Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The weight of Table Tennis ball is not less than 2.40 gm. and not more than 2.53 gm. Its diameter is not more than 38.2 mm, and not less than 37.2 mm.

Correct option is B) badminton

The net is 183 cms. in length. Its upper part is at the height of 15.25 cms. from the playing surface.

A player who wins the toss decides for the service and loser for the side of the table.

• The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India.
• An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India.
• The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation.
• The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 of which 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and British Baluchistan.
• The Constituent Assembly of India, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India.
• The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities.

•  It was a multi-party body and it Worked through several committees and Committees presented reports on issues.

Correct option is velvet

A player or pair who scores first 21 points shall win the game. If both the players or pairs score 20 points, then that player or pair shall be winner who scores 2 point before the other player or pair.

• 15th constitution Amendment Act, 1963
• Amendment of article 124.-In article 124 of the Constitution, after clause (2), the following clause shall be inserted, namely:-
• "(2A) The age of a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be determined by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law provide.".
• Amendment of article 128.-In article 128 of the Constitution, after the words "Federal Court", the words "or who has held the office of a Judge of a High Court and is duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court" shall be inserted.
•  Amendment of article 217.-In article 217 of the Constitution,-- (a) in clause (1), for the words "sixty years", the words "sixty-two years" shall be substituted;

 Correct answer is b. Backspace

When the Table Tennis ball is thrown downward from the height of 3.05 metres; it should bounce not less than 22 cms. and not more the 25 cms.

Correct option is A) isn’t it

Correct option is D) started

Lord Linlithgow

Correct Answer is Jamawar

Shekhar Kapur

India, Indonesia, Ghana, Egypt.

(b) Directive Principle

The separation of the judiciary from the executive is envisaged in the  Directive Principles

a. False. The primary function of the collimator is to delineate the gamma source. 

b. True. Each photo multiplier consists of a photo cathode that absorbs light and emits photo electrons. These are accelerated towards an anode and multiply on the way by colliding with dynodes. 

c. True. Gamma rays as a result of scatter have a low energy, which is filtered out by the pulse height analyser. 

d. False. Low-energy gamma rays result from Compton attenuation in the patient and crystal. 

e. False. Spatial resolution is improved by using collimators with narrower and longer holes

a. False. The crystal used in gamma cameras is usually made up of NaI but is fragile and can be damaged by both water and heat. 

b. True. As a result of photoelectric absorption, the crystal absorbs the majority of gamma rays from Tc-99m. 

c. False. The absorption of a single gamma photon produces thousands of light photons, which spread out in all directions. 

d. False. Using a thicker crystal improves sensitivity but reduces intrinsic resolution. 

e. True. A sheet phantom (filled with Co-57) is used to test the detector, which should give a uniform response to a uniform field. A defective photo multiplier is seen as reduced counts, and a cracked crystal shows a linear defect.

5 members of the security council have the right to veto

a. True. 

b. False. Below 100 keV, the intrinsic sensitivity is almost 100%, above which it depends on the thickness of the crystal. 

c. True. Using a thicker crystal improves sensitivity but reduces spatial resolution. 

d. False. Sensitivity is measured using a known amount of activity in a small source. 

e. True. 

a. True. Number of measurements for reconstruction of the image = number of detectors number of scans at 360°. 

b. True. 

c. False. The effect of the neighbouring beam is inversely proportional to the distance. 

d. False. The advantages of helical/spiral CT are: high speed, reduced misregistration, continuous data acquisition, a single exposure and reduced partial volume effect. In spiral CT, less contrast medium is required but more heat loading or capacity is needed. 

e. True.

The correct answer is Draupadi.

• The skill of archery was the test in the swayamvara of Draupadi.
• Drishtadyumna, the brother of Draupadi announced that whosoever can bend the bow and pierce the eye of the fish will marry Draupadi.
• Arjuna (one of the five Pandavas) succeeded in piercing while looking only at its reflection in the water below.
• Hence an archer definitely got due importance and Arjuna being an archer superior to others won the Gurudakshina war and unknowingly became the root cause of Draupadi’s birth.

a. False. A low tube potential is needed to maximize the low-contrast subject. 

b. True. In mammography, there is not much difference between the different tissues imaged. Therefore, mammography film has a small latitude, i.e. the range of exposure needed to cover the grey scale is reduced, so that a small change in exposure gives an enhanced change in blackening of the film. This means that mammography film has a very steep linear part of the sensitometric curve. 

c. False. It is made of rare earth materials. 

d. False. Single-sided emulsion is used on the distal side of the film. 

e. True.

The correct answer is Amartya Sen.

• In 1913 Rabindranath Tagore (literature) became the first Indian to win the Nobel.
• Sir C V Raman was awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 1930 for giving a detailed description and reason for the scattering of particles of light.
• In 2014, Kailash Satyarthi received the Nobel Prize for his rights in 'Child Labor Abolition and Education'.
• Har Gobind Khurana, who won the Nobel in 1968, worked on the electron.
• Khurana received the Nobel for his role in the genetic code and its protein synthesis.​

•  The "Nobel Prize" was instituted in 1901 by the "Nobel Foundation" in memory of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel.
• It is the world's highest award in the fields of peace, literature, physics, chemistry, medical science, and economics.
• The Nobel Prize in Economics was started in "1968".
• "Dynamite" was invented by "Alfred Nobel".

a. False. The spatial resolution in CT is 20 line pairs cm^-1 while in film-screen radiography it is 8–12 line pairs mm^-1 

b. True. 

c. True. Spatial resolution in CT depends on the following: 

• The matrix and field of view 
• An algorithm: like bone reconstruction, this enhances the edge of high-contrast structures and increases the spatial resolution at the cost of increased noise 
• The width of the projection path, which is affected by focal spot size/source to isocentre and source to detector distance/size of the sensitive area of the detector 
• The number of projections sampled in each rotation. In the z direction, this depends on slice thickness or pitch: the higher the pitch, the less the spatial resolution. This effect is less important in a multi-slice scanner. 

d. False. 

e. True. Spatial resolution = 1/(2 pixel size) and pixel size = field of view/matrix = 1/(2 60/512) = 4.3; therefore, the spatial resolution is around 4 line pairs mm^-1 . 

a. False. Intrinsic resolution refers to the camera in the absence of the collimator. 

b. True. 

c. True. The larger the patient, the greater the amount of attenuation and scatter, resulting in reduced spatial resolution. 

d. True. This is made up of lead stripes on a uniform sheet source. 

e. True. This usually consists of a tube containing Tc-99m.

a. False. In scanograms (topograms), the scatter is minimal and spatial resolution is poor. 

b. True. In CT fluoroscopy, the gantry rotates 180° without the table moving, and it is a low kV technique. 

c. False. In CT fluoroscopy the effective dose is less but the skin dose is higher because it is confined to a narrow region. 

d. True. A scanogram is another name for a scout view.

e. True.

a. False. The combination of Rh-Mo is not used, because the effect of the filter would be to attenuate the Rh characteristic radiation with energy that is just greater than the K-edge of Mo. 

b. False. Use of a Mo–Rh combination increases the mean energy of the spectrum, because it will transmit Bremsstrahlung photons in the energy range just below 23.2 keV, thus increasing the beam penetration, but peak photon energy is determined by the tube potential and the target material does not affect this. 

c. False. The characteristic radiation of Rh is 23.2 keV and Mo is 20 keV. 

d. False. Contrast in different target–filter combinations decreases as follows: Mo–Mo > Mo–Rh > Rh–Rh > W–Rh. 

e. True. The dose in different target–filter combinations decreases as follows: Mo–Mo > Mo–Rh > Rh–Rh > W–Rh.

The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi.

Natal Indian Congress was founded by Mahatma Gandhi (father of Nation) in 1894.

a. False. Spatial resolution is 15 line pairs mm^-1 or above. 

b. False. The cathode is on the chest wall side. 

c. False. For the magnified view, the smaller focal spot size is used, which is 0.1–0.15 mm. The larger one (0.4 mm) is for the standard view. 

d. False. The tube is angled so that the axial ray is at the chest wall edge; this helps to produce films with a more uniform density. 

e. True. Unlike general X-ray equipment, the distance between the tube head and the film cannot usually be varied. This is because the set is designed for a single examination and the focus-to-film distance used is considered the optimum. The normal FFD is 65 or 66 cm.

a. False. For larger breasts, the doses are much higher than for average breasts, as there is a greater thickness of material for the radiation to penetrate and so more is absorbed. Also, loss of reciprocity in the film means even larger doses are needed to achieve the right film density. However, the dose is not linear and rises more steeply after about 6 cm.

b. True. A back screen means that, as most interactions still take place at the edge of the screen nearest to the radiation source, the film is nearer the interaction, i.e. light source, and the light does not spread out as much, giving a better resolution. By using single-sided film, the emulsion is in direct contact with the screen and the resolution is therefore as good as possible. However, use of a single screen and single-sided emulsion means than a higher dose is required than if doubled-sided film with two screens were used. 

c. False. Due to beam hardening, the amount of radiation dose reaching the detector varies with breast thickness and composition. If the AEC worked by detecting a fixed dose, film density would vary with breast variation. 

d. False. By varying the kV, you can reduce the dose and exposure time. However, by changing the target–filter combination, a greater dose saving can be made for the same loss in contrast, or a lower loss in contrast can be achieved for the same dose decrease. 

e. False. Increasing the kV does increase the output of the X-ray tube and the ESD, but output at mammographic energies is roughly proportional to kV³ . In general radiography, output is approximately proportional to kV² .

The correct answer is Manju Rani.

• Manju Rani won the gold medal at the Women's National Boxing Championships in 2019.

•  XI^th AIBA women's World Boxing championship 2019 was held in Ulan-Ude in Russia.
• It is the elite women's Boxing championship which is organized by AIBA.
• India was ranked ninth in the medal tally.
• Manju Rani won in the 48kg light flyweight category defeating Russia's Ekaterina Paltceva to win the silver medal.
• In the 54 kg category, Jamuna Boro defeated Chinese Taipei's Huang Hsiao-Wen to win the bronze medal.
• MC Mary Kom in 51 kg category 1 bronze medal defeating Turkey's Busenaz Cakiroglu.
• Manju Rani became the first Indian boxer after 18 years to reach the finals on debut.

•  Women's National Boxing Championships was founded in 1946.
• Its headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. 

• Pinki Rani Jangra is a flyweight Indian boxer from Haryana.
  • ​She won a bronze medal in the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
  • She won a gold medal at the President's Cup International Boxing in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia, in 2015.
• Nikhat Zareen is an Indian amateur woman boxer.
  • She won the gold medal at the AIBA Women's Youth & Junior World Championships Antalya 2011.
  • She won the bronze medal at the 2nd India Open International Boxing Tournament held in Guwahati.

a. True. In general radiography, the AEC detector is normally placed between the patient and the film. However, if this were the case in mammography, the AEC device would be visible on the images and for this reason, the AEC detector is placed behind the cassette. 

b. False. If the anode did not rotate, it would not cope with being heated. 

c. True. 

d. False. Mammographic equipment has fixed field sizes, normally 18 x 24 cm and 24 x 30 cm. 

e. True. Small-field digital technology is now the standard method used for stereo localization. When a small-field digital system is used for stereo localization, the image is normally available within 30 s of the exposure and no film handling is required. This significantly reduces the procedure time, which means that movement of the patient is a much smaller issue. It also reduces the total time for the procedure.

The correct answer is ​Granville Austin.

• The book 'Working a Democratic Constitution' was authored by the Granville Austin.

​

• About the book 'Working a Democratic Constitution':
  • ​​This important book offers critical insights into four decades of the Indian Constitution.
  • It charts the course of constitutional reform in India from the euphoric idealism of the post-independence period, through the crisis years of emergency, and up to Rajiv Gandhi's brief stay in power.
  • It is intended as a story of how the social, political, and day-to-day-life realities of the Indian people have been reflected in, and in turn directed the course of, constitutional reforms in the country.
  • Austin’s book is a must-read for anyone who would like the answer to the question that how is India still on track?

​

• About the author Granville Austin:
  • Granville Austin was an American historian.
  • Austin is the author of two primary political histories of the constitution of India:
    • The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation and 
    • Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience.

The correct answer is Michelle Obama.

Some important Books and Authors:-

a. False. Nucleon is a collective term for neutrons and protons. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. 

b. False. Atomic mass is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Isotopes differ in the number of neutrons and therefore have different atomic mass numbers. 

c. True. Isotopes differ in many of their physical properties including their densities. 

d. False. The number of orbiting electrons (negative charge) is equal to the number of protons (positive charge). 

e. True. Elements are positioned in the periodic table according to their atomic number (number of protons), which remains the same for isotopes of the same element.

The correct answer is A.P.J Abdul Kalam.

• The book ‘Wings of Fire’ is authored by A.P.J Abdul Kalam.

• The book was written by Dr. Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari.
• His full name is Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam.
• He served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007.
• He also helped to establish the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and pioneered the first space launch vehicle program.
• He is known as the Missile Man of India.

• Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami (R.K Narayan) was a writer famously known for his work set in the fictional South Indian town of Malgudi.
• Salman Rushdie won the Man Booker Prize in the year 1981 for his novel Midnight's Children.
• Vikram Seth is known for his novel A Suitable Boy.

a. False. The valence shell is the outer electron shell and influences the chemical and thermal properties of an atom. Radioactivity involves the nucleus. 

b. False. Radioactivity occurs as a result of unstable nuclei (radio nuclide) that have an excess or deficit of neutrons. 

c. False. For example, hydrogen has one proton only and no neutrons. 

d. False. Neutrons have no charge. Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. 

e. True. Radon is an example of a naturally occurring radio nuclide.

a. True. This is one of the methods by which radio nuclides are produced. The process takes place in a nuclear reactor. 

b. False. Electron capture is a form of radioactive decay. 

c. False. The forceful addition of a proton into the nucleus causing the ejection of a neutron is also one of the methods by which radio nuclides are produced. However, this process takes place in a cyclotron, which accelerates charged particles, e.g. protons, onto the target material. 

d. True. 

e. False. Radioactivity involves the nucleus.

a. False. Radio nuclides used in medicine are produced artificially. 

b. True. A cyclotron accelerates protons (and other charged particles) onto the target material, resulting in the addition of the proton into the nucleus, causing a neutron to be ejected. 

c. False. Atomic number is equal to the number of protons, which is unchanged in this particular process unless the addition of a neutron causes nuclear instability and the expulsion of a proton, in which case the atomic number will decrease. 

d. True. Radio nuclides produced in a cyclotron can be separated from their carrier as they have different atomic numbers and hence different chemical properties. 

e. False. Radio nuclides produced in a nuclear reactor by neutron capture cannot be separated from the stable compound (carrier) as they have the same atomic number and hence the same chemical properties.

a. True. Neutron deficient radio nuclides increase their number of neutrons relative to protons by capturing an electron from the K-shell.

b. True. 

c. False. Radioactive decay occurs due to the nuclei being unstable as a result of either an excess or a deficiency in the number of neutrons or protons. 

d. False. Radioactive decay is not an energy-dependent process and occurs independently.

e. False. Although radioactive decay can result in a stable daughter nucleus, a metastable or unstable daughter nucleus may also be formed. 

a. True. The operator can adjust the AEC to produce an image of a certain optical density, known as the density setting. 

b. False. This should be prevented by a back-up timer, which terminates the exposure if the AEC fails to do so, usually when 150% of expected manual exposure is reached. 

c. True. 

d. False. There are usually three chambers covering different areas of the film. 

e. False. The operator can select which chambers to use depending on the projection.

a. False. In some radio nuclides, following beta decay, the gamma ray is not emitted immediately. The radio nuclides before and after emission of the gamma rays are said to be isomers, which have different energy states and half-lives, but the same atomic and mass numbers. 

b. True. 

c. False. 

d. True. 

e. False. The isomer before the release of the gamma ray is said to be meta stable.

a. False. Radio nuclides lose energy and become stable in beta decay by a neutron changing to a proton plus an electron. The electron is ejected from the nucleus with high energy and is referred to as a negative beta particle. 

b. True. There is an increase in the number of protons (atomic number). 

c. False. 

d. True. The daughter nucleus is produced with excess energy and loses this as gamma photons. 

e. False. Beta-negative (β^-) decay occurs in a radio nuclide with neutron excess.