Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Correct answer is (a) True

The best explanation: These types of organization, termed DATA warehousing, can facilitate the search for novel RELATIONSHIPS AMONG the data by data-mining methods. These methods include genetic algorithms, neuronetworks, and others.

The correct answer is (a) True

To explain I would say: Automatic methods for CLUSTERING related sets of genes have been devised. The first of these methods, hierarchical clustering, is COMMONLY used, but the other two methods are better DESIGNED to DETECT differences in patterns over a set of time POINTS or samples.

The correct CHOICE is (a) True

The EXPLANATION: They are similar to the types of discriminant analyses. For microarray analysis, sets of genes are identified that REPRESENT a target PATTERN of GENE expression.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) similar, similar

Easiest explanation: Over evolutionary TIME, the sequence of each pair of GENES will slowly diverge, as the species diverge and other changes such as gene duplication and gene loss change the gene content. In addition, the order of genes ALSO changes over evolutionary time as a result of chromosomal rearrangements.

Right option is (b) The oligonucleotide sequences cannot be synthesized directly on the slide

For explanation I would say: The oligonucleotide sequences can also be synthesized directly on the slide at DENSITIES of up to one million per square centimeter. Genes that are responding the same way to an environmental signal, in this case the ADDITION of SERUM to serum-starved skin cells are clustered together in a display. From this analysis, a SET of genes that responds in an identical manner may be identified.

Correct choice is (c) It is unable to locate potential promoters

For explanation: The system also uses a set of RULES in LOGIC PROGRAMMING to make decisions that may be used to interpret information from various sources. It has been used to locate potential promoters, terminators, start CODONS, Shine-Dalgarno sites, DNA motif sites, co-transcription units, and putative operons in microbial GENOMES. These sites are shown on a map display of the genome that may be edited.

Correct CHOICE is (b) False

To explain I would say: In the mentioned CASE they are more likely to SHARE the same function. A considerable fraction of a genome may ENCODE proteins whose function may not be identified in this manner because the proteins are not related to another of known function.

Right choice is (a) Paralogous SEQUENCES, frequently are found to have DISSIMILAR functions

The explanation: GENES that are significantly similar in an organism, i.e., paralogous sequences, frequently are found to have a related biological FUNCTION. This DISCOVERY follows the expected origin of paralogs by gene duplication events, leaving one copy to perform the original function and producing a second copy to develop a new function not too distant from the original one under evolutionary selection.

Right option is (c) If gene A has a neighboring gene B, then if an ortholog of A occurs in another genome, the B ortholog is more likely to be a NEIGHBOR of the A ortholog of the genome of the SECOND species if the two species are more DIVERGENT

Best explanation: The B ortholog is less likely to be a neighbor of the A ortholog of the genome of the second species if the two species are more divergent. By classifying genes using a nine class functional classification scheme, several genes falling into the same functional CATEGORY are clustered together on the chromosomes of both of these organisms, and the clusters are in a similar order.

The correct option is (a) True

The best I can explain: By this scheme, plants devote more than one-half of their genome to ENERGY metabolism. WHEREAS, ANIMALS devote one-half of their genome to communication-related FUNCTIONS.

Correct choice is (a) True

Easiest explanation: This database should be logically organized so that all types of information are readily ACCESSIBLE and easily retrievable by USERS who have widely divergent KNOWLEDGE of the organism. This goal is best ACHIEVED by using controlled vocabularies that can identify the same genetic or biochemical function in different organisms without ambiguity.

Correct choice is (a) True

Explanation: BRANCH lengths are shorter for closely RELATED proteins and thicker when two or more prediction methods indicate a relationship. The links are based on experimental data, proteins WHOSE homologs are known to operate sequentially in metabolic pathways, proteins that evolved in a correlated FASHION as evidenced by presence in fully sequenced genomes, proteins whose homologs are fused into a single protein in another organism, and proteins whose mRNA expression PROFILES are similar under a range of cellular and environmental conditions.

Correct option is (d) phylogenetic profiles show the GENES are not that commonly present in organisms

To elaborate: Phylogenetic profiles reveal the genes are both commonly present in many organisms implying they have interdependent metabolic functions. Option a and b imply coordinated regulation in an operon-like structure. Option c SUGGESTS the encoded proteins are PHYSICALLY associated in a COMMON complex.

Correct choice is (a) One of TWELVE MAIN classes of BIOCHEMICAL reactions

For explanation I would say: Option “One of twelve main classes of biochemical reactions” should be ‘one of six main classes of biochemical reactions’. The Enzyme Commission numbers FORMULATED by the Enzyme Commission of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology provide a detailed way to classify enzymes based on the biochemical reactions they catalyze.

Right option is (b) It provides information about the LEVELS of protein products of the genes

Easy explanation: MICROARRAY analysis is designed to detect global changes in TRANSCRIPTION in a genome but does not provide information about the levels of protein products of the genes, which may also be subject to translational regulation. This method also can resolve THOUSANDS of proteins based on size and charge. There are databases of the patterns FOUND in different organisms.

Correct answer is (a) True

The EXPLANATION: This INFORMATION can be about individual GENES and proteins, effects of mutations in these genes, and other TYPES of genome variations that cannot be READILY incorporated into the database by automated methods. For the human genome, this activity will occupy the time of many scientists for many years to come.

Right answer is (c) a highly predicted, novel

The best I can explain: For example, a defect in a plant or animal gene that is a homolog of a yeast gene may have an effect on a developmental PROCESS or other biologically unique FUNCTION of multicellular organisms. Information on knockout MUTANTS in model organisms is available through the GENOME WEB sites.

Right option is (B) Genes with a related FUNCTION are frequently found to be distorted on a chromosome

To elaborate: Genetic analysis has revealed that genes with a related function are frequently found to be clustered at one chromosomal location. As genome-by-genome comparisons of the chromosomes of related species are made and the rearrangements are discovered, a further challenge to COMPUTATIONAL and evolutionary BIOLOGISTS is to estimate the number and types of rearrangements that have occurred and also to DETERMINE when they occurred. For example, a comparison of the mouse and human chromosomes reveals many rearrangements.

The correct option is (c) Sets of a GENE whose expression rises and falls under the same condition are likely to have dissimilar functions

Best explanation: In addition, a pattern of gene expression may also be an indicator of ABNORMAL cellular regulation and is a useful tool in cancer diagnosis. Because GENOMES, especially eukaryotic genomes, are so large, a new technology has been DEVELOPED for studying the regulation of thousands of genes on a microscope slide.

Correct answer is (a) Xi = \(\frac{Log (E_i/R_i)}{\sqrt{\sum_{j=1,N} Log_{z-2} (E_j/R_j)}}\)

Explanation: SVMs were used to categorize genes based on 79 different sets of data points from studies of the yeast cell cycle and are PARTICULARLY useful for such complex data sets. Gene combinations averaged over all EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS are then EXAMINED by a multidimensional ANALYSIS.

The correct option is (b) S(X,Y) = \(\frac{1}{N}\) ∑i=1,N . (Xi – Xoffset) (Yi – YOFFSET)/ϕxQY

The explanation: After values of S(X,Y) have been calculated for all gene combinations, the most closely related pairs are identified in an above-diagonal scoring matrix. The object of CLUSTERING is to identify GENES that RESPOND the same way to the environmental treatment. Each gene is compared to every other gene and a gene similarity score (metric) is produced.

Right answer is (a) True

Best EXPLANATION: The object is to MOVE each node to the center of a cluster of DATA points. At each iteration a data point P is SELECTED, and the node closest to that point is identified.

The correct answer is (a) True

The best explanation: The DISADVANTAGE of this method is that it fails to discriminate between different patterns of variation. For example, a GENE expression pattern for which a HIGH value is found at an intermediate time point will be clustered with ANOTHER for which a high value is found at a late time point in the experiment. These variations have to be separated in a subsequent STEP.

Right answer is (a) True

For EXPLANATION: Although catalyzing the same reaction, these enzymes showed VARIATIONS in metabolic REGULATION of their activity. More than one-half of multiple enzymes in E. COLI share significant sequence similarity; i.e., they are paralogs. However, the remainder do not share any sequence similarity.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (b) Non-Orthologous genes between biologically distinct SPECIES can be identified, and it is strong evidence for a related function

The explanation is: Orthologous genes between biologically distinct species (for example, yeast and fruit flies) can be identified, and the high sequence similarity between them is strong evidence for a related function. GIVEN the more complex multicellular biology of flies, the fly gene could have an additional function that is not predictable by the yeast model. In other cases, the occurrence of families of paralogous genes that share common domains can make a precise guess of function of one of these proteins more DIFFICULT because all match a model protein to some degree.

Correct answer is (d) highest, number

To elaborate: The node is CREATED as mentioned. The matrix is then UPDATED replacing the TWO joined ELEMENTS by the node.

The correct option is (a) True

For explanation: GeneQuiz is an integrated system for large-scale BIOLOGICAL sequence analysis that uses a variety of SEARCH and analysis methods using current sequence DATABASES. By APPLYING expert rules to the results of the different methods, GeneQuiz creates a compact SUMMARY of findings.