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Similarities

1. Food is oxidized in both cases and energy is released. It yields by products and takes place in a cell. 

Differences

2. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration, while alcohol is the end product of anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration releases more energy than an aerobic respiration.

Stomata act as respiratory organs in plants.

C) Inspiration and expiration

(d) lactic acid only

Here, the equation of thermal expansion for linear expansion will be applied because of increase in temperature of the rod, length, increase.

∆T = 200°C – 0°C = 200°C, α = 10^-5 °C^-1, l = 1 m

Area of cross – section, A = 1 cm² = 1 × 10^-4m²

∴ \(\frac{∆l}{l}\) = α∆T = 10^-5 × 200 = 2 × 10^-3

Tension produced in steel rod = YAα∆T

= 2.0 × 10¹¹ × 1 × 10^-4 × 2 × 10^-3 = 4 × 10⁴ N.

(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down. (False)
(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night. (False)
(iii) Frogs breathe through their skins as well as their lungs. (True)
(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration. (False)
(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation. (True)

Respiration: 

1. It is oxidation of food to form carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy. 

2. It is a biological process. 

3. Energy is released in the form of ATP. 

4. Enzymes are involved in this process. 

Breathing: 

1. It is simply an intake of fresh air and removal of foul air. 

2. It is a physical process. 

3. No energy is released rather used. 

4. No Enzymes are involved in the process.

Correct option is (ii) 15-18

Correct option is A) Increase

D) All the above

The British aimed at bringing prosperity to England at the cost of Indians which impoverished most sections of Indian society. Landlords and peasants who lost their lands participated in the revolt.

The Policy of Social Reforms brought in by the Company made people feel insecure and suspicious as they felt the government was trying to convert them to Christianity and destroy Indian religion and culture forever. People felt that Indian social system was deliberately undermined in railways, jails and military. Any new changes aroused dissatisfaction. Thus many people joined the freedom movement to sustain their socio-religious beliefs.

The revolution was a failure because of:

• Lack of coordination among rebels and absence of centralised leadership. There was no provision for reinforcement of men, money and arms.
• The revolt happened way before the fixed date thus disrupting the planning and alerting the British.
• Being concentrated mainly in North India. Many social reformers refrained from joining the revolt proving that the intellectual class did not support the revolt.
• India was ruled by various rulers; thus the feelings of nationalism had not developed among Indians. Many leaders sided the British or remained passive during the revolt.
• Sikhs and Gurkhas fought from the side of the British which proved to be a great disadvantage.
• The British army was superior with latest weapons and good military commanders.
• Indian leaders were fighting to regain control of their individual territories and not for the whole nation.

Mangal Pandey, a soldier of Barrackpore battalion, opposed to use the cow-and-pig-fat greased cartridge of the new Enfield Rifle. Indian soldiers who had agreed to join the revolt wanted to wait until 31st May, but 26-year-old Mangal Pandey could not. He refused to use the Enfield Rifle. As a result the revolt began earlier than the fixed date. This disrupted the planning and the objectives of the revolt could not be achieved.

Sargeant Major Hewson ordered for his arrest, but Mangal Pandey shot him and defeated another British officer also. Indian soldiers refused to arrest Mangal. When he was cornered, Mangal shot himself with his own ‘ Sifle. A bleeding Mangal Pandey was taken to hospital to get information about the revolt from him. The British pretended to run a case against Mangal on 6th April, 1857. The entire procedure was purposely in English. Though he was sentenced to death, he did not divulge any information to the British. He was hanged at 5:30 a.m. on 8th April, 1857. Thus, Mangal Pandey became the First Martyr of the 1857 revolt which began earlier than planned.

The ‘Lotus and Roti’ symbol were circulated across India and Bards, priests and auliyas played a significant role in spreading word about the revolt.

Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan

Solution:
Let the speed of the train by x km/hr
And the time taken by the train be ‘y’ hrs
Distance traveled by the train is x.y = xy

Case I
If the train would have been 10 km/hr faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time.
⇒ (x + 10) (y - 2) = xy
⇒ -2x + 10y = 20
⇒ x – 5y = -10 ---------------- (1)

Case II
If the train were slower by 10 km/hr, it would have taken 3 hours more than the scheduled time
⇒ (x - 10) (y +  3) = xy
⇒ 3x – 10y - 30 = 0
⇒ 3x – 10y = 30 ----------------(2)

Solving the equations (1) and (2), we get y = 12, x = 50

Therefore, the distance of the journey = 50 × 12 = 600 km.

When the bulb is connected to the battery the chemical energy of the battery is converted into the electrical energy. When bulb receives this electrical energy it converts it into light and heat energy. The figure below shows the energy transformation in more descriptive way.

Chemical Energy → Electrical Energy → Light Energy + Heat Energy

The level of water in a beaker will rise. It is so because the density of water formed by melting of ice is less than the density of liquid in a beaker. Due to which the volume of water formed by melting the ice will be more than that of the portion of the ice in the liquid while floating in the liquid.

Work done by the force of gravity on an object depends only on vertical displacement. Vertical displacement is given by the difference in the initial and final positions/heights of the object, which is zero.

Work done by gravity is given by the expression,

W = mgh, where, h = Vertical displacement = 0

W = mg × 0 = 0 J

Therefore, the work done by gravity on the given object is zero joule.

Work done by the force of gravity, W = mgh.
Where h = difference in height of initial and final positions of the object.
According to question, the initial and final positions of the object lie in the same horizontal line. So h = 0.
∴ Work done W = mg × 0 = 0

Let the speeds of two balls (1 & 2) be v₁ and v₂, if v₁ = 2v, v₂ = v

If y₁ and y₂ the displacement covered by the balls 1 and 2, respectively, then

 \(y_1=\frac{v^2_1}{2g}=\frac{4v^2}{2g}\) and \(v_2=\frac{v^2_2}{2g}=\frac{v^2}{2g}\)

since, y₁ − y₂ = 15 m,

\(\frac{4v^2}{2g}-\frac{v^2}{2g}\) = 15 m

or \(\frac{3v^2}{2g}\) = 15 m

\(v^2=\sqrt{5m\times(2\times10)}\) m/s²

v = 10 m/s

clearly, v₁ = 20 m/s, v₂ = 10 m/s.

Time interval = 1 s.

v₁=20 m/s, v₂ = 10m/s, time difference = 1s.

As θ = 0, T = \(\frac{2v_0\,cos\,\theta}{g\,cos\,\theta}\)⇒ \(\frac{2v_0}{g}\)

Considering motion along x-axis, 

X = L, u_x= v₀ cos θ, a_x= g sin θ, t = T = \(\frac{2v_0}{g}\)

From kinematics equation- 

= \(u_xt+\frac{1}{2}a_xt^2\)

L =\(v_0\,sin\,\theta t+\frac{1}{2}g\,sin\,\theta\, t^2\)

 = \((v_0sin\,\theta)(T)+\frac{1}{2}g\,sin\,\theta\, T^2\)

= \((v_0 sin \,\theta)(\frac{2v_0}{g})+\frac{1}{2}g\,sin\,\theta\times(\frac{2v_0}{g})\)

= \(\frac{2v^2_0}{g} sin\,\theta +\frac{1}{2}g\, sin\,\theta+\frac{4v^2_0}{g^2}\)

= Distance, L = \(\frac{4v^2_0}{g} sin\,\theta\).

(a) v = \(\sqrt {2gh}\) = \(\sqrt{2\times10\times1000}\) = 141 m/s = 507.6 km/h.

(b) \(m=\frac{4\pi}{3}r^3ρ=\frac{4\pi}{3}{(2\times10^{-3})}^3(10^3)\) = 3.4 x 10^-5 kg.

ρ = mv ≈ 4.7 × 10^-3 kg m/s ≈ 5 × 10^-3 kg m/s.

(c) Diameter ≈ 4 mm

∆t ≈ \(\frac {d}{v}\) = 28 μs ≈ 30 μs

(d) F = \(\frac{\Delta p}{\Delta t}\) = \(\frac{4.7\times 10^{-3}}{28\times10^{-4}}\) ≈ 168 N ≈ 1.7 × 10² N.

(e) Area of cross-section =\(\frac{\pi d^2}{4}\) ≈ 0.8 m².

With average separation of 5 cm, no. of drops that will fall almost simultaneously is 

\(\frac{0.8\, m^2}{{(5\times10{-2})}^2}\) ≈ 320.

Net force ≈ 54000 N

(Practically drops are damped by air viscosity).

Moving cart with an acceleration is a non-inertial frame for the passengers. So both of them will experience a pseudo force in the opposite direction of the movement. The person sitting on the left will be saved by the wall of the cart but not the person on the right. So the person on the right is more likely to fall and the force responsible for it is the pseudo force.

Correct answer is a. Herbs 

At night the water lost by leaves does not get evaporated and gets collected on the leaves in the form of dew drops.

Leaves take in these gases from atmosphere through small pores present on them called stomata.

Two flower with joined sepals: China rose and cotton. 

Two flower with separated sepals: Rose and jasmine.

A typical flower contains the following parts: 

1. Stalk: The part by which a flower is attached to the branch is called stalk 

2. Sepals: The small green leaf like structure of the flower are called sepals 

3. Petals:The big coloured leaf- like structure are called petals. Different flower have petals of different colours. 

4. Stamen: It is the male part of the flower It has two parts 

• Filament & 
• Anther 

5. Pistil: The inner most part of a flower is called pistil. It has three parts 

• Stigma 
• Style and 
• Ovary It is the female part of the flower.

White colour attracts night insects for pollination.

A stem performs the following functions:

• The stem and its branches hold leaves to get maximum sunlight.
• It transports water from roots to different parts of the plant.
• It transports food from leaves to different parts of the plant.
• It bears leaves, flowers, and fruits.

(a) Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.

(b) Roots hold the plant upright.

(c) Stem conducts water to the leaves.

(d) The number of petals and stamens in a flower usually have no relation.

(e) If the sepals of a flower are joined together, its petals are not necessarily joined together.

(f) If the petals of a flower are joined together, then the pistil is not necessarily joined to the petal.

We cannot exactly recognise the leaves without seeing them. We may be able to have some idea by touching and smelling them.

We find an ovary in the pistil. It is the lowermost part of the pistil.

Yes, by taking the impression of the leaf. Put the leaf under a white sheet and gently rub the pencil on it with tip sideways. We will get an impression of the leaf with lines on it. If the leaf has parallel venation then the plant has the fibrous root and if the leaf has reticulate venation then the plant has a taproot.

(a) Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil

(b) Roots hold the plant upright.

(c)Stem conduct water to the leaves

(d) The number of petals and sepals in a flower is usually equal.

(e) If the sepal of a flower are joined together its petals are not necessarily joined together

(f) If the petals of a flower are joined together them the pistil is not necessarily joined to the petal.

It is a money plant. It is a climber.

Correct answer is (b) 1.496 × 10⁷ m

Correct answer is (d) debye

Correct answer is (c) 30.84 × 10¹⁵ m 

Correct answer is (d) 10^-15 m

Correct answer is  (b) 10^-10 m

Correct answer is (c) 60′

Correct answer is (b) Nm

Correct answer is (b) 57.27°