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Similarities: bad() and fail() both are error handling functions and return true if a reading or writing operation fails. 

Differences: Both bad() and fail() return true if a reading or writing operation fails but fail() also returns true in the case that a format error happens, like when an alphabetical character is extracted when we are trying to read an integer number. 

Logical Error.

(a)  X + X’ = 1

To prove this law, we will make a following truth table :

0 + 1 = 1 and 1 + 0 = 1

From truth table it is prove that X + X’ = 1

(b) X . X’= 0

To prove this law, we will make a following truth table :

0 . 1 = 0 and 1 . 0 = 0

From truth table it is prove that X + X’ = 1 From truth table it is prove that X . X’= 0

good(): Returns nonzero (true) if no error has occurred. For instance, if fin.good() is true, everything is okay with the stream named as fi and we can proceed to perform I/O operations. When it returns zero, o further operations can be carried out.

bad(): Returns true if a reading or writing operation fails. For example in the case that we try to write to a file that is not open for writing or if the device where we try to write has no space left.

(i) Static variables and auto variables: 

Static variables: The features are as follows

Declaration place:-may be declared internally or externally.

Declaration syntax:-we use the keyword static to declare a static variable.

Static int age;

Default initial value:- Zero

Scope:-in case of internal static variable, the scope is local to the function in which defined while scope of external static variable is to all the functions defined in the program.

Life:- value of variable persists between different function calls.

Automatic variables: The features are as follows

Declaration place:-declared inside a function in which they are to be utilized, that’s why referred as local or internal variables.

Declaration syntax:- A variable declared inside a function without storage class specification by default is an automatic variable. However, we may use the keyword auto to declare it explicitly.

main()

{

auto int age;

}

Default initial value:-Garbage value

Scope:-created when the function is called and destroyed on exit from the function. 

Life:- till the control remains within the block in which defined.

(ii) Execution error and compilation error:  

Errors such as mismatch of data types or array out of bound error are known as execution errors or runtime errors. These errors are generally go undetected by the compiler so programs with run-time error will run but produce erroneous results. 

Compilation error also known as syntax errors are caused by violation of the grammar rules of the language. The compiler detects, isolate these errors and terminate the source program after listing the errors. 

void Search( ) {

LAPTOP L; 

 long modelnum;

cin>>modelnum;

ifstream fin;

fin.open("LAPTOP.DAT",ios::binary|ios::in); while(fin.read((char*)&L,sizeof(L)))

{

if(L.ReturnModelNo( )==modelnum) L.StockDisplay( );

}

fin.close(); //Ignore

}

1   is the output if the file content before the execution of the program is the string "ABC".

Correct option - (A) 45 

Explanation:-

the value of the arithmetic expression is 45 as 2*3+3*(8—5)=6+3*13=6+39=45  

void wordcount()  

{

 ifstream fil("STORY.TXT");

char word[30];  //assuming longest word can be 29 characters long

int count = 0;

while(!fil.eof())

{  

cin>>word;

if((strcmp("the",word)==0) && (strcmp("The",word)==0));

 count++;

}

fil.close();

cout<<count;

}

void COUNT ()

{

 ifstream File;

 File. open (POEM.TXT);

 char Word[80] ;

 int Cl = 0, C2 = 0;

 while(!File.eof())

 {

 File>>Word;

 if (strcmp (Word, to) ==0)

 Cl++;

 else if (strcmp (Word, the) ==0)

 C2++;

 }

 cout<<”Count of -to- in file:" <<Cl;

 cout<<”Count of -the- in file:”<<C2;

 File.close(); //Ignore

4   is the output if the file content before the execution of the program is the string "ABC".

Correct option - (C)declared outside the body of every function.

Explanation:-

A global variable is declared outside the body of every function.  

void wordcount

{

ifstream fin("DIALOGUE.TXT");

char word[10];

int wc=0;

while(!fin.eof())

{  fin>>word;

if((strcmp(word,"Is")==0)||(strcmp(word,"is")==0))

wc++;

}

cout<<wc;

fin.close();

}

void COUNT_TO( ) {

 ifstream Fi1(“MEMO.TXT”);

 char STR[10];

 int c=0;

 while(Fi1.getline(STR,10,’ ‘))

 {

 if (strcmpi(STR, “do”) = = 0)

 C++;

 }

 Fi1.close( );

 cout<<“Count to -do- in file: “<<c<<end1;

void countspace()

{

 ifstream fins;

 fins.open("NOTES.TXT");

 char ch;

 int count=0;

 while(!fins.eof())

 {

 fin.get(ch);

 if(ch==' ')

 count++;

 }

 cout<<"Number of blank spaces"<<count;

 fin.close();

 }

void countdigit()  {

ifstream fil("PARA.TXT”,ios::in);

int count=0;

char ch=fil.get();

while(!fil.eof())

{  if(isdigit(ch))

count++;

ch=fil.get();

}

cout<<"no of digit: "<<count<<end1;

}

void COUNT( ) {

 ifstream Fil("DIARY. TXT");

 char STR[10];

 int count = 0;

 while(!Fil.eof( ))

 {

 Fil>>STR;

 if(strcmp(STR,"Me")==0||strcmp(STR,"My")==0)

 count++;

 }

 Cout<<"Count of Me/My in file :"<<count<<end1;

 Fil.close( ); //Ignore

}

The correct answer is a Flatbed scanner.

• The flatbed scanner is used to scan documents by placing them upside down on a glass plate.
• A flatbed scanner provides a flat, glass surface to hold a sheet of paper, book, or another object for scanning.
• The scan head is moved under the glass.
• Flatbed scanners often come with sheet feeders for scanning multiple sheets of paper rather than one at a time.

Working of Flatbed Scanner:

• For modern scanners, a Charge-coupled device [CCD] is used.
• A CCD sensor is used to capture the light from the scanner and then convert it into proportional electrons.
• The charge developed will be more if the intensity of light that hits on the sensor is more. 

No It is not sufficient to represent all characters used in the written languages of the world because , it is a 7 bit code so it can represent 2⁷ = 128 possible codes. To represent all the characters Unicode is used because it uses 4 bytes, so it can represent 232 possible codes.

The numbers in column A have an equivalent number in another number system of column B. Find the exact match.

It contains 2 & 9, so a and b 2, b 8. The values of a can be 8 or 19. The values of b can be 10 or 16, L.H.S > R.H.S. a 

The possible values of a and b are given below

Case I : 

a) The number system are binary, octal, decimal and hexa decimal. 

b) 123 Octal, decimal and hexa decimal 569 Decimal, hexa decimal 1101 Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexa decimal

do while is exit controlled loop

Utilities are useful programs which are designed to help computer for its smooth functioning. Some utilities are back up utility, Disk defragmentation. Virus scanner, etc. It is provided by the O.S.

The difference between CRT and LCD is given below:

So LCD is more better than CRT

d) LCD. 

It is an output device. Others are input device

Compression utility is used for this. By using compression utility programs we can reduce the file size upto the one third of the file size. So by using this we can reduce 1GB file and store in a CD. It is provided by the OS. The other compression utility programs are Winzip, WinRar etc. It is possible to compress the files and when needed, these com-pressed files can be uncompressed and it is restored to their original form.

The difference between CRT and LCD is given below:

So LCD is more better than CRT.

Correct option is D) nail brush

Correct option is A) toothbrush

The canals were built because they offered the most economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. The navigable water network grew rapidly at first and became an almost completely connected transport network.

(c) Firuz Shah Tughluq

B) to transport coal to cities

Correct answer is c. Mushrooms

Correct answer is a. Pepo 

Correct answer is c. Fibres 

Correct answer is b. Dietary fiber 

Correct answer is a. Carotenoids 

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) copying is an essential part of reproduction as it passes genetic information from parents to offspring. It determines the body design of an individual. The reproducing cells produce a copy of their DNA through some chemical reactions and result in two copies of DNA. The copying of DNA always takes place along with the creation of additional cellular structure. This process is then followed by division of a cell to form two cells.

Simple organisms such as Hydra and Planaria are capable of producing new individuals through the process of regeneration. The process of regeneration involves the formation of new organisms from its body parts. Simple organisms can utilize this method of reproduction as their entire body is made of similar kind of cells in which any part of their mbody can be formed by growth and development. However, complex organisms have organ-system level of organization. All the organ systems of their body work together as an interconnected unit. They can regenerate their lost body parts such as skin, muscles, blood, etc. However, they cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration.

More complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals because: 

1. Their body design is highly complicated. 

2. There are specific organs to do specific functions. 

3. There is a labour division in the body of complex organisms. 

4. Exception is lizard, which can regenerate its tail.

Correct option is (3) Oospores, Ascospores and Basidiospores

Correct option is C) slices

No. Using a copper-T will not provide a protection from sexually transmitted diseases, as it does not prevent the entry of semen. It only prevents the implantation of the embryo in the uterus.

During sexual reproduction two types of gametes fuse. Although the gametes contain the same number of chromosomes, their DNA is not identical. This situation generates variations among the offsprings.

Before Metaphase, the centrosomes are aligned at opposite ends, or poles of the cell and chromosomes move toward the center of the cell. Metaphase is marked by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell. At this stage, it is easy to distinguish and count chromosomes.

Explanation:

Arch dam: 

• It may be defined as a solid wall curved in plan standing across the entire width of the river valley in a single span and it uses the horizontal arch action to hold back the water.
• The arch dam is constructed so that the force of the water against it, known as hydrostatic pressure, forces against it, straightening the arch and strengthening the structure as it pushes into its base or abutments.
• The weight is distributed evenly throughout the arches and cantilevers, with equal deflections at the connecting points.

Forces in Arch Dam:

1. Temperature stresses

2. Yield stress of concrete

3. Uplift Pressure

4. Reservoir water force or Hydrostatic force