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The correct answer is  Kushana.

• The Gandhara School of art was developed in the first century AD during the reign of Kushana emperor Kanishka.
• Both Shakas and Kushanas were patrons of Gandhara School, which is known for the first sculptural representations of the Buddha in human form.
• The art of the Gandhara school was primarily Mahayana and shows Greco-Roman influence.

• This style of art was closely associated with Mahayana Buddhism and hence the main theme of this art was Lord Buddha and Bodhisattvas.
• Thus, it can be conjectured that in idea and conception this style was Indian and in execution it was foreign.
• One example of the Gandhara style of art is the Bamiyan Buddha statues.
• It mostly flourished in the areas of Afghanistan and present North-Western India.
• The prominent locations were Taxila, Peshawar, Begram, and Bamiyan.
• The period around which the Gandhara school of art flourished could be said to be from the 1st century BCE to 4th century CE.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

• The mural is the only form of painting that is truly 3D.
• Mural paintings are applied to the drywall with the major use of egg, yolk, oil, etc.
• Murals depict mainly religious themes of Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu.
• Ellora Murals Paintings (Kailash Temple)
  • Painted in rectangular panels with thick borders.
  • Prominent features: Sharp twist of the head, painted angular bents of the arms, sharp projected nose, long-drawn open eyes, and concave curve of the close limbs.
  • The Kailasanatha temple (Cave 16) is one of the 34 cave temples and monasteries are known collectively as the Ellora Caves.
• Kanchipuram temple was patronized by Pallava king, Rajsimha.
• Virupaksha temple at Hampi was patronized by Vijayanagara Kings.

• Kanchipuram was the capital of the Pallavas from the 4th to 9th centuries. 
• Pallava temples in Kanchi are a prototype of Vimana.
• Virupakshya Temple
  • ​Virupaksha Temple is located in Hampi in Karnataka.
  • It is part of the Group of Monuments at Hampi, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • The temple is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, a form of Shiva. 

(d) to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties tolls and fees as they are authorised by the Governments

Panchayati Raj was started in the country in 1952.

The elections to Panchayats are to be held every five years.

Father of local self-government in India is Lord Ripon.

Levy Duties is a source of income of the Gram Panchayats.

The Gram Panchayats are elected by Gram Sabhas consisting of every citizen living in a village.

(a) According to the Indian Constitution local government is not an independent tier in the federal system

State Election Commission is to conduct the elections to the Panchayats and Municipalities.

Property-Tax is not a source of revenue to the Village Panchayats.

(d) I, II, III and IV

The electorate for a Panchayat is the Gram Sabha.

The function of the Panchayat Samiti is to implement community development project schemes.

The correct answer is Odisha.

• Manganese deposits are available in Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Rayagada, and Balangir districts in Odisha.
• Dolomite is available in plenty only in the district of Sundargarh in Odisha.
• There are two major coal-bearing areas in the state which are currently being exploited namely Talcher and the Ib valley in Odisha.
• Iron ore is abundantly available in the districts of Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Keonjhar, and Jajpur in Odisha.

• South Africa is the world's largest producer of manganese, accounting for 33.5% of global production.
• The principal mineral-bearing belts in  Maharashtra are the Vidarbha area in the east and the Konkan area in the west.
  • Important mineral occurrences are:
    • Bauxite in Kolhapur, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane districts.
    • China clay in Amravati, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Sindhudurg, Thane districts.
    • Chromite in Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Sindhudurg districts.
    • Coal in Nagpur, Chandrapur, Yavatmal districts.
    • Dolomite in Chandrapur, Nagpur, Yavatmal districts.
    • Gold in Bhandara, Nagpur districts.
• Important mines in Kerala:
  • Bauxite in Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram districts.
  • China clay in Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur districts.
  • Gold in Malappuram, Palakkad districts.
• Important mines in Gujarat:
  • Bauxite is found in Kutch as well as Devbhoomi Dwarka District.
  • Manganese deposits are found in Panchmahal, Vadodara, and Dahod District.

Mayor of a Municipal Corporation holds the office for a period of 1 year.

Secretary is the executive head of a Municipal Corporation.

(d) All of the above

Correct answer is Chitragupta

(b) Income Tax

The Mayor to the Municipal Corporation is elected by the elected representatives together with Elder-men who are elected by these representatives.

The correct answer is Giddha Dance.

• Giddha dance is a folk dance of Punjab.
• Giddha, a traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest.
• Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women’s movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody that accompanies it. 
• It is a dance style that is very colorful and is now copied in all regions of the world.
• This dance is usually performed by women on festive or social occasions.
• The dance is accompanied by rhythmic clapping and the aged ladies in the background sing a typical traditional folk song.

Monyo Asho:- 

• Monyo Asho Folk dance belongs to Nagaland.
• This dance is performed by the Phom Nagas during the Festival Mhonyu.
• It marks the end of the winter and beginning of the summer,
• It is also a time of prayer and dedication for the seed sown and already sprouting.
• This dance is popular for its excellent choreography as the dance of fast and complicated footwork, which changes as the dancers move around.
• This dance is performed during a Grand Feast known as "Feast of Merit", And is carried out by all the able-bodied men in full traditional attire.

• Akiri Folk Dance belongs to Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.
• Akiri Dance is a trademark of the cattle herders of Gwalior.
• The dance also has religious overtones as the various communities of Gwalior who performed this dance are considered to be the descendants of Lord Krishna.

• Loor Folk Dance belongs to Haryana.
• It is performed around Holi and is very popular in the Bangar and Bagar parts of the region. In the Dadri area, the term Loor is used for a girl. The participants in this dance are all girls.
• Girls wear the traditional attire of Ghagra, Kurti, Chundri, and Chunda while performing this dance.
• The dancer stands in two rows facing each other, in the form of a semi-circle. One party starts a song.

The correct answer is Assam.

• Pobitora wildlife sanctuary is situated in the Morigaon district of the state of Assam.
• It harbors the highest density of Rhino in the world and the second-highest concentration of Rhino in Assam after Kaziranga National Park.
• 90 plus rhinos are surviving on merely 16 square kilometers area of the park. 
• Pobitora has exceeded its rhino-bearing capacity and is overpopulated. Thus Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary harbors the world's highest density of rhinoceros.
• Besides rhinoceros, the other mammals found are Leopard, Leopard cat, Fishing cat, Jungle cat, Feral Buffalo, Wild pigs, Chinese pangolins, etc.
• In winter, Pobitora becomes a birder’s heaven, with thousands of waterfowl thronging the wetlands.
• Pobitora can be divided into three distinct categories: forest, grassland, and water bodies or beels.

In the opinion of the famous western thinker Jeremy Bentham, ‘the goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number.’ Common good or people’s welfare is the function of all states. In the opinion of Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle, the primary duty of a state is to provide better life to its citizens.

States have numerous functions in modem times. The functions of a state can be divided as obligatory functions and discretionary functions.

Obligatory functions: 

Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at all times at any cost. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions: 

Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented depending on the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes.The implementation of these functions will ensure better living condition to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionary functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

• Ensure law and order 
• Increase employment opportunities 
• Make and execute laws 
• Find permanent solution to disputes

The ‘Saptanga Theory was given by Kautilya a state has seven elements or constituents namely:

• Swamin — The king 
• Amartya — The minister 
• Janapada — The land and the people 
• Durga — The fortress 
• Kosha — The treasury 
• Danda — The army 
• Mitra — The allies

Population, Territory, Government, Sovereignty

Population: 

• People should live with unity mutual understanding, interdependence and common public interest.
• The minimum and maximum number of people for the formation of country are not fixed.

Territory:

• State should have exact territory with clearcut boundary.
• Territory consists of land area water bodies, coastal area, aerial space.

Government:

• Whatever be the form the state should have a government.
• Government may change but state is permanent.
• Day-to-day administration, maintain law and order.
• Increases employment opportunities making of laws seeking permanent solutions to disputes, etc. are functions of government.

Sovereignty:

• State has the power to take decisions on internal and international affairs independently without any external control. This supreme authority of state is called sovereignty.

The word politics was originated from Greek word ‘polis’ meaning Nation-state.

Correct answer is (ii) Protection of right 

State is a the product of history. It was formed by social evolution. This theory tell us that state was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reaches its present stage through the process of evolution. Hence evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state.

State started as tribe, tribal administration and later developed as city state, empire state and feudal state and finally to the modem state.

National citizenship is given by birth on the other hand acquired citizenship. refers to the citizenship by virtue of being borne abroad. Acquired citizenship can be acquired only if a person has got the requirements/ qualifications mentioned in the ruler/laws in a country.

1. Internal dimension : The right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory. 

2. External dimension : To right to take independent decisions on international issues.

1. Internal level 

2. External level

(i) Increases employment opportunities

• Divine right theory 
• Evolutionary theory 
• Social contract theory 
• Power theory

• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship. A person born in India to parents of Indian origin gets Indian citizenship. This is natural citizenship. 
• The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of the legal procedure of a nation is called acquired citizenship. It can be obtained only if the person has the eligibility as per the citizenship laws. Eg. A foreigner obtaining Indian citizenship

1. Natural citizenship 

2. Acquired citizenship

• Passport 
• Birth Certificate

• Indira Gandhi had natural citizenship. 
• Mother Teresa had acquired citizenship. 
• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship. 
• Citizenship acquired through legal procedure is acquired citizenship.

The case issue in the study of political science are the state and the government. The institution of state is studied in relation to its origin, nature, aims, and functions of the state. 

There are 4 important theories about the origin of the state. The are :

• Force theory 
• Evolutionary theory 
• Divine Right theory 
• Social contract theory

The Divine Origin Theory of the state is the oldest theory concerning the primary origin of state. According to this theory, the state is established by had who rules the state directly or indirectly through someone regarded as an agent.

The evolutionary theory is also known as sociological or correct theory of the origin of the state. This theory helps in understanding the forces and actors which created the state and historical stage through which it passed.

The Force Theory of the sate origin is none of the oldest theories on origin of the sate. The idea contained in force theory is that the state originated due to force exerted by the strong over the weak.

The social contract theory states that the origin of the sate is through the contract of people. People formed sate in order to satisfy their requirements.

a. Sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state to take decisions on national and international affairs without any external control. 

b. State cannot be constituted just with population, territory and government. State can. come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

c. Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal and external dimensions. Internal dimension of sovereignty means the right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory. External dimension of sovereignty means the right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Citizenship is full and equal membership of a nation

• Implement welfare programmes 
• Provide educational facilities 
• Protection of health 
• Ensure the availability of fresh drinking water.

Obligatory functions: 

Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions: 

Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state.are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The implementation of these functions will provide better living conditions to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionaiy functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

Development of human resources is the major objective of medem state. Protection of health providing education facilities, etc. are main objectives of state.

• So that they should be included among the compulsory functions.
• Discretionary functions are those which have to be implemented as per economic condition of state.

Foreign Trade leads to the integration of markets around the world in the following ways:

1. Main channel for connecting countries:- Since time immemorial foreign trade has been the main channel connecting countries and markets.

2. Expansion of Local Markets :- To put it simply, foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, i.e., markets of their own countries. Producers can sell their products not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.

3. Better choice for the buyers:- With the expansion of trade the choice of goods in market rises. Consumers get more variety and quality goods at cheaper rates. Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced. In general, with the opening of the trade, good travel from one market to another. Choice of goods in the markets increases.

4. Impact on prices:- With the expansion of the market , prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to be equal.

5. Competition:- Trade promotes the competition both within as well as outside the nation. Producers of different countries now closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles.

6.Trade and globalization:- Trade is the most important component of globalization. Trade has played a very important role in stimulating the process of globalization

7. Balance of payments – Countries may choose to make payments in different modes to offset any imbalances in exports and imports on account of trade with a particular country. For example, current international sanctions against Iran have resulted in the inability of the Indian government to pay for oil imports from Iran in dollars. As a result, the payments are now sought to be made in either Indian rupees or through export of goods. Infrastructure investments are also mooted to pay for these imports.