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Yes, China’s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in agriculture and establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health, land reforms etc had been taking place with the introduction of “Great proletarian cultural Revolutionary” Mao during the year (1966 -67). China introduced reforms in phases after 1978.

In initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors, In later phase/reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. Private sector firms and township and village enterprises were allowed to produce goods. The reforms process also involve dual pricing.

Reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan:

1. Political instability:

Scholars are of opinion that one of the reasons of slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan is political instability, there is more expenditure in maintaining’law and order.

2. Dependence on foreign loan: 

There is growing dependence or foreign loan. It faces much difficulty in the repayment of loan and interest thereon.

3. Fall in foreign exchange earnings:

In Pakistan, most foreign exchange earnings came from remittances from Pakistani workers in the middle East and the exports of highly volatile agricultural products. Now there was fall in foreign exchange remittances.

4. Agricultural growth based on good harvest: 

In Pakistan agricultural growth and food – supply situation were based on good harvest. They were not based on an institutional process of technical change. So when there was a good harvest, the economy was in good condition, but when it was not in good condition, the economic indicators showed stagnation or negative trends.

5. Too many expenses on defence:

In order to alleviate poverty, more Public expenditure should be incurred for the development of a country. But Pakistan spends a huge amount on defence.

The share of manufacturing activity in the GDP in China in 2003 was 53%.

India ranked 127 and Pakistan ranked 135 according to HDI 2003.

1. Value of Human Development Index: 

The value of human developement Index in China is 0.755, whereas in India it is 0.602 and in Pakistan it in 0.527. The rate of Human development shown that China occupies 81 ranks, whereas India and Pakistan rank 128 and 136 respectively as regards human development.

2. Life expectancy:

Life expectancy at birth is highest in China. It is 71.6 in China, whereas in India and Pakistan it is 64 years.

3. Growth of GDP (%):

China’s growth of GDP was 9.7% in 1990-2002 whereas it was 5.8 and 3.6 of India and Pakistan respectively during that period.

4. Infant and maternal mortality rate:

China has the least infant and maternal mortality rate at 30 and 50 respectively, whereas infant mortality rate in India and Pakistan is 63 and 81 per thousand.

5. GDP:

China has the second largest GDP (PPP) of $ 7.2 trillion whereas India’s GDP (PPP) is $ 3.3 trillion and Pakistan’s GDP is roughly about 10% of India’s GDP.

6. Undernourished population: 

The undernourished population is the least in China at only 11 % of the total population, whereas India and Pakistan have almost the same ie 21 % and 20% respectively.

Pakistan is ahead of India in reducing proportion of people below the poverty line, its performance in education sanitation and access to water.

Growth of Gross Domestic Product(%) of India and China and Pakistan during 1980 – 2003

Both countries have mixed economy.

China is the biggest country in area.

Here, largest value 

(L) = 45, smallest value (S) = 7 

∴ Range = L – S = 45 – 7 = 38

Karl Pearson's coefficent of skewness = \(\frac{\bar x-z}{σ}\)

coefficent of slewness = \(\frac{50-53}{5}\) = 0.6

The Salient Demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India are 

1. Estimated population

2. Annual growth of population

3. Density

4. Sex Ratio

5. Fertility rate

6. Urbanisation

China is moving ahead in the indicators of human development index.

From the above table, we can see that China is moving ahead of India and Pakistan. This is true for many indicators, Income indicator such as GDP per capita, health indicator such as mortality rate, literacy, life expectancy in China for one lakh births, only 50 women die whereas in India and Pakistan more than 500 women die.

We know that : C.V = \( \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}} × 100\)

0.5 = \(\frac{50-z}{2}\)

∴ x̄ = \(\frac{2}{5}\)× 100 = 40

K.P.C.Sk = \(\frac{\bar x-z}{σ}\)

0.5 × 2 = 40 - z

5 = \(\frac{2}{x}\) × 100

∴ z = 40 - 1 = 39.

A. Caspian Sea

Various indicators of human development are human development index, life expectancy at birth, Adult literacy rate, GDP percapita. People below poverty line. Infant Mortality Rate, maternal mortality rate etc.

• Division of power within, a country is known as Decentralisation. 
• Under dictatorship and military rule, the power is centred around one person or a group of individuals. 
• But in democracy the power is divided among Centre, State and Local Self-governing institutions. Decentralisation is the core of democracy
• Decentralisation can stop the misuse of power and facilitate common people to participate in democracy.

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. True

5. False

6. True

7. True

8. True

9. True

1. Africa is the second largest continent of the world.

2. The length and breadth of the African continent is almost the same.

3. Most of the continent i.e. 2/3rd lies north to the Equator.

4. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the north and the Tropic of Capricorn passes through the south, so most of Africa is in the Torrid Zone.

5. Most of Africa lies in the Eastern hemisphere.

6. It covers 20 % of the total land mass of Earth and has a 30,000-km long running coastline.

1. Yes, I agree with it. 

2. Our constitutional makers are aware that laws will have to be amended from time to time. So they provided an opportunity to amend laws.

The above statement is True.

• Parliament has the powers to make changes in the Constitution according to the changing circumstances and conditions. 
• However, it should be done without tampering or changing the basic structure of the Constitution.
• As it has kept itself abreast with the changes, S the Constitution became a live and dynamic document instead of a rigid one

Answer is C. Baikal

Answer is D. 50 %

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. False

6. False

7. False

Answer is A. Africa

A. Himalayas

B. Near the Equator

1. Lion

2. Coconut

3. Ox

4. Mahogany

According to the policy of ‘economic liberalization’ certain regulations related to manufacturing, trade and commerce were removed. Duties and tax relaxations on import-export were announced.

Privatization means the process by which government-owned enterprises or public sector industries are handed over to private agencies or owners. This happened because public sector units were suffering losses while private sector units were making more profit. The Joint Sector is a part of the process of privatization.

C) All are correct. There is no wrong statement.

The hot deserts of Asia are Arabia and Thar and the cold desert is Gobi.

Answer is A. Kilimanjaro

Answer is C. Myanmar

Due to the policy of ‘economic liberalization, India has been able to keep pace with the world in terms of production, trade and commerce. It has also generated more employment opportunities.

As Asia is a very large continent, a variety of climate is seen in different regions :

• The climate of the Equatorial regions of south-east Asia is hot and humid. It rains here round the year.
• In the seasonal climate region to its north, the overall climate is hot and dry. Here mainly the seasonal winds of summer bring rain. Mawsynram and Cherrapunji of India in this region, receive the highest rainfall in the world.
• To the west of this region and in Central parts of Asia, there is mainly desert type of climate. Rainfall is very scanty here. There is maximum heat in Jacobabad city of Pakistan in Asia.
• The climate of Siberia, which is located to the extreme north of Asia, is extremely cold. The Verkhoyansk city of this region is the coldest city of the world.
• There is rainfall in summer in East and South Asia, while, there is rainfall in winter in the regions located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia.

Answer is D. Highlands

Animals found in Asia : Reindeer, Polar, bears, tigers, wolves, panthers, lions, elephants, rhinoceros, camels, yak, muskrats, sables, raccoons, beavers, caribou, camels with two humps, horses, donkeys, mules, cows, oxen, buffaloes, sheep, goats, wildass, different types of deer, monkeys, etc. Different types of fish, seals, walruses and whales are found in the sea around it.

Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar are the neighbouring countries on the land borders of India, while, Sri Lanka and Maldives are other neighbouring countries situated in the Indian subcontinent.

(c) The delicious smell of chocolates invited me to eat them.

(a) The dog is yelping.

(b) It means ‘a sharp painful cry’.

B) (ii) is contradicting

Doab: The fertile land between two rivers

On the landform of the Asian continent, mountains, highlands, plains and deserts are situated.

(1) Mountains : Altai, Pamir Knot, Tien Shan, Kunlun Shan, Nan Shan, Karakoram, Himalaya, Hindukush, Elburz, Zagros, etc. are the main mountains of Asia. Himalaya is the highest mountain range of all. Its peak Mount Everest is the highest peak of the world (8848 metres).

(2) Highlands : Central Siberia, Mongolia, Tarim, Turan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Tibet, Yunan, Anatolia (Turkey) and highlands of Southern India are the main highlands of Asia. Among these, the highland of Tibet is the largest and the highest. So, it is called the ‘Roof of the World’.

(3) Plains : Plains of West Siberia, Manchuria, Hwang Ho and Yangtse of East China, Mekong, Irrawaddy, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Sindhu and Euphrates-Tigris are the main plains of Asia. The plains of East China and Sindhu-Ganga have dense population.

(4) Deserts : The hot deserts of Arabia and Thar and cold desert of Gobi are the main deserts of Asia.

There are various dwellings of Asia like: tents, huts, cement buildings with flat or sloping roofs, leather tents, houses made of wood, etc. Of these I like buildings of cement that have sloping roofs. I also like tents as they seem adventurous.

1. In the Equatorial forests of Asia, trees like mahogany, ebony, logwood, rosewood, ironwood, rubber, cinchona and bamboo are found.

2. In humid deciduous forests regions of seasonal rain trees like teak, saal, sandalwood, mahudo, mango tree, etc. are found.

3. In dry scrub forests (semi-arid regions), thorny vegetations like grass, aloevera, acacia, cactus, jujube, date palm are found.

4. In the steppes region main vegetation is the tender grass of low height.

5. In coniferous forests to the north of the steppe region trees like pine, fir, spruce, etc. are found.

6. To the extreme north, vegetation of Tundra region is seen.

7. Olive is the main tree of Mediterranean Sea climate.

8. Coconut tree is the main tree of the coasted region of high rainfall in Torrid zone.

• Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Dead Sea and Sambhar, Chilka, Pulicat and Vembanad lakes of India are the main salt water lakes of Asia.
• Baikal and Angara of Russia, Balkash of Kazakhstan, Tong Ting Hu (Tung Ting Hu) of China, Tonlesap of Cambodia and Wular, Dal and Dhebar lakes of India are fresh water lakes.
• Caspian Sea is the biggest lake of the world.
• Baikal lake is the deepest lake of the world.
• The Dead Sea located between Israel and Jordan is the saltiest lake of the world. The salinity of this lake is eight times that of sea water. It is the lowest place in the world. Its level is approximately 400 metres lower than sea level. As a result one cannot drown in the Dead Sea.

(c) giving human attributes to non-human objects.

1. The main criterion that is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income.

2. It is otherwise called the average income. 

3. It is calculated as the total income of the country divided by the total population. 

4. It Is a better Indicator of development than the total income of the country. 

5. There are limitations in this criterion also. 

6. Average Income may be useful for comparison, it hides disparities. 

7. It does not tell us how the total income is distributed among people. 

8. It does not necessarily convey more equitable distribution.

B) The developmental goals that people have are only about higher income