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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 801. |
Critically examine the duties as laid down in Manusmriti for Chandalas. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) They had to live outside the village, use discarded UTENSILS and WEAR clothes of the dead and use iron ornaments. (II) They could not walk about in villages and cities at night. (iii) They had to dispose of the bodies of those who had no relatives and serve as executioners. |
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| 802. |
Why did the British not have an easy time in putting down the rebellion of 1857 ? Give reasons |
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Answer» SOLUTION :The British did not have casy time suppressing the rebellion because of the following reasons: (i) Sepoys turned against the Bitish and thus ARMY of Briish was REDUCED. (ii) Even peasants and villagers in AWADH etc. helped the sepoys and they also participated in the revolt giving it a colour of limited mass movement. (iii) The revolt broke-out at various PLACES such as Awadh, Kanpur, Lucknow, Arrah, Jhansi etc. (iv) The zamindars and Kings of certain aggrieved kingdoms revolted against the British. These kings |
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| 803. |
What were the objectives of the sacrifices as mentioned in Rigveda. |
| Answer» Solution :Objectives of SACRIFICES as mentioned in Rigveda - For procuring ABUNDANT food, wealth , cattle, sons , good HEALTH, long life and even for WELL being of the domestic unit. | |
| 804. |
Analyse the main features of Amara-Nayaka System which was introduced in Vijanayagara Empire. |
| Answer» Solution :The Amara-Nayaka System was a major poitical innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is likely that MANY features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were GIVEN territories to govern by the Raya. They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons and traders in the area. They retained apart of the revenue for personal USE and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of HORSES and elephants. These contingents provided the Vijayanagara KINGS with an effective fighting force with which they brought the eatire southern peninsula undertheit control Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of temples and irrigation works. They sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their loyalty. | |
| 805. |
"The Mahabharata is a story of kinship, marriages and patriliny." Examine the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Mahabharata is a story which describes a feud over land and power between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas who belonged to a single ruling family, that of the Kurus. (ii) Pandavas emerged victorious. Patriliny had existed prior to the composition of the epic and Mahabharata reinforced it. Sons could claim the resources of their father when latter died. (III) In some situations brothers SUCCEEDED one another. Sometimes other kins men claimed the throne. In exceptional circumstances women such as Prabhavati Gupta exercised power. (iv) Families (Kinship) are parts of larger networks of people defined as relatives. Sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage. Daughters were viewed differently within this framework. They had no claims to the wealth (v) Women were allowed to retain her stridhana. It was given by brothers, father and husband. Different type of marriages were followed. Kinds of marriages: Endogamy, Exogamy, Polygamy and Polyandry. Marriages in the same gotra were not allwed. Women expected to give up their father.s gotra. (vi) There were eight forms of marriage in Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. The Kanyadan or the gift of a daughter in marriage was an important RELIGIOUS DUTY of the father. (vii) Women were considered as property. Yudhisthira lost his common wife Draupadi in the game of dice as he was invited by Duryodhana. (viii) Families PROVIDE an insight into people.s thinking. These ideas would have shaped their actions, actions may have led to changes in attitudes. |
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| 806. |
What were the effects of the political decentralization in the towns of eighteenth century? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) The effects of POLITICAL decentralisation were UNEVEN. In some places there was renewed economic activity. (ii) In other places war, PLUNDER and political UNCERTAINTY LED to economic decline. | |
| 807. |
Who were regarded as beyond the four Varnas? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Those who performed TASKS regarded as "polluting", e.g., handling of corpse and dead ANIMALS were regarded as untouchables. e.g. Chandalas. They were outside the Varna order and known as outcastes. (ii) Their touch or even their sight was regarded as polluting by the upper castes. They had to live on the outskirts of villages and were not allowed access to roads, wells and bathing ghats. They could not work about in villages and cities at night. (iii) They were only to use discarded clothes, utensils, wear clothes of the dead and iron ornaments. They had to serve as executioners and scavengers. BODIES of those who died without relatives were disposed by them. (iv) Buddhist Chinese MONK Fa Xian wrote that untouchables had to sound a clapper in streets, so that people could be warned of their presence, move out of the WAY and thus avoid seeing them. |
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| 808. |
What were the new kinds of public places that emerged in the colonial city? What functions did they serve? |
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Answer» Solution :NEW kinds of public places emerged in colonial cities, they were parks, schools, theatres, colleges, libraries, places of public debate, cinema halls, gardens etc. (i) The new forms of public places provided exciting new way of entertainment and mode of social interaction. In colonial cities over time, there was a gradual separation of place of work from place of residence. (ii) Travelling from home to office or FACTORY by modes of public transport like, buses, trains, and others were a COMPLETELY new experience. New opportunities were provided for interactions. (iii) Schools, colleges and other INSTITUTIONS opened mode of education and intermingling. Educated people and other scholars, etc. expressed their opinions about social issues and other organisations in newspapers, magazines, public meetings, discussion took place. Many issues about the customs, traditions were questioned. (IV) Social reforms were implemented as - Sati, Widow remarriage, education of women and need for scientific and rational thinking. Debates and questioning made people aware of drain of wealth consequent to set of British rule. (v) Women limited within the domestic walls cities provided the way of entertainment and socialising. Colonial city provided opportunities and avenues for the employment as teachers, factory workers, artists and others. (vi) Poor who migrated in search of job opportunities, and lure of different way of life public transport systems and public places like parks, theatres, cinemas, offices and factories enabled them to shed their old identities based on caste. |
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| 809. |
What was the significance of Salt March? Give four reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :The salt march was initiated by Gandhiji. It was an important event in the Indian History as: (i) By leading the March, Mahatma Gandhi gained WORLDWIDE popularity. Salt march was covered by the EUROPEAN and American Press and gained his attention. (ii) It was the first nationalist activity in which women had PARTICIPATED. (iii) It was the Salt March that made the British realise for the first time that their rule in INDIA would not last longer. It was violation of salt law, and monopoly of British and manufacturing of salt. (iv) The British realised that they would have to decentralise power by involving Indians in the Administration. Civil law violated in large part of India. |
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| 810. |
Mention the names of Portuguese writer who came to India. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) JESUIT Roberto Nobili came to India in the 16th CENTURY. He translated many Indian TEXTS into European languages, (ii) Duarte Barbosa described the account of trade and SOCIETY of southern India. |
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| 811. |
In the 19th century, the majority of the workers in Japan's modern industries were mainly |
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Answer» Janpanese men and CHILDREN |
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| 812. |
Examine why did Gandiijt start the Satr Satyagraha. Why was Salt Satyagraha a notable event? |
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Answer» Solution : Mahatma Gandhi led a march against the British monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. (ii) He gave his blessing to the all India campaign againstin opposition to All White Simon Commission and the Bardoli Satyagaraha in 1928. (iii) He suppotted the LAHORE session of INC. He gave instructions for the observation of Independence Day' and hoisting of national flag on 26th JANUARY, 1930 (iv) Mobilized a wider discontent against British rule. (v)12 March, 1930 Gandhiji broked the salt law MEANWHILE, parallel salt marches were being (vi) For Swaraj, Hindus, MUSLIMS, Parsis and Sikhs were united steps towards Swaraj. (vii) It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. Every strata of people joined the revolt, students, lawyers, officials, peasants, workers, women, traders all joined movement. It was a mass imovement The salt march was notable for at least three reasons: Mahatma Gandhi got the world attention. The march was widely covered by the European and AMERICAN press. (ii) Women participated in large numbers. (iii) The salt march forced upon the British the realization that their Raj would not last forever. |
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| 813. |
How have the diffetent kinds of available sources helped the historians in reconstructing the political career of Gandhiji and the history of the national movement that was associated with it ? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution : It is very DIFFICULT to construct the real pierure of a politician and leader despite availability of materials because the big the leaderis, the more are perceptions and myths about him. So the historians have relied on concrete sources to reconstruct Gandhiji's political career and personality. The most important source it writings and speechesby Gandhiji, his contemporaries and ASSOCIATES. Example : Gandhiji started magazines such as Harijan etc. Though historians feel that there is need to separate public writings and speeches from private letters because public writings give his thought about society whereas private letters depict the philosophy about life, society and internal imbroglios. Another sources is autobiographies, as they give an account of the past that is often rich in human detail. Example : STORY of my experiments with truth.Another vital source is government'rccords. As these RECORDS can be read from archives, these provide information about what was the response of the government to his policies and actions. Example : HOME march reveal that the department was not to accept that Gandhi's actions had evoked any enthusiastic response from the masses. Newspapers also give details of the movements and presented what ordinary Indians thought of him. |
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| 815. |
Critically examine the experiences of the ryots on the refusal of moneylenders to extend loans to them after 1830. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) In the 1920S, the first revenue settlement in the Bombay Deccan was made. The revenue that was demanded was so high that in many places peasants deserted their villages and migrated places. (ii) In the areas of poor soil and fiuctuating rainfall the problem became critical, when rains failed and harvests were poor. The peasants found it impossible to pay the revenue. By the 1830, the problem became very acute. The prices of agricultural produces touched a new LOW after 1832. This meant a further to new decline in peasants' INCOME. The ryots failed to pay the revenue and borrowed a loan from a moneylender. But once a loan was TAKEN, the ryot could not pay it back. Consequently, the debr mounted and loans remained npaid Peasants' dependence on moneylenders became greater. The overall economic SITUATION became so worse that they required loans even to buy their everyday needs. |
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| 816. |
Explain how the conversion of Census data into convenient statistical data by the Britisher in India riddled with ambiguities in the late nineteenth century |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The CENSUS commissioners made categories for CLASSIFYING different section of the POPULATION (ii) However, this classification was usually ARBITRARY and failed to hold the FLUID and ovetlapping identities of people. |
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| 817. |
Why protests were intense mainly in Punjab against the infamous Rowlatt Act? Mention two reasons. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) They were intense in PUNJAB because many men from there had served on the British SIDE in the First World WAR. (ii) People felt highly frustrated, for instead of being REWARDED for their service, they were given Rowlatt Act. |
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| 818. |
"Partition of India had made nationalists fervently opposed to the idea of seoarate electorates." Examine the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Nationalists were haunted by thecontinued civil war and riots during partition days. (II) B. Pocker Bahadur made a strong plea for separate electorate for Muslims in the consutuent assembly. (iii) The anger and dismay amongst most nationalists in the constituent assembly. (iv) It was seen as a measure introduced by Britishto divide Indians. (v) This was the demand, which turned one community against other. (vi) It divided the people strained relation and CAUSE blood. (vii) It was against the principle of democtacy. (viii) It was suicidal for the nation ACCORDING to G.B. Pant. (ix) Separate electorate could lead ro divide loyalties and difficult to FORGE a strong nation and a strong state. (x)solaring the minarities would doprive them of any effective say within the government. |
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| 819. |
To what extent were agricultural practices transformed in the period under consideration? |
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Answer» Solution :The demand for taxes increased in the post 600BC. In order to meet the demand the excessive taxes without taking lesser produce, forced the farmers to increases productivity. This RESULTED in the use of new tools and practices of agriculture . The important ones, are as follows: (i) Use of Plough: Ploughs became common on place . They were hardly of in the past. The use of ploughs BEGAN in the Ganga and Kaveri basins. In places where RAIN was abundant the plough was used with iron tip. This increased the paddy production manifold. (ii) Use of Spade: Another tool that changed the system of agriculture is spade . Those farmers who lived in the area of harsh land used spade. (iii) Transplantation: Production of paddy was dramatically increased by the introduction of transplantation. It is used for paddy cultivation in areas where water is plentiful. (iv) Artificial irrigation: Apart from rainfall the farmers now began to look at artificial from of irrigation. This prompted farmers to nuild wells, PONDS and canals often collectively. This increased the artificial production . The production increased due to new technology and tools. (v) Differences in rural society, In the Buddhist literature, there is a description of smalland big farmers. They wre CALLED Gahapatis. Early Tamil literature mentuoned different categories of people living in the vilages-large land owners or vellalar,ploughmen or uzhavar and slaves or adimai. It is likely that these differences were based on differential access to land, labour and the new technologies. |
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| 820. |
From the mid nineteenth century, the expanding network of railways made the beginning of modern industrial development in India. Substantiate the statement. |
| Answer» Solution : (i) From the mid-nineteenth CENTURY the expanding network of railways linked the CITIES of Madras. Calcutta and Bombay to the rest of the country. (ii) The hinterland - the countryside from where raw MATERIALS and labour were drawn - became more closely linked to these port cities. Since raw material was transported to these cities for export and there was plentiful cheap labour available. (iii) It was convenient to set up modern factories there. After the 1850s, cotton mills were set up by Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in Bombay, and European-owned JUTE mills were established on the outskirts of Calcutta. (iv) This was the beginning of modern industrial DEVELOPMENT in India. | |
| 821. |
Examine why did Gandhiji start the Salt Satyagraha. Why was Salt Satyagraha a notable event? |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Poorest of poor Indian consume food that has salt as one of its prime ingredient. British government levied tax on salt and making salt indigenously was forbidden. It was to become a big burden on the poor people of India. (b) Some important points regarding salt law are as follows. (i) The salt law gave a monopoly to the state in the manufacture and sale of salt. It was a commodity indispensible to rich and poor alike. It was a GOOD tactic for mobilising for the salt law which was disliked in British India. (ii) It was more oppressive tax. It deprived people of a valuable easy village industry and involved a great destruction of property that nature produces. Its destruction itself entailed national expenditure. (iii) After a period of political passivity of Non-cooperation movement, it was a perfect platform for relaunching a new phase of struggle. Salt law was the key tactic that was used for mobilisation of people. (iv) Gandhiji declared a march to break salt law. He started his walking from SABARMATI ashram. He used the salt satyagraha to explain the power of civil disobedience ranging from breaking of laws. (v) Gandhiji reached Dandi and picked a handful of salt on 6 April 1930. The entire country was expectant and activated. It was the inauguration of civil disobedience movement. It was an unsurpassed mass movement. OR The salt march was initiated by Gandhiji. It was an important event in the Indian History as: (i) By leading the March, Mahatma Gandhi gained worldwide popularity. Salt march was covered by the European and American Press and gained his attention. (ii) It was the first nationalist activity in which women had participated. (iii) It was the Salt March that made the British REALISE for the first time that their rule in India would not last longer. It was violation of salt law, and monopoly of British and manufacturing of salt. (iv) The British realised that they would have to decentralise power by involving Indians in the Administration. Civil law violated in large part of India. (i) Under the Act of 1935 elections to the provincial legislatures were held for the first time in 1937. Only 10-12% of the population enjoyed the right to vote. The Congress did well. (ii) The Congress got an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces and formed governments in seven out of eleven provinces. (iii) Both the Congress and Muslim League did badly in constituencies reserved for the muslims. The Muslim League fared poorly in NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sind polling only 4.4% of the total muslim vote cast in this election. (iv) The Muslim League failed to win a single seat in NWFP, captured only two out of 84 reserved constituencies in Punjab and three out of 33 in Sind. Role of Congress Ministries: (i) In United Provinces, the League wanted to form a joint government with Congress but it rejected their demand as Congress had got an absolute majority there. (ii) The Congress ministries increased the hiatus between the Congress and Muslim League. It had already refused their proposal for joint government in United Province. League SUPPORTED the zamindari system. Congress wanted to abolish it. (iii) Congress leaders had started emphasising The salt march was initiated by Gandhiji. It was an important event in the Indian History as: (i) By leading the March, Mahatma Gandhi gained worldwide popularity. Salt march was covered by the European and American Press and gained his attention. (ii) It was the first nationalist activity in which women had participated. (iii) It was the Salt March that made the British realise for the first time that their rule in India would not last longer. It was violation of salt law, and monopoly of British and manufacturing of salt. (iv) The British realised that they would have to decentralise power by involving Indians in the Administration. Civil law violated in large part of India. (i) Under the Act of 1935 elections to the provincial legislatures were held for the first time in 1937. Only 10-12% of the population enjoyed the right to vote. The Congress did well. (ii) The Congress got an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces and formed governments in seven out of eleven provinces. (iii) Both the Congress and Muslim League did badly in constituencies reserved for the muslims. The Muslim League fared poorly in NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sind polling only 4.4% of the total muslim vote cast in this election. (iv) The Muslim League failed to win a single seat in NWFP, captured only two out of 84 reserved constituencies in Punjab and three out of 33 in Sind. Role of Congress Ministries: (i) In United Provinces, the League wanted to form a joint government with Congress but it rejected their demand as Congress had got an absolute majority there. (ii) The Congress ministries increased the hiatus between the Congress and Muslim League. It had already refused their proposal for joint government in United Province. League supported the zamindari system. Congress wanted to abolish it. (iii) Congress leaders had started emphasisingsecularism more, but all the ministers were not unanimous about it. (iv) In 1937, Maulana Azad RAISED the issue that the Congress members were not free to join the Muslim League. (v) The political polarisation between the Congress and the Muslims League was complete. League established itself as a dominant party among Muslims and claimed to be the sole spokesman of India.s Muslims. |
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| 822. |
"The drainage system in Harappan civilisation indicates town planning". Support the statement with suitable examples. |
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Answer» Solution :The cities were built according to a definite and well-thought plan. The cities had an excellent water supply and drainage system. The planners took care for the cleanliness of the cities. Drainage System: (i) In the lower-town, the roads and streets were bid out along approximate the grid pattern, intersected at right angles. (ii) The streets with drains were laid first and then houses were built along them. (iii) Every house needed to have atleast one wall along a STREET in ORDER to carry the domestic WASTE into the street drains. (iv) Macky noted: Every house was connectedto the street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. Some covers were made of LIMESTONE. (v) House drains were first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while waste water flowed out into the streets drains. (vi) Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that little heaps of material, mostly sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows - that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared. Drainage SYSTEMS were not unique to the larger cities, but were found in smaller settlements as well. At Lothal houses were built of mud bricks, drains were made of burnt bricks. |
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| 823. |
Write any two problems faced by Humayun. |
| Answer» Solution : (i) His BROTHER did not cooperate with him. (ii) Throughout his war he had to face the DANGER of BAHADUR SHAH of GUJARAT | |
| 824. |
The Muslim League resolution of 1940 The League's resolution of 1940 demanded: That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions, which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majoriry as in the north-western and eastern vzones of India should be grouped to constitute "Independent States", in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign. Identify the major demands of the Muslim League. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :The Muslim League resolution of 1940 The Muslim League moved a resolution at Lahore demanding a MEASURE of autonomy for the Muslim-majority areas of the subcontinent. The areas of Muslim majority in North West and Eastern ZONES should be grouped together to CONSTITUTE independent states. The constituent units shall be autonomous and SOVEREIGN, |
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| 825. |
The Muslim League resolution of 1940 The League's resolution of 1940 demanded: That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions, which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majoriry as in the north-western and eastern vzones of India should be grouped to constitute "Independent States", in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign. Analyse the reasons for the demand of autonomy by the Muslim League. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) The OUTCOME of PROVINCIAL elections of 1937 and the attitude of the Congress thereafter. (ii) They wanted autonomous and sovereign zones for Muslims. (ii) They wanted geographically contiguous units demarcated into regions (iv) Muslim majority areas can be made autonomous. (v) Emphasis on two nation theory, (vi) They felt that only a Muslim majority province will ensure the PROTECTION and PRESERVATION of Muslim culture. |
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| 826. |
The Muslim League resolution of 1940 The League's resolution of 1940 demanded: That geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions, which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majoriry as in the north-western and eastern vzones of India should be grouped to constitute "Independent States", in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign. Analyse the reasons aspects of the Muslim League Resolution of 1940. |
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Answer» Solution :On 23 March 1940, the MUSLIM League moved a resolution at Lahore demanding a measure of autonomy for the Muslim-MAJORITY areas of the subcontinent. Howerer, the-reseltion never mentioned partition or Pakistan. Muslim League Resolution of 1940: (i) They WANTED autonomous for Muslims and saveteign.zones.for Muslims (ii) They wanted GEOGRAPHICALLY contiguous units demarcated into regions (iii) Muslim majority areas can be made autonomous. In fact Sikandar Hayat Khan, Punjab Premier and leader of the Unionist Party, who had drafted the resolution, declared in a Punjab assembly speech on 1 March 1941 that he was opposed to the idea of Pakistan that would mean "Muslim Raj here and Hindu Raj elsewhere ... If Pakistan means unalloyed Muslim Raj in the Punjab then I will have nothing to do with it.". |
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| 827. |
The cylinderical stone seals were used in which civilization ? |
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Answer» HARAPPAN |
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| 828. |
What does Ashokan inscriptions tell about the Mauryas? Describe the limitations of the inscriptional evidences. |
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Answer» Solution :The Ashokan inscriptions deseribe the era of Mauryan empire from 269 BCE to 232 BCE The pillats are scattered in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. They are mostly about Buddhism which was prevalent in this subcontinent. They tell about the dharma, social and moral values, about Ashoka's efforts to spread Buddhism. Ashoka refers to himself as Devanam Piya. His conversion to Buddhism, his advice to the monks and people and the ideas about morals arc the major thenmes The limitations of these inscriptions: We do not know much about the times as the themes are limited We have no way of KNOWING whether the reforms given in the edicts were brought into practice. (i) Letters are very faintly engraved, and thus RECONSTRUCTIONS are uncertain. (ii) Inscriptions may be damaged or letters missing (iii) It is not always easy to be sure about the exact meaning of the words used in inscriptions. (iv) Not all have been DECIPHERED, published and translated. (V) Politically or ECONOMICALLY significant was necessarily not recorded in inscriptions (vi) Routine agricultural practices and the joys and sorrows uof daily existence find no mention in inscriptions |
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| 829. |
Whenwas the Indian constitution passed and enforced ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The INDIAN constitution passedon 26th Novmber, 1949. (II) It was enfored on 26th JANUARY , 1950. |
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| 830. |
Write a note about the burials in Harappan culture. |
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Answer» Solution :The following things have been found in burials at the Harappan sites: (i) Jewellery has been traced in burials of both men and women. (ii) During the excavations at the cemetery in Harappa in the mid 1980s, an ornament consisting of three shell rings, a jasper bead and hundreds of micro-beads were found near the SKULL of a MALE. (iii) Some graveshad pottery andornaments which indicated a belief that these could be USED in the afterlife. (iv) The deads were BURIED with copper mirrors. (V) Throughout the length and breadth of Harappan settlement the archaeologists have found querns, pottery, needles, flesh-rubbers, remains of dogs etc. |
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| 831. |
Discuss the different arguments made in favour of protection of the oppressed groups. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Various arguments were put forth in the constituent assembly in favour of protection of the oppressed groups. N.G. Ranga, a socialist and peasant leader, urged the term minority be defined in economic terms and favoured protection of the poor and downtrodden masses. (ii) Ranga argued it was not the numerically smaller communities the Sikh or Muslims or Hindus in Pakistan, who CONSTITUTED the minority but the masses as they were oppressed,depressed and suppressed. (iii) According to Ranga, the fundamental right to live, attain full employment and civil liberties enshrined in the constitution were MEANINGLESS till they will be enjoyed. (iv) Having weak laws in place, the poor are subject to systematic EXPLOITATION by money lenders and zamindars and reduced to near level of bonded slaves. (v) Ranga argued that, to enjoy rights, the poor needed props, a ladder, at least elementary education, protection and assurance of protection. (vi) Jaipal Singh, an adivasi, argued in the favour of protection for the tribals not because of their numerical insignificance but due to timeless DISCRIMINATION, shabby treatment, neglect, exploitation and dispossession from the forest. (vii) He emphasis for the reservation of seats for tribal was essential to allow tribals to represent themselves. (viii)Nagappa and other members of the depressed castes and untouchables favoured protection and removal of social disabilities. The depressed castes sought to resolve their problem by reiterating "we were suppressed for thousand of years". They argued protection and safeguards. |
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| 832. |
In praise of taswir Abu'l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem: Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and His Majesty gives a reward and increases the Majesty gives a reward and increasesthe monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pitchers are incomparable, even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu Artists. Their pitures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them. (iii) Why did he patronise painting? |
| Answer» Solution :(III) He PATRONISED painting, because he considered it as a MEDIUM of entertainment. | |
| 833. |
In praise of taswir Abu'l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem: Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and His Majesty gives a reward and increases the Majesty gives a reward and increasesthe monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pitchers are incomparable, even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu Artists. Their pitures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them. (iv) Write any two features of the paintings made by Hindu painter. |
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Answer» Solution : (a) The paintings of Hindu painter DISPLAYED minuteness, finish and BOLDNESS. (b) They made INANIMATE THINGS LOOK as if they had life in them. |
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| 834. |
In praise of taswir Abu'l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem: Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and His Majesty gives a reward and increases the Majesty gives a reward and increasesthe monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pitchers are incomparable, even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu Artists. Their pitures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them. (ii) How did Mughal Emperor Akbar encourage painting? |
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Answer» Solution :(ii) He encouraged painting by: (a) APPOINTING MANY painters in the ROYAL court. (B) Most excellent painters were given REWARDS. |
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| 835. |
What were Mahatma Gandhi's arguments against Partition? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Mahatma Gandhi was in favour of unity AMONG various communities of the country He was a firm SUPPORTER of religious harmony. He never supported the idea of partition. (ii) He did not want the SEPARATION of the Muslims from the Hindus who had been living together for centuries. (iii) In this view partitions was wrong. He was ready to sacrifice his life for an undivided India But he was not ready to accept the partitions. (iv) In his view, Islam stood for unity and brotherhood of mankind and not for separation . So he said that the demand of Pakistan by the MUSLIM League was un-Islamic and sinful According to Gandhiji, people who FAVOURED the partition were enemies of both Islam and India. (vi) Hindu and the Muslims belonged to the same land. They were living in India together for centuries. They shared the same . land same food They drank the same water, they spoke the same language and they lived in peace and harmony . He appealed to the Mahatma League not to demand foa a seprate nation. |
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| 836. |
Who were Bhikkhus ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) They lived very EASY lives. They possessed a bowl to take food once a day from the GENERAL PUBLIC. (ii) MONKS lived on alms and because of this deed they were KNOWN as Bhikkhus. |
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| 837. |
Mention the importance of the Lahore session (1929) of the Congress. |
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Answer» Solution :The Lahore session of the Congress was important as PT. J.L. Nehru was ELECTED its President.(ii) It indicated the passing of the baton of leadership to the younger generation. It became a mixture of experience and energised people. (III) It PROVIDED a voice to the new militant spirit and adopted the goal of Poorna Swaraj". (iv) The Congress pledged to start civil disobedience movement, if its DEMANDS were not met. |
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| 838. |
Would you agree that the drainage system in Harappan cities indicates town planning? Give reasonsof your answer. |
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Answer» Solution :In the words of DR. A.L. Basham, "No other ancient civilisation until that of Roman has so efficient a system of drains." The ruins of the town below a remarkable SKILL in town-planning and sanitation with an eye to the facilities and comforts fo the CITY dwellers. I agree with given statement, I can sight following reasons in support of my answer. (i) The DRAINAGE system needed a planning for its excution. It seems that first drainages were laid out and then houses were built along with the drains. (ii) Every house was supposed to have at least one wall along a street to allow the domestic waste water to flow out in the street drains. (iii) The PLANS of the Lower Town show that roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern intersecting at right angles. (iv) It appears that human settlement was made by planning from beginning. The city was restricted to a fixed area on the platforms. (v) Bricks, sundried or baked were of standard ratio. The length and breath of bricks were of four times and twice the height respectively. These bricks were used to all the sattlementof the Harappan civilization. |
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| 839. |
What did B.B. Lal note about the houses in the second phase of Mahabharata period? Explain. |
| Answer» Solution :B.B. Lal has given a description about the houses in the second phase. He noted that within the limited AREA excavated, no definite plans of houses were OBTAINED, but walls of mud and mud bricks were duly encountered. The discovery of mud plaster with prominent REED marks SUGGESTED that some of the houses had reed walls plastered over with mud. | |
| 840. |
What was the aim of the khilafat movement? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :( i) Protest against the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire and INJUSTICES done to Turkey after the war. (II) To RETAIN the TURKISH Sultan as spiritual head of the Muslims. |
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| 841. |
Write a short note on the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro. |
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Answer» Solution :The most striking of the Great Bath in the citadel area of Mohenjodaro are as follows: (i) It was a great rectangular tank in a courtyard that was surrounded by corridor on all four sides. (ii) There were two flights of STEPS on the north and south leading into the tank, which was made watertight by SETTING bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. (III) There were rooms on three sides, in one of which was a large well to fill the pool with water. After periodic cleaning of the tank, the water was dischargedinto a huge DRAIN. (iv) Across a lane to the north lay a smallerbuilding witheight bathrooms, four on each side of a corridor with drains that RAN along the corridor. |
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| 842. |
Give the meaning of Vijayanagara. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Vijayanagara literally means city of VICTORY. (II) It was the NAME of both a city and an empire. |
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| 843. |
Explain three different kinds of sources through which we come to know about Gandhiji. Give any two problems faced while interpreting them. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Gandhiji was known through his WRITINGS and speeches and that of his contemporaries. Gandhiji published in his journal .Harijan. letters that others wrote to him. Nehru edited and published .A Bunch of old letters. - collection of letters written to him during the national movement. (ii) The vital source for reconstruction are government records. The British kept a close watch on Gandhiji.s activities. The letters and reports written by POLICEMEN and other officials are now accessible to the public. (iii) The other sources are the contemporary newspapers published in English and vernacular languages. They tracked Gandhiji.s movement and reported on other relevant things. (iv) The newspapers could be biased or prejudiced as people who published them were guided by their own political opinions and world views. These views shaped what was published and the way events were reported. (v) The accounts published in a London newspaper would be different from a report in an Indian NATIONALIST paper or the reports on the salt march in the Time magazine. (vi) Mostly official accounts often expressed what the HIGHER officials wanted to believe. Being aware of possibilities of a rebellion occurring, they still liked to pretend that nothing was amiss. (vii) A study of the fortnightly reports on the Dandi March reveal the Home Department was unwilling to believe that Gandhi.s actions evoked an enthusiastic response from the masses. (viii) The march was seen as drama or as a desperate effort to mobilise people who were unwilling to rise against them. |
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| 844. |
Why did Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argue for Strong Centre in the Consituent Assembly Explain |
| Answer» Solution :Ambedkar had declared that he wanted "a strong and united Centre much stronger than the Centre we had created under the Government of India Act of 1935". The need for a strong centre in the Consutuent Assembly was important to save the nation from the RIOTS and violence. Many members had repcatedly stated that the powers of the Centre had to be greatly strengthened to enable it to STOP the COMMUNAL frenzy. One member from the United Provinces, Balakrishna Sharma, reasoned at length that only a strong centre could plan for the well-being of the country, mobilise the available economic resources, establish a proper administration, and defend the country against foreign aggression. There was already a unitary system in PLACE, imposed by the colonial government. The violence of the times made it necessary both to forestall chaos and to plan for the country's economic DEVELOPMENT. | |
| 845. |
Why is Al-Biruni is text "Kitab-ul-Hind" considered as a voluminuous text? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Al-Biruni's Kitab-ul-Hind comprises 80 chapters on subjects such as religion and philosophy, festivals, astronomy, ALCHEMY, MANNERS and customs social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and metrology Al-Biruni adopted a distinctivc structure in each CHAPTER, beginning with a question, followed by description based on Sanskritic traditions, and concluding with a comparison with other CULTURES. |
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| 846. |
What was the leading language of the Mughal court? What factors Contributed to its advancement? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Mughals were Chaghtai Turks by ORIGIN. TURKISH was their mother tongue. Babur wrote poetry and his memoirs in Turkish. Persian was the leading language of the Mughal court. (ii) Cultural and intellectual contacts with Iran as well as regular stream of Iranian and central Asian migrants SEEKING positions at Mughal court. Power and prestige was conferred on those who had a COMMAND over the language. (iii) It was spoken by the king, the royal household and the elite at the court. It b e c ame the language of administration at all levels. Accountants, clerks and others had to learn it. (iv) As Persian was not used directly at local levels, its vocabulary and idiom influenced the official records in Rajasthani, Marathi and even Tamil. Persian became Indianised and its interaction and absorption of local idioms in Persian enabled growth of new language URDU. |
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| 847. |
What does the Shalabhanjika motif suggest? |
| Answer» Solution :The Shalabhanjika motif suggest that many people who turned to Buddhism ENRICHED it with own pre- Buddhist and EVEN NON - Buddhist BELIEFS , practices and ideas. | |
| 848. |
Examine the outcome of the battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota). |
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Answer» Solution :The OUTCOME of the battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota) (i) The chief minister of Vijayanagara, Rama RAYA led the army into battle where his forces were routed by the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmednagar and Golconda. (ii) The victorious armies sacked the city of Vijayanagara. (iii) The city was totally abandoned within few years. (iv) The forces at the EMPIRE shifted to EAST where the Aravidu dynasty ruled from Penukonda and later from Chandragiri (near Tirupati) (Any other relevant points) (Any two points to be EXAMINED) |
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| 849. |
Analyze the ideal of Sulh-i-Kul of Akbar as the cornerstone of enlightened rule. |
| Answer» Solution :Refer to Q2. of Short ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS. | |
| 850. |
Examine the recommendations (proposals) of the cabinet missions and explain reasons for rejecting the plan suggested by the cabinet missions in 1946. by both Congress and Muslim League. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(a) Proposals: (i) India to remain united as a union or federation of British provinces and Indian states subjects other than central subjects would be vested in the provinces. (ii)The existing provincial assemblies were to be grouped into THREE sections A,B by C for electing the constituent assembly. Section A for Hindu -majority provinces. Section B for Muslim-majority provinces North-West Section C for Muslim-majority provinces North-East . (iii) Each group could draft its own constitution A constituent assembly was to be set up. to frame the constitution of FREE India. Till the constitution was framed an interim government would carryout the administration (ii) Cabinet mission SOUGHT to make a compromise between the conflictiong claims of the Congress and the Muslim League and maintain the unity of India. The Muslim League criticised the plan because it rejected the idea of Pakistan. (b) Rejection : (i) The proposal was rejected by both the parties. Both had mutually opposed the interpretation of the plan. (ii) Muslim League wanted the grouping should be compulsory with section B and C developing into strong entities with the right to seceds from the Union in the future (iii) On the other hand , the Congress wanted that the provinces to be given the right to join group.Although it did not support the Cabinet missions as groupings would be compulsory. The province had the right to secede after the constitution had been finalised and election held. (iv) In this way both parties rejected the Cabinet mission proposal making partition inevitable. |
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