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(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’

(d) 0.4 – 0.6 kg

Waste is dumped at landfill sites. When amount of waste attains a significant figure, it is covered with soil. After that, waste is allowed to decompose. Pipeline system is installed in landfill to channelize and utilize the methane gas which is produced during decomposition. This gas is utilized for power generation at many places. A landfill site is usually developed outside the city limits.

In this method, waste is burnt under controlled conditions so that production of polluting gases can be minimized. This method is ideal for places where land is in short supply. This method is also ideal for disposing off the medical waste.

(c) Carbon dioxide

Recyling is the process of treatment of discarded material to make it available fo resue. Certain items from waste are segregated for recycling. Items like plastic, aluminium cans, metals, etc. are sent to recycling unit so that new items can be made from them. This not only helps in reducing the amount of waste but also in conservation of resources.

Waste which is in solid form is called solid waste. Management of solid waste requires a different approach. One needs to physically transport solid waste to the dumping site. A huge amount of manpower and capital is required for management of solid waste.

Waste can be solid, liquid or gas but on the basis of ability to undergo decomposition, waste is classified into two types:

Biodegradable Waste: Waste which can be decomposed by biological factors is called biodegradable waste, e.g. fruit peels, stale food, paper, etc. Biodegradable is generally environment-friendly. Biogas is produced on decomposition of biodegradable waste. This biogas can be utilized for many purposes like as domestic fuel, for power generation, etc. Non- 

biodegradable Waste: Waste which cannot be decomposed by biological factors is called non-biodegradable waste, e.g. aluminium can, polythene bag, etc. Non-biodegradable waste is generally harmful for environment. However, many non-biodegradable waste can be recycled to make useful products.

Following are different sources of waste:

• Household Source: Paper, cardboard, fruit peels, vegetable peels, soapy water, rags, etc.
• Municipality: Municipality looks after management of solid and liquid waste from households, offices and factories. Municipal waste also includes human excreta.
• Industry and Mining: Many harmful wastes are produced by industries, e.g. harmful chemicals, grease, etc. Mining activity also produces wastes like dust.
• Agriculture: Hay, dry leaves, husk, cowdung, etc. are examples of farm waste.
• Medical Waste: Hospitals produce many wastes like syringe, cotton, bandage, catheters, strips, etc. Some of the hospital waste may contain harmful germs.

(a) Metallic waste

(d) All of these

The practice of transportation and dumping of waste, recycling of useful material from waste, etc. are integral part of waste management. Different types of waste need different kinds of management practices. While gaseous waste goes up in air on its own, we need to make proper drainage system for handling liquid waste. For handling solid waste, we need a proper system of transportation and people. Even a small village produces a large amount of waste per day. Daily production of garbage could be in thousands of tons in mega cities.

Methods of Waste Management:

1. Landfill: Waste is dumped at landfill site. When amount of waste attains a significant figure, it is covered with soil. After that, waste is allowed to decompose. Pipeline system is installed in landfill to channelize and utilize the methane gas which is produced during decomposition. This gas is utilized for power generation at many places. A landfill site is usually developed outside the city limits.

2. Incineration: In this method, waste is burnt under controlled conditions so that production of polluting gases can be minimized. This method is ideal for places where land is in short supply. This method is also ideal for disposing off the medical waste.

3. Recycling: Certain items from waste are segregated for recycling. Items like plastic, aluminium cans, metals, etc. are sent to recycling unit so that new items can be made from them. This not only helps in reducing the amount of waste but also in conservation of resources.

4. Chemical Methods: Many wastes can be managed by using chemical methods.

The practice of transportation and dumping of waste, recycling of useful material from waste, etc. are integral part of waste management. Different types of waste need different kinds of management practices. Waste management is highly important for a comfortable and disease-free life in cities and villages.

(b) Incineration

Correct answer is (a) Methane

I will take following steps for waste management in my neighbourhood:

• I will urge people to use garbage bins for throwing garbage. I will organize awareness campaign for this.
• I will request the municipal authorities for regular maintenance of drainage system.
• I will take a team of volunteers for ‘Swachhata Abhiyan’ on a weekly basis.
• I will educate people on benefits of segregating waste so that some items can be recycles.

Strong acids: Those acids that give rise to more H⁺ ion concentration, e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃. 

Weak acids: Those acids that give rise to less H⁺ ion concentration, e.g acetic acid, lactic acid.

Tooth enamel, made of calcium phosphate does not dissolve in water, but it is corroded when pH is below 5.5 (acidic).

Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth. It can be prevented by using tooth paste, which is generally basic to neutralise excess acid

Following are the harms of waste:

• Accumulation of waste around us is not good from the point of aesthetics.
• Decomposition of waste produces methane and other harmful gases. Methane causes global warming.
• A heap of waste is the breeding ground for harmful germs, houseflies and mosquitoes. These agents can cause many epidemics.
• Hospital waste can cause serious infection to a person. HIV and Hepatitis B can spread from coming in contact with infected needle.
• Plastic waste turns the soil infertile. It chokes the drainage. Stray animals often swallow plastic and die due to choking. Prolonged exposure to plastic increases thalatus in blood which hampers the development of foetus.
• Sewage from households pollutes water bodies like rivers and ponds. It is harmful for aquatic animals and plants. It also pollutes groundwater.

Syringe, cotton, bandage, catheters, strips, etc.

Medha Patkar initiated the Narmada Bachao Andolan. This Andolan (movement) has been in operation for the last 32 years. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (movement) fights for the rights of people, affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam project, which aims at building dams across the Narmada River.

Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save thNarmadala Movement) is a movement to protest about the height of Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada, thereby criticising large dams for addressing problems.

(a) Anything in the environment which can be used by human beings is called a natural resource. The important natural resources are forest and wild life, water and coal. 

(b) We need to manage our natural resources because: 

1. The resources of the earth are limited and our population is increasing day by day. 

2. The proper management of natural resources takes into consideration long term perspective and prevents their exploitation to the hilt for short term gains. 

3. The proper management can ensure equitable distribution of natural resources so that all the people can benefit from the development of these resources. 

4. The proper management will take into consideration the damage caused to the environment during the extraction or use of the natural resources and find ways and means to minimise this damage.

The resources are limited and with a tremendous increase in human population, the demand for resources is increasing at an exponential rate. Therefore, we need to manage them carefully.

Two sources are burning of fossil fuels and exhausts from automobiles. Both produce carbon dioxide gas which is a major greenhouse gas.

We should conserve forests because they maintain biological diversity, provide food and safeguard the future of the tribals besides providing ecological balance of ecosystems. 

(i) The people living in or around the forests who are directly dependent on forest product.

(ii) The Forest Department of the government which owns the land and controls the resources from forests. 

(iii) The industrialists who use the forest produce but arc not dependent on the forest of a particular area. 

(iv) The wildlife and nature enthusiasts who want to conserve nature in its present form.

(i) The people living in or around the forests who are directly dependent on forest product.

(ii) The Forest Department of the government which owns the land and controls the resources from forests. 

(iii) The industrialists who use the forest produce but arc not dependent on the forest of a particular area. 

(iv) The wildlife and nature enthusiasts who want to conserve nature in its present form.

The four stakeholders are:
(i) Local people living in villages near the forest.
(ii) Industrialists who use forest produce as raw materials'
(iii) Wild life and nature enthusiasts.
(iv) Forest department of the government.

(ii) stomata

(i) False

(ii) False

(iii) True

(iv) True

The water accumulated in a pit makes a foul smell because the water is very dirty there.

The water of the river generally is very fresh. No diseases or impurities are found in this water. But in stagnant water, many small organisms or insects are there and mosquitoes are seen sitting on the surface of water. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water. So, this water is very harmful for us.

In our nearby area, we see stagnant water in ponds, pits and drains.

The water gets collected in an open space like drains, pits, tanks, pots, ponds etc.

Yes, the mosquito flourishes in the stagnant water.

Jaundice, diarrhoea, worm infestation and polio etc. are caused by contaminated water and food.