Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

With the growth of their business:

A. Entrepreneurs need more people to help them. 

B. They also buy more raw material. 

C. More people supply material to them. 

D. They employ more people to work for them. In this way, entrepreneurs help in creating more jobs

Successful entrepreneurs:

A. Are confident. 

B. Believe in themselves and their abilities. 

C. Try new ideas in their business. D. Are patient. 

E. Are creative and think differently about business ideas. 

F. Take responsibility for their actions. 

G. Take decisions after thinking about them. 

H. Are hardworking.

I. Do not give up when they face a difficulty.

(i) W– I^AI^A or I^A i; 

X - I^oI^o or i i 

Y – B-group; 

Z – AB-group

(ii) Dominance 

• It is the phenomenon in which one allele of a gene expresses itself and suppresses the expression of the other allele (recessive) of the same gene, when they are present together in a hybrid.
• The hybrid resembles one of the parents.

 Codominance 

• It is the phenomenon in which two alleles of a gene are equally dominant and express themselves in the presence of the other.
• The hybrid shows characters of both the parents. 

Incomplete dominance 

• It is the phenomenon in which neither of the two alleles of a gene is completely dominant over the other. 
• The hybrid is intermediate between the two parents.

(iii) Y: The allele I^B is dominant over i and hence, the phenotype is Bgroup. So it follows law of dominance.

Z: The alleles I^A and I^B are codominant and both express themselves and the phenotype is AB- group. So it follows law of codominance.

Correct option is B) news

Calcium is important for muscle, heart and digestive health. Builds bone, assists in the synthesis and function of blood cells.

Deficiency of calcium may result in hypocalcaemia (muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, spasms, and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes). 

Excess calcium may result in hypercalcaemia (muscle weakness, constipation, undermined conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, calcium stones in urinary tract, impaired kidney function, and impaired absorption of iron leading to iron deficiency)

Pyruvic acid is 2-oxopropanoic acid. It is thus a molecule made of three linearly bound carbons with one extremity forming the organic acid function (COOH) and the middle carbon binding to an oxygen atom by a double bond.

(a) Development of placenta takes place after implantation. 

• Finger-like projections, called chorionic villi develop on the trophoblast. 
• The chorionic villi are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood.
• The chorionic villi and the uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and form the placenta. 

(b) The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical cord. 

(c) The placenta can also act as an endocrine gland but only during pregnancy and produces some hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogen, progesterone, etc

(i) ‘a’ is Ovum (Secondary oocyte). 

(ii) ‘c’ is Zona pellucida; the changes occurring in it when a sperm comes in contact with it, block any other sperm entering the ovum, i.e. it ensures the entry of only one sperm into the ovum. 

(iii) ‘d’ is corona radiata. 

(iv) The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles; it also stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens, which are also necessary for the process of oogenesis.

• The levels of luteinizing hormone (also from pituitary) and FSH increase and reach their peaks around the middle of the menstrual cycle, i.e. about the 14th day; it is called LH surge.
• LH induces ovulation, i.e. rupture of the mature follicle and the release of ovum (secondary oocyte); it also induces the formationof corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle and secretion of progesterone from it. 

(v) The parts of sperm are Head, Neck, Middle piece and Tail. Mitochondria is present in middle piece.

The cartilaginous matrix is made of collagen fibers, mainly collagen type II, and of proteoglycans, proteins associated to glycosaminoglycans, chiefly hyaluronic acid. The proteoglycans provide the typical rigidity of the cartilages.

The main cells of the cartilages are the chondrocytes, originated from the chondroblasts that secrete the intersticial matrix. There are also chondroclasts, cells with many lisosomes and responsible for the digestion and remodelation of the cartilaginous matrix.

The living organisms (plants, animals, fungi or bacteria) whose DNA has been manipulated to possess and express a foreign DNA, are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 

Advantages of GMO: 

(i) Genetic modification has made the crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses like cold, heat, drought, salinity, etc. 

(ii) It has reduced the dependence of crops on chemical pesticides as they are made pest-resistant.

(iii) Post-harvest losses are much reduced. 

(iv) These plants have increased efficiency of mineral usage and hence, the early exhaustion of soil fertility is prevented. 

(v) Food produced from GM crops have enhanced nutritional value.

The cartilaginous and the osseous tissues are considered connective tissues since they are tissues in which the cells are relatively distant from others with a great amount of extracellular matrix in the interstitial space. 

The three main cell types of the osseous tissue are the osteoblasts, the osteocytes and the osteoclasts.

Osteoblasts are known as bone-forming cells since they are the cells that secrete the proteinaceous part of the bone matrix (collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans). The bone matrix is the intercellular space where the mineral substances of the bones are deposited.

Osteocytes are differentiated mature osteoblasts formed after these cells are completely surrounded by the bone matrix. Osteocytes have the function of supporting the tissue.

Osteoclasts are the giant multinucleate cells that remodelate the osseous tissue. They are originated from monocytes and they contain many lisosomes. Osteoblasts secrete enzymes that digest the osseous matrix creating canals throughout the tissue.

Cartilages are responsible for the structural support of the nose and ears. The trachea and the bronchi are also organs with cartilaginous structures that prevent the closing of these tubes. In joints there are cartilages that cover the bones providing a smooth surface to reduce the friction of the joint movement. In the formation of bones the cartilages act as a mold and they are gradually substituted by the osseous tissue.

The Krebs cycle is called the final the common pathway of the degradation of organic compounds because it is also possible to generate acetyl CoA from the degradation of lipids and proteins.

Since acetyl CoA is the substrate that triggers the Krebs cycle, this process is called the final common pathway for being activated by other organic molecules (lipids and proteins) and not only by glucose.

The organism uses energetic reserves of fat and proteins to cycle the Krebs cycle when undergoing malnutrition or when there is no glucose available for the cells.

Each glucose molecule “cycles” the Krebs cycle twice because after glycolysis each used glucose has generated two pyruvic acid molecules and each pyruvic acid is converted in a 1:1 proportion into acetyl CoA. Each acetyl CoA then cycles the Krebs cycle once. 

After each round of the Krebs cycle two carbon dioxide molecules, eight protons (hydrogen ions) captured by NAD and FAD (a hydrogen acceptor too) and one ATP molecule is produced.

During the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is degraded. In the end, the utile energy is incorporated into hydrogens transported by FADH₂ and NADH₂ molecules.

• Organic farming is a holistic approach that seeks to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction among the myriads of organisms that form the flora and fauna of the field.
• The organic farmer works to create a system where the insects (called pests) are not eradicated, but kept at manageable levels by a complex system of checks and balance within a living and vibrant ecosystem. 
• According to the organic farmer, the eradication of the creatures, called pests, is not only possible but also undesirable, because many beneficial predatory and parasitic insects cannot survive without them. 
• Biocontrol agents have no impact on other useful organisms, as they are species-specific.
• Such a use of biocontrol measures reduces the use of chemical pesticides and thereby the pollution.

The musculoskeletal system has the functions of supporting and protecting organs, maintenance of the body spatial conformation, motion of organs, limbs and bodily portions and nutrient storage (glycogen in muscles, calcium and phosphorus in bones).

Each round of the Krebs cycle liberates two carbon dioxide molecules.

At the end of the cycle all carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule degraded in glycolysis are already liberated incorporated into the carbon dioxide molecules. That occurs because for each glucose two pyruvic acid molecules were made by glycolysis. Each of these two pyruvic acids then is converted into acetyl CoA with liberation of one carbon dioxide molecule (two in total). Since each of the two produced acetyl CoA cycles the Krebs cycle once, from the initial glucose two rounds of the Krebs cycle is generated and so four other carbon dioxide molecules are made.

All of the six carbons of the glucose molecule are then incorporated into six carbon dioxide molecules (two made during acetyl CoA formation and four during the two cycles of the Krebs cycle).

The main organs and tissues that are part of the musculoskeletal system in humans are the cartilages, the bones and the muscles.

Glycolysis is a process similar to glucose degradation in fermentation. It produces (final balance) two molecules of ATP for each broken glucose.

Respiratory chain, or the electron transport chain is performed by protein systems located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Energized electrons of hydrogen atoms transported by NADH₂ and FADH₂ are the products of the preceding phases used in the respiratory chain.

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a hydrogen acceptor necessary as reductant (to receive hydrogen) in some reactions in which it is reduced and converted into NADH₂. During glycolysis two NAD molecules retrieve hydrogens liberated after an intermediate reaction thus forming NADH₂.

The three phases of aerobic cell respiration are glycolysis, Krebs cycle and respiratory chain (also known as the electron transport chain).

Glycolysis, the first stage of the aerobic cell respiration is a process in which glucose is degraded (broken) to form two pyruvic acid molecules along with the formation of two ATP and two NADH.

Glycolysis is a complex reaction implying the formation of several intermediate molecules until pyruvic acid molecules are made. Although two ATP molecules are consumed in the reaction, there is also a production of four molecules of ATP, thus a positive balance of two ATP molecules is obtained. Two NADH molecules are also produced. In glycolysis the 6-carbon structure of glucose is broken and two organic chains of three carbons each are made; these chains give birth to two pyruvic acid molecules.

Glycolysis happens in the cytosol and not within the mitochondria. Pyruvic acid molecules later enter mitochondria to participate in the next phase of the aerobic cell respiration.

I have learnt the virtues like affection, co-operation, sympathy, endurance, devotion, service, loyalty, politeness, generosity, discipline and restraint, etc. from the members of my family.

No, I have gone from India to USA for further studies. After completion of my studies, I will come back to my country. I do not intend to stay permanently in USA. Therefore, I will not be a US citizen.

If there were no maps then

1. It would not have been possible to know the exact location of any place on the earth. Therefore, planning of travel, roadways or residences would not have been possible.
2. The information about climate, rain, etc. of different places could not have been known.

When pollen grains are transferred from anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower present in the same plant or different plant is called cross pollination or allogamy. 

Cross pollination is two types namely geitonogamy and xenogamy.

Major steps for isolation of DNA 

1. Cell containing DNA is treated with lysozyme or cellulose or chitinase 

2. DNA along with RNA, Protein, lipid are released 

3. Treatment with RNAase, protease to remove RNA and Protein 

4. Appropriate treatment to remove other impurities 

5. Addition of chilled ethanol to get precipitation of purified DNA 

6. The fine threads of DNA can be collected by centrifugation

HDD/SSD , DVD.

1. With the increase in substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction rise at first. The reaction ultimately reaches a maximum velocity V_(max) which is not exceeded by any further rise in concentration of the substrate.

This is because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecule and after saturation of these molecules, there are no free enzyme molecules to bind with the additional substrate molecule.

2. V_(max)

A device that records (writes), and/or retrieves (reads) items, to and from storage media.

a. Glycosidic bond 

b. Peptide bond

The main board of the computer, that houses the components of the computer, and allows for communication between components.

Hardware, that store permanent data and instructions.

DNA finger printing is a technique used for determining the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of DNA which are unique.to each individual and distinguishes him or her more exactly from others. Using DNA for distinguishing and identification of individuals is called DNA finger printing. It works on the principle of polymorphism in DNA sequences. 

Various steps involved the technique of DNA fingerprinting 

1. The isolation of the desired DNA from small amounts of blood, semen or other cells of body. 

2. The digestion of DNA by restriction endonuclease enzyme.

3. The blotting of separate DNA fragments to synthetic membrane e.g., nylon or nitrocellulose membranes. 

4. The hybridization by use of labelled VNTR probe (mini satellite). 

5. By autoradiography, the detection of hybridised DNA fragments is done.

Hardware (Memory chips), that store data temporary, and that can be read from and written,

The most primitive placental mammal is Platypus.

The act of mindfully hearing and attempting to comprehend the meaning of words spoken by another in a conversation or speech.

The component of the computer that interprets, and carries out the basic instructions, that operate the computer

History can be studied on the basis of the primary sources like idols of old time, old monuments, bhojapatras, coins, tools, Terracota utensils, metal utensils, copper plates, inscriptions, forts, ponds, step-wells, etc. Moreover, we get the information related to history by different pictures, story, diary and articles from the collection book.

Verbal and Non-verbal

Printer, Data projector, speaker, monitor.