviour.
3. Production theories explaining how production responds to different combinations of inputs.
4. Theory of price determination, explaining how prices of goods and services are determined in different markets.

Under micro-economics, the behaviour of economic units, i.e. individual, industries, wages, firms is studied in context of goods and services. Its main tools are demand and supply. It includes consumption, production, exhcnage, distribution, economic welfare, etc.

Assuming the cost of a commodity to be variable and all other factors to be constant, the study of individual unit is called micro-economic study. But when all the factors are variable, such study is called total micro-economic study. When micro-economic study is done assuming price, etc., variables to be stable, it, is called micro-economic static study. Similarly, when two stable conditions are compared, it is called micro-economic comparative study, and study done by assuming economic variables to be in a continuously dynamic state, is called dynamic study.

Under macro-economics, activities related to the entire economy are studied, i.e. total income-expenditure, total savings and investment, etc.

(d) all of these

(d) all of these

Often a question arises : Whether economics is a science or an art or both. A subject is considered science if it is a systematized body of knowledge which studies the relationship between cause and effect, it is capable of measurement, it has its own methodological apparatus and it has the ability to forecast. If we analyse Economics, we find that it has all the features of science. Like science, it studies cause and effect relationship between economic phenomena.

To understand, let us take the law of demand. It explains the cause and effect relationship between price and demand for a commodity. It says, given other things to be constant, as price rises, the demand decreases. Similarly, like science, it is capable of being measured, the measurement is in terms of money. It has its own methodology of study (induction and deduction) and it forecasts the future market conditions with the help of various statistical and non-statistical tools.

Economics is an art. Art is nothing but practice of knowledge. Where science teaches us to know, art teaches us to do. Unlike science which is theoretical, art is practical. If we analyse. Economics, we find that it has the features of an art also. Its various branches — consumption, production and public finance, etc. provide practical solutions to various economic problems. It helps in solving various economic problems which we fiice in our day-to-day life.

Thus, Economics is both a science and an art. It is science in its methodology and art in its application. Study of the problem of unemployment is science but framing suitable policies for reducing the extent of unemployment is an art.

Correct answer is (b) in 1933

(c) both private and government ownership on resources

Economics is both a science and an art. As a science, economics is a systematic body of knowledge which makes generalization and theories by adopting scientific approach. As an art, it puts this knowledge into practice. It uses economic theories and laws in formulating various economic policies. Thus, economics is ‘science’ in methodology and ‘art’ in its application. Corsa observed that science requires arts, and arts require science, each being complementary to the other.

Stocks of resources available to a community are given. When the community decides to channel its resources in the production of certain commodities, then they have to abandon some other products which the community could have produced with these resources. From the perspective of a society using a resource for any purpose, it means that we want to sacrifice that good. Those resources that encourage their current use, are called the Cost of Opportunity.

In essence, the cost of production of an object is that quantity of other items which we have to sacrifice.

Example : A carpenter, in one day, can make either one table or 2 chairs. The opportunity cost of 1 table = 2 chairs which can be made instead of a table.

Ancient Tamil literature is called Sangam literature. This literature provides us very important information about the Chola and Pallava rulers. The forerunner of this literature was rishi Agastha. The Teulgu book Krishnadeorai Vijayam written by Dhurjati provides information about the achievements of Krishnadeo Rai the ruler of Vijaynagar.

(d) Price theory

Production possibility curve is concave to the origin. Its increasing slope shows that more and more of commodity Y (on the Y-axis) is to be sacrificed for every additional unit of commodity X, or in other words, the cost of producing additional X tends to increase in terms of the loss of Y. This is in accordance with the principle of diminishing returns or increasing cost of production.

As a normative Science, economics involves value judgement. It is prescriptive in nature and describes ‘what should be the things’. For example, the question like what should be the level of national income, what should be the wage rate, how can the fruits of national product be distributed among people, all fall within the scope of normative science. Thus, normative economics is concerned with welfare propositions. Some economists are of the view that value judgements by different individuals will be different, and thus for deriving laws or theories, it should not be used.

During the epic age, there were two chief produces .

1. Vanay, which was a weed,

 2. Wheat, barley, paddy, úrad, gram, sesame etc.

One – sixth or one – tenth part of the crop had to be given as tax to the government. From the record of the cattle specialists, we come to know that cattle-breeding technique was highly developed during that period.

Following are the economic problems arising due to limited resources:

1. Unlimited wants of different priorities.
2. Limited resources, but having alternative uses.
3. Co-ordination between wants and resources.