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The lawyer Tongue feels that the Nose deserves the sole right over the ownership of the spectacles as it has been used to wear the spectacles from time immemorial. He also argues that the spectacles are made in such a way that they perfectly fit on the nose. He tries to make his argument stronger by saying that in the absence of the nose on the face, it will be impossible to wear the spectacles.

1) Soil is considered the ‘skin of the earth’. The soil pH plays a vital role in the growth of a plant and it influences plant nutrition. 

2) Soil pH strongly affects the nutrients required for the plant growth. 

3) The nutrients may be stored on soil colloids, and live or dead organic matter, but may not be accessible to plants due to extremes of pH.

Conclusion : 

For optimum plant growth, the generalized content of soil components by volume should be roughly 50% solids (45% mineral & 5% organic matter), and 50% voids of which half is occupied by water and half by gas.

Calcium hydroxide.

When exposed to air, bleaching powder gives a smell of chlorine. This is because bleaching powder reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce calcium carbonate and chlorine gas.

Eyes that see everything and ears that hear, Need to have the patience and strength to bear.

i. Synthetic detergents are manmade cleansing agents designed to use in soft water as well as in hard water. 

ii. There are three types of synthetic detergents which are as follows:

• Anionic detergents 
• Cationic detergents 
• Nonionic detergents

The common name of CaOCl₂ is Bleaching power.

By passing chlorine into dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂)

Ca(OH)₂+Cl₂ → CaOCl₂.

Two uses :

(i) Used for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry and wood pulp in paper industry etc.

(ii) It is used for disinfecting drinking water.

(ii), (iii)

(ii) Eu
(iii) Yb

Disinfectants and antiseptics against micro-organisms are really successful. Antiseptics are used to treat living tissues such as cuttings, wounds, diseased skin surfaces and ulcers, while disinfectants are used for objects such as floors, drainage systems, instruments, etc. Disinfectants damage living tissues.

Iodine is a potent antiseptic. The iodine tincture is applied to wounds. One percent phenol solution is used as a disinfectant.

(a)  4 3 1 2

(b) isoflurane

(b) iso fiurane

(a) Saccharin, sucralose

(b) Both A and R are correct and R explains A.

55 derivatives of barbituric acid are called barbiturates. They belong to class of tranquilizers.

Derivatives of barbituric acid are called barbiturates.They are tranquilizers. They also act as hypnotics. eg- luminal , seconal. 

(b) Antipyretic

An antipyretic drug is used to reduce fever (that is, it lowers body temperature when a fever is present).

Antiseptic such as tincture of iodine is applied on a bruise in order to prevent the exposed living tissue from getting infected.

Cinnamaldehyde is the principle active ingredient of cinnamon bark.

Antibiotics which are effective against wide range of bacteria are known as broad spectrum antibiotic.

Antibiotics which are effective against wide range of bacteria are known as broad spectrum antibiotics, while antibiotics which are effective against one group of bacteria are known as narrow spectrum antibiotics.

(a)  2 4 1 3

(a) Both A and R are correct and R Is the correct explanation of A

Anti-depressant drugs are needed to counteract the effect of depression. These drugs inhibit enzymes catalysing the degradation of the neurotransmitters, noradrenaline. As a result, the important neurotransmitters is slowly metabolised and then it can activate its receptor for longer periods of time.

Two anti-depressant drugs are: 

1. Iproniazid 

2. Phenelzine

Soaps are biodegradable. 

We need to classify drugs in different ways: 

(i) to provide doctors the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of disease.

(ii) to provide medicinal chemists a range of drugs those act on a particular and molecular target.

(iii) to provide drugs which share common structural features and similar pharmacological activities.

(iv) to provide drugs for inhibition of disorders in a particular biological process. 

Antidepressant drugs are used to lessen the depression effect. These drugs contain enzymes that catalyze the degradation of the neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. The neurotransmitter is therefore slowly metabolized and can activate the receptor for a longer period of time.

The two anti-depressant drugs are:

1. Phenelzine
2. Iproniazid

• Antihistamines – Rantidine 
• Tranquilisers – Barbituric acid 
• Analgesics – Morphine 
• Antibiotics – Amoxycillin

Certain drugs only affect specific receptors. Antacids and antiallergic drugs do not interfere, as they work on different receptors. That is why antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with histamine function but not with each other.

The classification of drugs and the reason for classification are as follows: 

1. On the basis of pharmacological effect: This classification provides doctors the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem Hence, such a classification is very useful to doctors. 

2. On the basis of drug action: This classification is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process Thus, this classification is important. 

3. On the basis of chemical structure: This classification provides the range of drugs sharing common structural features and often having similar pharmacological activity. 

4. On the basis of molecular targets: This classification provides medicinal chemists the drugs having the same mechanism of action on targets Hence, it is the most useful to medicinal chemists.

There is no clear evidence regarding the literary works of the first Sangam. ‘Tolkappiyam’, written by Tolkappiyar, a disciple of Agastya, is a standard treatise on grammar and it belongs historically to the Second Sangam. Tiruvalluvar, the famous Tamil poet who attended the Third Sangam, wrote ‘KuraP. The literary works of the third Sangam constituted the most important part of the Sangam literature and they are the main source of information about the life and traditions of the Tamil people.

The ports of Nelcynda (Kottayam) and Naura (Canhanore) were among the most prominent ports on India’s Western Coast.

The megalithic culture is mostly known for its burials. The un pland portions of the peninsula were inhabited by people, whose graves are called ‘megaliths’, because they were encircled by big pieces of stone.

Megaliths: The megalithic culture is mostly known for its burials. The upland portions of the peninsula were inhabited by people, whose graves are called ‘Megaliths’, because they were encircled by big pieces of stone.

The megaliths contain not only skeletons of people who were buried. Iron tools, arrows, pottery and fragments of rice and other grains have been found, besides the skeletons of the persons buried in these graves. Arrow heads, spearheads and sickles, all made of iron, do show the transition from Copper and Bronze Age Culture to the Iron Age.

The two agricultural products during the Sangam Age were jack-fruit, pepper and turmeric.

(i)  Since reproductive processes such as pollination and fertilization are independent of water, seed formation is more dependable. 

(ii)  Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in other areas. 

(iii)  As they have sufficient food reserves young seedlings are nourished until they are capable of photosynthesis on their own. 

(iv)  The hard seed coat provides protection to the young embryo. 

(v)  Being products of sexual reproduction, they generate new genetic combinations/variations.

(vi) Dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds are crucial for survival under adverse conditions. 

(a) The Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas appear as regular castes or Vamas in the Sangam texts. An ideal king was one who never caused an injury to the Brahmins. Many Brahmins were celebrated poets, and as such they were handsomely rewarded by the rulers. Karikel is said to have given one poet 1,600,000 gold coins, but we consider this comment exaggerated. Besides gold, the Brahmins got cash and land grants from the king .and noble families.

(b) The ruling class was called ‘arasar’. The members of this class had marriage relations with the ‘Vellalas’, the propertied people owning the bulk of the land. War body and income from trade and agricultural produce enabled the king to maintain professional warriors. The occasions for war were many. According to the Sangam poets, the refusal of one king to give his daughter in marriage to another was a frequent cause of war. In Sangam poetry ‘heroes are glorified’ and wars and cattle raids very often mentioned.

Arundhati, for instance, had become a model for women in the South, because she personified the ideal of Chastity.

The various post-fertilization events occurring in angiosperms are : 

(i)  Primary endosperm nucleus gives rise to endosperm. It is formed before the development of the embryo, as it provides nourishment to the developing embryo. 

(ii)  The zygote at the micropylar end undergoes successive divisions to form mature embryo. 

(iii)  Ovule is converted into seed. 

(iv)  Ovary develops into fruit.

a. Plants raised through micropropagation are genetically identical, hence the name somaclones.

b.

i. Large number of plants are produced in short duration.

ii. Virus free plants are produced.

(a) The ‘Tolkappiyam’, written by Tolkappiyar, states that marriage was an important religious ceremony, accompanied by many rituals. Naturally, the Aryan culture had now much impact on the institution of marriage. Earlier the Tamils had a relatively simple conception of marriage. They regarded it as “the natural coming together of men and women, mainly due to their physical difference.” 

(b) The joint family system characterised the society. Few women got good education, their status in society was not equal to that of men. They did not have the right to inherit property. There were ascetics also among women, following the Jain and the Buddhist tradition. The worship of Kannagi or Pattini suggests that the vow of chastity was regarded as the greatest of feminine virtues. In fact, the images of Pattini Devi were being preserved and worshiped by Tamils in their temples until very recently.

Vellalas were traders assigned with the duties of learning other than the Vedas, making gifts, agriculture, trade and worship.

The chief crop grown during the Sangam Period was rice, while other crops included cotton, ragi, sugarcane, pepper, ginger, cardamom, turmeric, cinnamon and different varieties of fruits etc.