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• While most of the sunrays radiate back from the surface of the sea, some of them penetrate to certain depths in the water. 
• As a result, the intensity of sunrays decreases with the increasing depth.
• The temperature decreases up to 2000m depth. 
• After 2000m, the temperature of the seawater is uniform everywhere. 
• It is around 4°C everywhere from the equatorial regions to the polar areas. 
• Temperature reduces only up to 4° C according to depth, and therefore, the water at greater depths does not freeze. 
• The temperature of the seawater changes rapidly with depth at the equatorial areas. The difference in temperature is lesser in polar areas. 
• There is also a difference in open seas and landlocked seas. In low latitudes, because the salinity of the landlocked seas is more, the temperature of the landlocked seas is higher than the open seas.

Correct option is C) i and ii only

Topography: 

A detailed description or representation of both the natural and artificial features of an area Himadri Greater Himalayas = The northernmost range of the Himalayas.

Answer is B. Pretoria

Square root will be extracted first.

• People of very cold regions of North Asia mainly live on non-vegetarian food, as it is impossible to do farming here.
• People of West Asia use wheat, meat, fish Eind date palm as their food.
• In agricultural regions with heavy rainfall and seasonal climate, people use rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, fruits Eind milk as their food. The staple food of people of the coastal areas of this region is rice and fish.
• The staple food of east and south-east Asian countries, India and Sri Lanka, is rice.

• Wood is mainly used for construction of residences in the cold regions of Asia.
• People of nomadic tribes in Central Asia who rear animals use tents.
• People having permanent residences stay in huts, buildings of clay or bricks and stones or in multistoried buildings depending on their economic condition.
• In hot regions, receiving scanty rainfall, there are terraces on buildings or clay tiles on roof tops. The regions with heavy rainfall buildings with slanting roof tops are seen. In regions with snowfall, the roof tops are made with extreme slopes so that, snow can quickly slide down without getting deposited on the roof tops.
• In countries like Japan that has frequent earthquakes, houses are constructed from hardboard, plywood, bamboo and cardboard.

1. Temperature is a major property of the sea water. 

2. Sea water upto the depth of 500m is called as surface water. The surface temperature of the sea water is not uniform everywhere. This is dependent on different factors. . 

3. Latitudinally, the surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles.

4. The average temperature in equatorial areas is around 25° C, while it is about 2° C near the poles. 

5. Besides this, cyclones, rainfall, sea waves, ocean currents, salinity, pollution, convectional currents, and seasons also affect the surface temperature. 

6. Regions where cold ocean currents flow, the surface temperature of ocean water is less, while the regions where the warm currents move, the temperature increase.

The examples of the criterion for the measurement of human development: 

1. Per capita income 

2. The education levels of people and health status. 

3. Standard of life of the people

4. Availability of electricity 

5. Transportation 

6. Sanitation facilities 

7. Expected years of schooling 

8. Average years of schooling, etc. 

Ex: Sri Lanka, one of our neighbours is much ahead of India in every respect.

The winter in North Asia is very long and extremely cold. In the extreme part of North, the land remains covered with snow for eight to ten months of the year. Summer is also very short and overall cold. In this situation farming is not possible here at all. So, the people of North Asia have to eat only non-vegetarian food.

• The surface temperature of sea water is not uniform everywhere and it changes with latitudes. 
• The surface temperature of the seawater decreases from the equatorial areas towards the poles.
• The average temperature in equatorial areas is around 25° C, it is 16° C in mid-latitudes while it is about 2° C near the poles. 
• Besides this, cyclones, rainfall, sea waves, ocean currents, salinity, pollution, convergence flow, seasons, etc. also affect the surface temperature. 
• Thus the surface temperature of the sea is not uniform everywhere.

C) rural life connected with primary sector

Due to the sun’s heat, evaporation happens at a faster rate. Evaporated water turns into water vapour and reduces in quantity. But amount of salt remains the same in the remaining water and therefore the salinity of water increases.

• In seas where the rate of evaporation is high than the supply of fresh water, salinity is high. 
• In seas where the supply of freshwater exceeds the rate of evaporation, salinity is low. 
• Salinity is not affected much in seas where both the supply of freshwater and evaporation of water is low.

Health means a state of couple soundness – physical and mental.

1. Different persons have different notions of development or progress. 

2. Each one of them seeks different things. 

3. They seek things which can fulfil their aspirations or goals. 

4. The explanation ‘because life situations of persons are different1 is more important. 

5. Because each one has developmental goal based on life situation.

Development involves thinking about and achieving goals of a better life for all and more quality among all

World Development Report brought out by the World Bank in 2013 classified the countries into 3 groups.

1. Countries with per capita income of US $ 12,600 and above per annum in 2012 are called high-income countries or rich countries,
2. Countries with a per capita income of above US $1,035 and below the US $ 12,600 per annum in 2012 are called middle-income countries.
3. Countries with a per capita income of US $1,035 or less per annum in 2012 are called low-income countries.

(c) 144 degrees

The people of West Asia mainly use wheat, meat, fish and date palms as their food.

1. Cairo (Kahira)

2. gold; diamond

3. South Africa

3. Tibet

4. Mawsynram, Cherrapunji

5. Mawsynram, Cherrapunji

6. Jacobabad

7. Bhutan

8. Cotton

9. Sindhu

10. 40%

11. 16%

12. Buddhism

13. Palk, Mannar

14. Mahaweli Ganga

15. Naypyidaw

• The uneven distribution of temperature on earth, and uneven supply of freshwater affects the salinity of sea water.
• Region, between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is called as the Tropical zone. 
• In the tropical zone, temperature is higher. 
• Hence, the rate of evaporation is also higher, and therefore, salinity is higher.

(a) 

• If temperature reduces, density of water increases. 
• Hence, cold water is denser than hot water.

(b) 

If the salinity of water is high, the density of water increases.

She can get as much freedom as a boy has.

Income is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing countries.

Average income is the main criterion for comparing the development of different countries.

Average income, which is the total income of the country divided by the total population is also called per capita income.

The main criteria for comparing the development of different countries are per capita income, life expectancy, average years of schooling, expected years of schooling, etc.

(i) The salinity around the tropics is 36%o.

(ii) The Bay of Bengal has the least salinity of 32%o.

(iii) Atlantic ocean has salinity of more than 37%o.

(iv) The uneven distribution of temperature on earth, and uneven supply of freshwater, etc. are the reasons for differences in salinity on a global level.

1. Mediterranean

2. Red

3. Indian

4. Atlantic

5. thirty

6. Toubkal; 4165

7. Ethiopia

8. 6436

9. Egypt

10. Suez

Continent Direction from Asia

(1) Europe – to the north-west

(2) Africa – to the south-west

(3) Australia – to the south-east

Correct option is (b) surface water

After 2000m, the temperature of seawater is uniform everywhere

1. Average marks in each subject in the class. 

2. Average persons living in a square kilometre area to find out the population density of a state. 

3. Average speed of a vehicle in its journey.

Equal treatment, freedom, security and respect from others.

Correct option is D) Discrimination

People look at a mix of goals for development.

Meaning of Development: 

1. Growth plus change is called development.  

2. All the persons may not have the same notion of development or progress. 

3. Each one of them seeks different things. 

Examples: 

i)  A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household work. 

ii) To get more electricity, industrialists, may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced as the tribals.

1. The table is about some data regarding India and its neighboring countries for 2013.

2. The life expectancy at birth in India is 65.8 years.

3. The components considered in the table are per capita income, life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, expected years of schooling and HDI.

4. Sri Lanka ranks best in HDI with 92nd rank.

5. Pakistan is lacking in expected years of schooling.

6. The symbol given means dollar.

7. Nepal has the lowest average years of schooling.

8. The per capita income of India is $ 3,285.

9. 65.7 years is the lowest life expectancy at birth in the table.

10. The difference between expected years of schooling and average years of schooling for India is 6.3 years.

1. According to this paragraph, people give preference to income as well as facilities. 

2. They also want to spend time with their families. 

3. They need job security and freedom. It is not possible in all the cases. 

4. Many workers from India are migrating even to foreign countries for getting work so as to earn something for their livelihoods. 

5. Some people are working in cities like Hyderabad by keeping their families at their hometowns. 

6. They are losing the opportunity of spending their time with their families. Their living conditions are also not good. 

7. Many of them are leading sedentary life. In some cases pay is less but job is secure. In some other cases payment may be high but job security is not there. 

8. Whatever it is, I am coming to the conclusion that there are many factors that affect livelihoods.

Correct option is B) Literacy rate

The Strait of Gibraltar separates the continents of Africa and Europe.

1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys.

2. The main reason behind this is gender bias. 

3. Parents believe that boy is their heir and spreads their clan. 

4. This very notion imbibes into children as father is the decision maker in the family. 

5. As marriage institution provides for the girl to live with husband’s family, her parents take less care about her education. 

6. Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair. 

7. Girls are engaged in taking care of their smaller siblings, which obstructs their educational chances. 

8. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education.

1. This paragraph is about the aspirations and goals of the individuals. 

2. The people want their income and they want to be treated well. 

3. Though the wages are well and good, they don’t want to be ill-treated. 

4. Everyone in the society wants to live with dignity which our Constitution promises. 

5. Many of the labourers are now looking towards prestige. 

6. Some states in our country are getting more per capita income but they are lacking in providing other facilities to the people. 

7. Nowadays schooling is very importing to its children. 

8. For nations and states the literacy rate, net attendance rate, infant mortality rate are also considered in its development. 

9. They have to provide schools, pollution-free atmosphere, unadulterated medicines, to its people for better living.

1. The table tells us about some comparative data of selected states.

2.  The three states compared are Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Bihar.

3.  IMR means Infant Mortality Rate.

4.  Himachal Pradesh ranks best in literacy rate with 84%.

5.  The Net Attendance Rate of Bihar in 2006 is 56.

6.  The position of Punjab in 2011 with regard to literacy rate is next to Himachal Pradesh.

7.  Literacy rate is that the percentage of literate people in the 7 and above years age group.

8.  The children below the age of 6 do not go to school.

9.  Himachal Pradesh ranks first.

10. Bihar has high infant mortality rate i.e., 62. It has less literacy rate and Net attendance rate i.e., 64 and 56 respectively. Hence we can say Bihar is a backward state.

• They began to mint their own coins.
• The presence of ports Italian subcontinent
• The concessions provided their merchants
• Encouragement from administrators.

The Mediterranean Sea is to the north of Africa, the Red Sea is to its north-east, the Indian Ocean is to its east and the Atlantic Ocean is to its west.

• The Baltic Sea lies in the temperate region. 
• In temperate regions, the sunrays are slanting and therefore, the temperatures are lower. 
• The supply of fresh water is also more, as numerous rivers empty their waters into the Baltic sea. 
• Therefore, in spite of being landlocked, due to low rate of evaporation and ample supply of fresh water, the salinity of the Baltic Sea is low.

Correct option is (a) 25°C