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(i) The person who is sitting inside the train, he or she will observe the vertical motion only  because the object and the person are both moving with same velocity in horizontal direction. 

(ii) For the person outside the train path would be parabolic in nature.

Because the person is outside  the train but still but the object have constant horizontal velocity and  varying  vertical velocity.

Circle is the trajectory of charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field.

The correct answer is C) 78.

Blood capillaries present in large numbers in the lungs absorb the inhaled oxygen and carry it to all parts of the body.

Alibhai was a traveller selling dried apricots, herbs, medicines and precious stones. He went from village to village, town to town on foot in the Himalayan mountains selling them. He was very popular in Ram Singh’s family.

When Neelam announced his arrival, all the members of Ram Singh’s family ran out of the house to receive him. With a broad smile full of warmth, Ram Singh hugged him and welcomed him in the house. The family members insisted that he would have to stay with them at least for two days.

Having heard about Alibhai’s arrival, all the members of Ram Singh’s family ran out of the house to receive him. After being warmly welcomed by Ram Singh into the house, Alibhai patted everyone and spoke lovingly to each member s of the family.

He sat on the couch and mother prepared some tea for him. Besides, they insisted that he must stay for two more days and he should tell them his hill stories. Alibhai accepted their proposal and all of them stayed up late to listen to his travel experiences.

Alibhai must be visiting Ram Singh’s place frequently, at least once a year to sell dried apricots, herbs, medicines and precious stones. So everybody in Ram Singh’s family knew him closely. As soon as the little girl Neelam saw him, she ran shouting into the house, “Alibhai has come!” All the members of Ram Singh’s family ran out to see and greet him.

With a broad smile, full of warmth, Ram Singh hugged him and invited him in calling him friend. In return Alibhai patted everyone and spoke lovingly to each member of the family. Mother prepared tea for him.

Everybody insisted that he must share his travelling experiences with them. All this shows that Alibhai had very good relations with Ram Singh’s family.

The bear was very huge. It was three times the size of the mother leopard. The bear could have dominated over the mother leopard and defeated her in usual condition.

But the motherly instinct of the leopard made her ferocious and determined to fight until death to protect her young ones. She could defeat the bear only with her killer instinct rather than her physical ability.

Yes, of course. Wandering in mountains is a joy in itself. When we roam around, we are likely to encounter wild animals. I do have fear of wild animals, but I will learn certain tactics from Alibhai how to defend myself in adverse conditions. Without taking risk, there is no thrill in life, so I would definitely like to go along with Alibhai for adventures.

Hydrogen gas makes a pop sound when it is exposed to a lighted matchstick.

1. There would not be any utensil for cooking. 

2. There would not be trains, buses, aeroplanes for travelling. 

3. There would be no almirahs, no school bells, no agricultural material, no electrical appliances, no automobiles, no satellites, no machinery and no decorative material. So everything in life directly or indirectly depends upon metals. So we cannot imagine a life without metals.

Gold. One gram of gold can be drawn into a wire of length one kilometre.

1. Edie saw two tiny cubs.

2. The cubs could not run away because they were too young.

3. Edie threw the net over the cubs, caught them, dragged them and hid them under a big basket.

4. Edie caught both the cubs because he thought that it was better to have two slaves than one.

1. Some materials cannot be drawn into wires.

2. Property of drawing a material to make fine wires is called ductility. 

3. Most metals are ductile.

1. Yes, I took breakfast yesterday.

2. No, I didn’t say my prayers yesterday.

3. No, I didn’t say my prayers yesterday.

4. No, I didn’t read newspapers yesterday.

5. Yes, I visited my friend yesterday.

6. Yes, I went to the market yesterday.

7. No, I didn’t watch a film yesterday.

8. Yes, I fought with my sister yesterday.

When Alibhai saw the cubs of the snow leopard nearby, he felt for sure that the motherly leopard must be somewhere around. The motherly instinct of protecting her young ones is very strong’.

If she had spotted Alibhai, she would definitely have killed Alibhai. But when the huge black bear rushed towards the cubs, the mother leopard’s attention was focused on saving her cubs.

So she attacked the bear and fought with it till the bear ran away. Thus, the coming of the bear saved both-Alibhai and the cubs.

Edie threw a net over the cubs and caught them.

(a) It is because metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when struk with a hard substance. 

(b) It-is because copper is good conductor of electricity. 

Metals have sonority property that means they make ringing sound when we hit them with a hammer. Where wood does not give ringing sound when it is hit with a hammer. So bells are made up of metals instead of wood.

The property of drawing materials to make fine wires is called ductility. Generally metals show ductility, e.g.: Gold, copper, etc.

Wood does not give a ringing sound when it is hit with a hammer. That means it does not show sonorous property. So wooden bells are not used in temple.

(i) Metals are sonorous. 

(ii) Copper is a very good conductor of electricity.

1. Edie was a Zulu hunter.

2. Edie saw a herd of deer grazing in the meadow.

3. Edie thought that he had to run a lot to catch one of those deer and wondered if there was an easy way to get a deer.

1. Edie envied the cubs because they got their food without any effort.

2. Edie got the idea to have a hunter like the mother cheetah to hunt his food.

Generally they are made up of metals.

1. A female cheetah crawled silently closer to the grazing animals and then she leapt and caught a deer.

2. The cheetah enjoyed her meal with her two cubs.

When the old man heard that Ali had lost his kite, he told Ali that he had yet to learn how to fly a kite.

1. Shanno was a wise old man, who loved animals and knew all about them.

2. Shanno took his strong club and came out of his hut.

3. When Shanno found out the cubs, she knew that it was Edie’s wicked idea.

4. At night, the mother cheetah cried so loudly that she was heard by a wise man in the village.

5. Shanno was angry with Edie.

(b) shouting for

According to the speaker in the poem, ‘If I was a Tree’, the Mother Earth would not flee shouting for a bath, if the tree branched out further from its roots.

Correct option is: (d) Recoil

(i) Runing of fossil fuels to meet the increasing demand for energy causes air pollution.
(ii) Construction of dams on rivers to generate hydroelectricity destroys large ecosystems which get submerged under water in the dams. Further, Iarge amounts of methane (which is a greenhouse gas) is produced when submerged vegetation rots under anaerobic conditions.
In order to reduce energy consumption:
(i) Fossil fuels should be used with care and caution to derive maximum benefit out of them.
(ii) Fuel saving devices such as pressure cookers, etc., should be used.
(iii) Efficiency of energy sources should be maintained by getting them regularly serviced.
(iv) And last of all, we should be economical in our energy consumption as energy saved is energy produced.

An industry is in equilibrium at a price and output at which its market demand equals its market supply. When an industry is in equilibrium, all its firms are supposed to be in equilibrium, and earn only normal profits. This is so because under the conditions of perfect competition, all the firms are assumed to achieve the same level of efficiency in the long-run. Since industry yields only normal profits, there is no incentive for new firms to enter the industry, or existing ones to leave it.

Correct answer is (c)MR > MC

To know highest the difference between TR and TC curves, tangents are drawn on both curves. The points at which these tangents touch the curves, the distance between them is the highest difference between TR and TC. Hence at this production level, the profit is also the highest.

A firm is in equilibrium when it produces that amount of output at which the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC), i.e., total profit is maximum. A producer can earn maximum profits when difference between TR and TC is maximum. By fixing different prices, a producer tries to find out the level of output where the difference between TR and TC is maximum. The level of output where producer earns maximum profits is called the equilibrium situation.

Two methods are used to determine the equilibrium point of a firm—
(i) Total revenue – Total cost method
(ii) Marginal revenue – Marginal cost method
The Total cost – Total revenue method is a simple and logical method. 

Most firms use this method, but it has certain defects :
(i) It is difficult to determine the greatest distance between total revenue and total cost. The real point is determined by drawing many tangents.
(ii) It is not possible to find the per unit cost of the commodity on basis of the. diagram, since the cost diagram cannot be directly shown.

The marginal revenue and marginal cost method is considered to be superior, because it is easy to determine the maximum profit and production quantity (optimum) using this method. Per unit cost can also be determined by using the average revenue and average cost curves of the firm.

Both methods are used for finding the equilibrium of the firm. The TR / TC method is a simplified method whereas MR/MC method is considered as the best method because the quantity of production and maximum profit can be easily determined by it.

Commercial banks play a major role in the economic development of a country. They are the backbone of investment activities. They perform many functions. The functions commercial banks are classified as Primary functions and Secondary Functions.

I. Primary Function: The primary functions of commercial banks are as follows: 

(a) Accept Deposits: The main function of commercial banks is accepting deposits. They maintain , different types of deposits from the public. 

They are as follows:

(i) Current account deposits: These are the deposits payable on demand. Money can be withdrawn any number of times as per the desires of depositors. Usually, no interest is paid. The current account deposits are meant for traders and businessmen. Such deposits are also called as demand deposits. 

(ii) Savings account deposits: Savings deposit accounts are generally opened by the people of low income, salary earners and others. The banks impose certain restrictions on the withdrawal of amount. Low rate of interest is paid on these deposits. This type of deposits encourage small savings in the society. 

(iii) Fixed deposits: These are the deposits in which money deposited is fixed for a period of time and cannot be withdrawn before stipulated time. Higher rate of interest is paid. Interest rate depends on the duration of deposit. Higher interest is paid for longer duration and vice versa. Such deposits are also called as Time deposits.

(iv) Recurring Deposits: Under these deposits, customer deposits money regularly in monthly installments for period of one year or more. After the stipulated time period, the total amount deposited is paid to the customer along with interest. The rate of interest is higher when compared to savings account deposits.

(b) Provide Loans: Providing loans to customers is another important primary function of commercial banks. They provide several types of loans and advances. They are as follows:

(i) Overdraft: It is a facility provided by a bank to its current account holders to overdraw their accounts upto a certain limit. Interest is charged on the amount actually overdrawn by the customer. This type of loan is provided to businessmen and joint stock companies. 

(ii) Cash Credit: This type of loan is given to the customers against the assets like shares, stocks, bonds, etc. Under this scheme, the customer is allowed to withdraw the amount up to a certain limit in accordance with the value of the assets he possessed. Interest is charged only on the amount which is withdrawn.

(iii) Loans: Under this type, commercial banks provide specified sum of money to a person or firm against surety or security of an asset, movable or immovable. Loans are given to a borrower by crediting the loan amount to the new account opened by the banker. The borrower can withdraw money as per his needs. The interest is charged on the whole loan amount which is sanctioned by the banker. 

(iv) Discounting of bills of exchange: Discounting of bills of exchange refers,to encashing the commercial bills from the banks before the date of maturity. The banks charge some commission while discounting bills of exchange. Here, the loans are given as advance payment against the bills payable.

II Secondary Functions:

The secondary functions of commercial banks are as follows: 

(a) Agency functions: The commercial banks act as agents to their customers in various money transactions. On behalf of their customers they make payments and accept deposits. 

(b) General Services: The commercial banks are also providing general utility services like electronic fund transfer, Automated Teller machine, e-banking, merchant banking, mobile banking, etc.

Open market operation is the buying and selling of Govt. securities by the central bank from and to the public and banks on its own account respectively. 

Open market operation is an instrument of monetary policy which involves buying and selling of Government securities in the open market between RBI and other commercial banks and the public. RBI sells Government securities to decrease the flow of credit and buys them back to increase credit flow, as the situation warrants.

According to R.P. Kent, monetary policy is ‘the management of the expansion and contraction of volume of money in circulation for the explicit purpose of attaining specific objectives’.

The main objectives of Monetary policy are as follows: 

(a) To stabilize money market: The main objective of monetary policy is to stabilize the money market and to reduce the fluctuations in the interest rates to the minimum. The neutral monetary policy should be introduced to achieve the equilibrium in the demand and supply of money.

(b) To stabilize the Exchange rate: The unstable exchange rate in international market is not favourable for the foreign trade of a country. The central tries to bring stability in foreign exchange rate through controlling credit creation activities of commercial banks.

(c) To stabilize Price level: Price stability is an important objective of monetary policy. The fluctuation in price level leads to ups and downs in business. The RBI, through its monetary policy controls the inflationary situations.

(d) To control business or trade cycles: The Business cycles are ups and downs in business. Existence of business cycle brings instability in economy. It is one of the objectives of monetary policy of RBI to control business cycles and bring stability.

(e) Full employment: The economic stability with full employment and high per capita income has been considered as an important objective of monetary policy. In order to achieve the objective of full employment, cheap monetary policy should be made applicable.

The four objectives of monetary policy are as follows: 

1. To establish Exchange rate stability. 

2. To achieve Price stability. 

3. To control business cycles. 

4. To provide full employment.

This is the portion of net demand and time liabilities every bank is required to deposit with the RBI.

RBI is the Apex Bank in the country. It was established on 1st April 1935. It was started as private shareholders bank. After independence, Government of India nationalized it and made it as the central bank. It is the head of all banks and financial institutions.

Mumbai is the head Office of RBI. RBI has its regional offices in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. It also has its branches in Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Lucknow and Kanpur. The present Governor of R.B.I is Dr. Subba Rao.

Functions of RBI: 

The main functions of RBI are as follows: 

It is the central bank of the country. Like any other central banks which operate in different countries, RBI functions in the same manner. It basically performs three functions.They are 

I. Traditional and primary functions. 

II. Development functions and 

III. Other functions.

I Traditional and primary functions of RBI are as follows: 

1. Printing and issuing currency notes: It has complete authority of printing and issuing currency notes in the country. RBI issue all denominations, of currency notes (Rs. 2, Rs. 10, Rs. 20, Rs. 50, Rs. 100, Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000) except one rupee note, which is issued by Finance Ministry of Central Government Minimum reserve system of note issue was followed by RBI after 1956.

2. Banker to Government: RBI works as banker to the Government. It does all activities of banking on behalf of government activities like opening account, receiving money, making payments, transfer government funds, manages public debt and also maintains accounts of expenditure of.government. It also gives credit to government Relating to financial matters, RBI gives advise to Government.

RBI also acts as agent to the Government through performing the transfer of funds from Government to beneficiaries. RBI also advises the Government during some circumstances like not to go for over expenditure during inflation.

3. Act as Bankers’ bank: All banks and financial institutions in India are under the control of RBI. It advices and gives direction on all transactions of commercial banks. All commercial banks in India have to keep certain portion of its deposits as cash reserves with RBI. All commercial banks have to submit a detailed document and report about its transactions to RBI.

As a banker’s bank RBI functions as follows:

•  Lender of last resort: RBI provides financial assistance to commercial banks like giving credit, discounting bills, giving advances, etc during their financial crisis and helps the banks as a lender of last resort. 
• Clearing House: Commercial Banks in crisis can approach RBI for loans and advances. RBI re-discounts bills and lends money to commercial banks. It also advances money on other securities.

4. Controls credit creation activities of commercial banks: The credit provided by all commercial banks is controlled by RBI. RBI implements both Quantitative and qualitative techniques to control the credit generated by commercial banks. The quantitative measures to control credit are Bank rate policy, Open market operation, Cash reserve ratio and Statutory liquidity ratio. The qualitative techniques of credit control include fixation of margin requirements for loans, introduction of a system of credit rationing, moral suasion and Direct action.

5. Controls money market: RBI is the leader of money market. All the activities and components of money market like commercial banks and financial institutions are controlled and directed by RBI.

6. In-charge of foreign exchange reserves: RBI has regular and continuous contacts with international monetary institutions relating to foreign exchange reserves. Precious foreign exchanges is preserved and protected by it.

II Developmental functions performed by RBI are as follows: 

Finance to agriculture: A separate department in RBI is engaged in providing credit and advances to agricultural sector indirectly. It operates through NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) and state co-operative banks. It has taken steps to develop and reorganize co-operative societies. 

Financing industries: RBI has taken lot of interest in establishment and development of industries. Various financial institutions like IDBI, ICICI, SFC and IFC are established by RBI to cater the financial needs of industries. 

III Other functions:

1. Special functions: 

• It gives training facilities to bank staff. 
• It conducts seminars and debates on various subjects. 
• It has regular and continuous contact with international monetary institutions and takes steps to improve co- 
• operative movement in the country. 
• It studies various problems in agriculture, industry and provides ideal solutions to it.

2. Research functions of RBI are as follows:

•  It collects information on different sectors of the economy. 
• It issues periodicals regularly. 
• It issues special bulletins on various issues like supply of finance, financial matters of both Central and State Governments.

The CRR is a certain percentage of bank deposits which commercial banks are required to keep with the RBI in the form of reserve funds.

The types of deposits are as follows: 

1. Current account deposits 

2. Savings account deposits. 

3. Fixed Deposits 

4. Recurring Deposits.