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Mushroom rocks are found in deserts. They are the erosional landforms of the arid or desert region. The erosive power of wind becomes very high at a certain height from the ground level. The resistant rocks take the shape of mushroom having large top and a small neck. The formation is called Mushroom rock.

Mushroom rocks are found in desert land forms.

Mushroom rocks are also called as pedestal rocks or some times rock pedestals.

They are found in desert land forms.

These are named so because of their structural appearance like mushrooms.

They are formed due to different conditions such as erosion and environmental disturbance.

Credit and debit cards issued by banks.

Administrative Reasons :

• Implementing civil and criminal laws was partial English became the language of the court. 
• English judges were partial to Europeans. 
• Indians did not like new laws.

Military Reasons :

• Pathetic situation of Indian soldiers in British army. 
• Indian soldiers were payed less then British soldiers. 
• No promotion prospects. 
• Indian soldiers were pressurised to work over-seas.
• It hurt the religious sentiments of Indian soldiers.

Oxbow lakes are found in river valleys.
An oxbow is a crescent-shaped lake lying alongside a winding river. The oxbow lake is created over time as erosion and deposition of soil change the river's course.

• Started Athmiya Sabha, in Calcutta to eradicate socio – religious maladies. 
• Stared Brahma Samaj in 1828 to purge Hinduism of caste system, superstitions. 
• He attempted to rebuild Hindu society based on philosophical foundations of upanishads. 
• His efforts led Governor General William Bentinckto implement ‘Prohibition of Sati act’in 1829. 
• He published articles to develop rationality among people in his journal ‘Samvada Komudhi’.

Battle of Plassey in 1757: The battle of Plassey was fought between the British (Robert Clive) and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal in 1757. This battle led to the British supremacy in India.

Causes for the battle of Plassey :

1. Misuse of the concession pass (Dastaks): The British had received tax concessions from the Mughal Emperors. But, servents of the East India Company were misusing the concessions by openly indulging in private trade for profit. They refused to pay any taxes to the Nawab. This resulted in the loss of income to the state, and was opposed by the Nawab of Bengal. This was the main cause for the battle of Plassey.

2. Shelter to the French and demolition of fortifications of factories: The British and the French were rivals. The British captured Chandranagore from the French. Siraj-ud-Daula gave shelter to some Frenchmen, which angered the British.

Siraj-ud-Daula tried to develop cordial relations with the British, but soon the relations got strained because the British fearing the French attack began to fortify their factories in Bengal which was counter to the interest of Bengal, when Siraj-ud-Daula protested and demanded for the demolition of all fortifications of factories.

3. Political cause – Encouragement to the opponents of Siraj-ud Daula: Siraj-ud-Daula had many rivals. Soon after his succession to the throne, it was opposed by Shaukath Jung, Ghasti Begum and Rajavallabha who put forward theirclaims to the throne. The British fully supported the opponents of Siraj-ud-Daulah and ultimately succeeded in bringing his downfall.

4. The black hole incident or tragedy : During ap attack on Kasim Bazar, the forces of Nawab besieged Fort William (Calcutta). The 146 civilians comprising of women and children who surrendered to the Nawab’s army were taken prisoners and forced into a small dark cell (15’ × 18’) within the fort and killed in the most inhuman manner. This incident called ‘The Block hole episode or Tragedy’ took place on 20^th June 1757.

5. Course of the Battle: Peace was concluded between the British and Siraj-ud-Daula and the treaty of Aligarh was signed in February 1757. Robert Clive hatched a conspiracy with the commander Mir Jafar against Sirajud-Daula. When the arrangements were complete, Clive took position at Plassey (Bhagirathi river). However, when the war broke out, the troops under Mir Jafar remained inactive and Sirajud-Daula was defeated and he fled and got killed while trying to escape.

Results of the battle of Plassey :

1. British domination over Bengal: The British established domination over the political life of Bengal. Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. He was called a Sovereign but in actual practice he was nothing more than a puppet of the company. He could be removed from the throne any time, by the Company.

2. Territorial gains for the British: As a result, the British gained both in territorial as well as in finances. The Company received the 24 Parganas and other grants. The trade of the British Company greatly flourished and it made huge profits. Robert Clive was appointed as the Governor of Bengal.

3. Establishing political supremacy: The battle of Plassey left a deep impact on the course of AngloFrench conflict in Deccan. This battle laid the foundation for the British supremacy in India.

Oxbow lakes are found in river valleys.
An oxbow is a crescent-shaped lake lying alongside a winding river. The oxbow lake is created over time as erosion and deposition of soil change the river's course.

The Third Carnatic War was fought between the English and the French between 1756 and 1763.

Causes :

• Comte De Lally of the French attempted to besiege Wandiwash in 1760. 
• The English army under Sir Eyrecoote defeated and imprisoned Bussi. 
• Comte De Lally escaped and hid in Pondicherry. 
• Eyrecoote attacked Pondicherry and Lally had to surrender unconditionally in 1761.

Results :

• French had to lose all their bases in India, due to Carnatic wars. 
• Pondicherry was returned to the French, according to the ‘Treaty of Paris’ in 1763. 
• French lost importance in India. 
• The English reigned supreme in Southen India, after defeating all their rivals.

Siraj – ud – Daula ascended the throne of Oudh after the death of his grandfather Aliwardi Khan.

Causes :

 1. He was fiirions that the Dastakths issued by Faruk Shiara, the Mughal emperor of Bengal were misued by the officials of East India company causing loss to the Oudh treasury.

2. The English repaired the Calcutta fort and placed cannons in it. The Nawab ordered their removal but the British refused. 

3. The Nawab conqured Fort William. He imprisoned 146 English soldiers in a small dungeon in the fort.

 4. 123 Soldiers died of suffocation. Robert Clive was enraged and attacked Oudh near Plassey.

Results :

• Siraj – Ud – Daula was captured and killed. 
• Mir Jaffar become the Nawab of Bengal. 
• East India comapny gained exlusive trade rights in Bengal. 
• The company forced Mir Jaffer to pay seventeen crore and seventy lakh rappees as compensation for the attack on fort.

• India helped the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan. 
• India helped to resettle Bangladesi refugees in-Bengal, Tripura, Meghalaya and Assam. 
• In spite of India facing economic crisis, it helped Bangladeshi refugees find new hope of life in India.

• Globalization promotes economic growth, generates wider range of products and services. 
• Globalization has made the availability of the similar type of products all over the world. 
• Globalization creates competition for local firms and thus keeps the costs down.

• Achieve economic growth 
• Maintain economic (price) stability 
• Achieve fair distribution of income.

• Arms Race is a dangerous phenomenon. 
• Disarmament is the only solution to Arms race. 
• Arms Race creates insecurity, fear, instability and threat of war. 
• Resources used to produce arms can be usefully used for development. 
• Threat of Nuclear War.

Relationship between India and USA

• India follows non – aligned policy. 
• USA supported many India’s five year – plans. 
• USA extended support during Indo-China war in 1965.
•  India and USA share interest in controlling terrorism. 
• India and USA support each other in trade, science and technology, space science, education. 
• India and USA share mutual responsibility to strengthen UNO. 
• Go-operate to support global peace.
• India adjusts its foreign policy according to the political party in power in USA.

• Himalayas act as natural frontiers and prevent foreign invasion. 
• Prevent cold winds from Central – Asia. 
• Obstruct rain bearing winds and cause heavy rainfall. 
• Slopes have thick forests, an ideal natural resource. 
• Storehouse of minerals. 
• Birth – place of many perennial rivers – Ganga, Brahmaputra. 
• Have many waterfalls, useful for generation of Hydro – electricity.

The important effects of soil erosion are :

• Loss of soil fertility and fall in agricultural productivity 
• It leads to silting and floods, change of the course of rivers, and reduction of capacity of the reservoirs. 
• Ground water level is lowered and there is decrease in soil moisture 
•  Vegetation covers dries up and drought increase. 
• Economy as a whole suffers a great set back.

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Soil is the earth’s fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. It is comprised of countless species that create a dynamic and complex ecosystem and is among the most precious resources to humans. Increased demand for agriculture commodities generates incentives to convert forests and grasslands to farm fields and pastures. The transition to agriculture from natural vegetation often cannot hold onto the soil and many of these plants, such as coffee, cotton, palm oil, soybean and wheat, can actually increase soil erosion beyond the soil’s ability to maintain itself.

Half of the topsoil on the planet has been lost in the last 150 years. In addition to erosion, soil quality is affected by other aspects of agriculture. These impacts include compaction, loss of soil structure, nutrient degradation, and soil salinity. These are very real and at times severe issues.

The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding. Sustainable land use can help to reduce the impacts of agriculture and livestock, preventing soil degradation and erosion and the loss of valuable land to desertification.

The health of soil is a primary concern to farmers and the global community whose livelihoods depend on well managed agriculture that starts with the dirt beneath our feet. While there are many challenges to maintaining healthy soil, there are also solutions and a dedicated group of people, including WWF, who work to innovate and maintain the fragile skin from which biodiversity springs.

Automobile companies are offering various products according to users budget. Gone are the days, when one had to wait for their dream vehicles. Today, it is not difficult to buy a dream vehicle because of various financial institutions.

The most common pressures causing deforestation and severe forest degradation are agriculture, unsustainable forest management, mining, infrastructure projects and increased fire incidence and intensity.

India is a southward extension of the Asian Continent. The trans-Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa, and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India’s eminent position in the Indian Ocean which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.

Effective wheel diameter = \(\frac62\) + 500 + \(\frac62\)

= 506 mm

Effective axle diameter = \(\frac{20}2\) + 200 + \(\frac{20}2\)

= 220 mm.

For a wheel and axle, the velocity ratio is given by \(\frac Dd\)

VR = \(\frac{506}{2.20}\)= 2.30

Mechanical advantage = Efficiency × velocity ratio 

= 0.7 × 2.30 = 1.61

MA = \(\frac WP\)

p = \(\frac{1200}{1.61}\)

P = 745.34 N

People migrate from villages to cities in search of a better life. They want to earn money so that they can lead a good life and rear their children in a better way. As cities have more opportunities for work, this makes them migrate from the villages to these big cities.

Net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur is low mainly due to the hilly and rocky terrain. They are also largely covered by dense forests, which will need to be cut to develop agriculture. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are covered by dense tropical forests and so net sown area is low.

Any object or shape is said to have rotational symmetry if it looks exactly the same at least once during a complete rotation through 360°.  

Centre of rotation 

The fixed point about which an object rotates is called the centre of rotation. During the rotation, the shape and size of the object do not change. Rotation may be clockwise or anti-clockwise.

A full turn refers to a rotation of 360°. A half turn refers to a rotation of 180°. A quarter turn refers to a rotation of 90°.  

Angle of rotation : The angle at which a shape or an object looks exactly the same during rotation is called the angle of rotation.

= 17/2 - { 13/4 ÷ (3/5) 6/6}

= 17/2 - {13/4 ÷ 3/5 x 6/6}

= 17/2 - {13/4 x 5/3 x 6/6}

= 17/2 - {65/12)

= 17/2 - 65/12

= (102-65)/12

= 37/12

= 3 1/12

Plants make their food through photosynthesis which require sun light, water and chlorophyll.Sun light is available at day time not at night. So plant do not make food at night. 
But one thing which is very interesting if you provide certain wavelength of light which is required for photosynthesis at night the plant will start photosynthesis and make food.

Plants make food in their leaves. The leaves contain a pigment called chlorophyll, which colors the leaves green. Chlorophyll can make food the plant can use from carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and energy from sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis.

Virus can remain outside the host as a nonliving entity in the form of a crystal and hence it can be crystallized. Other cells like the bacterium, amoeba and sperm are living entities and cannot be easily crystallized.

If the price of the goods rises by 40% and supply increase by only 50%,the supply of goods will be Inelastic.

Answer: Sun.

1. Conservation of linear momentum.

2. Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision.

110 × 4 + 90 × -6 = (110 + 90)v

v = 0.5 m/s

-ve direction, (in the direction of man mass 90 kg).

3. Uniform motion They will not stop.

Inertia depends on mass.

1. Newtons first law of motion.

2. No. If resultant force acting on the body is zero, the body will move with constant velocity or remain at rest.

3. Zero

In the event of jump or jerk, the lime of action of force increases. Since the product of force aid time is constant in a given situation. therefore the force decreases.

1. Net force is zero

2. When stone is dropped, gravitational force will act on the stone.

Gravitational force F = mg

= 0.1 × 10

= 1 N downward.

When we push, the action on the surface and normal reaction on the body increases. (Friction is directly proportional to normal reaction).

As a result more force is required to push the body. When we pull, normal reaction decreases. Hence friction decreases. Hence less force is required to pull the body.

When there is a jerk or jump, the time for which force acts (∆t) increases. As the product of force and time for which force acts (F∆t) remains constant, increase in At will reduce the force. This provide smooth motion.

1. A weight increases weight w = mg + ma 

2. weight is constant ie. w = mg

The recoiling gun can hurt the shoulder. If gun is held tightly against the shoulder, the body and gun act a system. This will reduce recoil velocity as it is inversely proportional to mass of system.

1. Conservation of momentum.

2. Total momentum is conserved

∴ mu + MV = 0

V = \(\frac{−mu}{M}\) M is very large. Hence v is small

3. MV = m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂

20 × 50 = 5u₁ + 15 × 70

5u₁ = ^–50

u₁ = ^–10m/s.

This is due to inertia of rest.

Here we get Conservation of momentum..

Correct answer is (a) Impulse 

Tension, thrust, weight are all common forces in mechanics whereas impulse is not a force. 

Impulse = Force × Time duration.

Correct answer is (b) momentum

If a large force F acts for a short time dt, the impulse imparted is

I = F.dt, = \(\frac{dp}{dt}\).dt

I = dp = change in momentum.

Correct answer is (b) Magnetic force

Rocket works on the principle of conservation of Momentum.

Correct answer is (a) linear momentum

Newton’s second and third laws lead to the conservation of linear momentum.