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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 751. |
"Ibn Battuta was an invaterate traveller". How? |
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Answer» Solution :He was an invaterate traveller because: (i) He always keep on TRAVELLING. (ii) Hetravelled extensively for nearly 30 years of his life. He travelled THROUGHOUT SYRIA, Iraq, PERSIA, Yemen, Oman, East Africa, Indian sub CONTINENT and far-off places in China. |
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| 752. |
"One of the most distinctive features of the Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system." Elaborate. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : "One of the most distinctive features of the HARAPPAN cities was the CAREFULLY planned DRAINAGE system." Elaborate. | |
| 753. |
Describe Ibn Battuta's account of Indian cities. |
| Answer» Solution :As a traveller, Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities. He arrived in Delhi in the fourteenth century when it Was a part of global network. They were densely populated and prosperous, EXCEPT for the occasional disruptions caused by wars and invasions. From Ibn Battuta's account it appears that most cities had CROWDED streets and bright and colourful markets that were stacked uith a suide variety of goods. He describes Delhi as a vast CITY, with a great population, the largest in India. Daulatabad was equal in size of Delhi. The. bazaars were not only places of economic TRANSACTIONS, but the HUB of social and cultural activities Most hazaars had.a mosque and a temple and spaces were marked for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers. He found Indian agriculture very productive because of the fertility of soil. | |
| 754. |
What is meant by the term 'Nastaliq'? Explain the term Nastaliq. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) Nastaliq was the ART of writing or calligraphy. It was Akbar.s favourite style. It is a fluid style with long horizontal STROKES. (ii) It is written using a peace of trimmed REED with a tip of 5 to 10 mm, known as `cialam. dipped in `siyahil. (iii) The nib of the qalam is usually split in the middle to facilitate the absorption of ink. Mohammad Husayn of KASHMIR was one of the finest calligraphers of nastaliq style at Akbar court. (iv) He was honoured with the little `zarrin qalam. (golden pen) in recognition of the perfectly PROPORTIONED curvature of his letters. |
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| 755. |
Describe the three factors that accounted for the constant expansion ofagriculture during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
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Answer» Solution :Following are the three factors that accounted for the constant expansion of agriculture during16thand 17th centuries : (i) The PLENTIFUL of land availability labour and thethe mobility of PEASANTS were the three main factors that accounted for the continuous expansion of agriculture. (ii)State support was extended to irrigation projects. The wooden plough was used. It was lightand easilyassembled withan irontips. (iii)Hoeingand weeding were performedat the same TIME USING a narrow ironblade with a small wooden HANDLE. (iv)Basic staples such as rice, wheat or millets werethe most cultivated crops, however, monsoons were the backbone of Indian agriculture. |
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| 756. |
Explain the distinctive features and structure of Al Biruni's writings. Why did he want to improve the works translated from Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit into Arabic? |
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Answer» Solution :Features of Al-Biruni.s Writing: (i) Al-Biruni.s most of the writings are in Arabic. For writing Kitab-ul-Hind-he adopted a distinctive structure. Each chapter of the book had a question in the beginning. It was then followed by a description based on Sanskrit tradition. (ii) At the end of the chapter he COMPARES the Indian culture with other cultures. This geometric structure is known for its PRECISION and PREDICTABILITY. The main reason behind adopting this structure was A1-Biruni.s mathematical orientation. (iii) He wanted to improve the translated works on Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit into Arabic, because these were related to fables as WELL as astronomy and medicine. (iv) The writers of these texts have used ornamental WORDS, and their contents have become intricate. It is beyond the reach of understanding of common people. |
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| 757. |
What were the distinctive features of the Mughal nobility? How was their relationship with the emperor shaped? Identify the elements that went into the making of the Mughal ideal of kingship. |
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Answer» Solution :recruitment, rank of the nobility and relationship with the emperor: (i) Mughal chronicles, especially the Akbar Nama, have bequeathed a vision of empire in which agency rests almost solely with the emperor, while the rest of the kingdom has been portrayed as following his orders. (ii) If we look more closely at the available information the histories provide us about the apparatus of the Mughal state, we may be able to understand the ways in which the imperial organisation was dependent on SEVERAL different institutions. (iii) The most important pillar of the Mughal state was the nobility. The nobility was recruited from diverse ETHNIC and religious group which ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state. (iv) The officer corps of the Mughals was described as a bouquet of flowers (guldasta) held together by LOYALTY to the emperor. In Akbar.s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase of carving out a political dominion. Many had accompanied Humayun, others migrated later to the Mughal court. (v) The holders of government offices was given the ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations: zat which was an INDICATOR of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of HORSEMEN he was required to maintain in service. (vi) Akbar, who designed the mansab system, also established spiritual relationships with a select band of his nobility by treating them as his disciples (murid). (vii)For members of the nobility, imperial service was a way of acquiring power, wealth and the highest possible reputation. A person wishing to join the service petitioned through a noble, who presented a tajwiz to the emperor. (viii)If the applicant was found suitable, a mansab was granted to him. The mir bakhshi (paymaster general) stood in open court on the right of the emperor and presented all candidates for appointment or promotion, while his office prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor. (ix) There were two other important ministers at the centre: the diwan-i ala (finance minister) and sadr-us sudur (minister of grants or madad-i maash, and in charge of appointing local judges or qazis) (x) The three ministers occasionally came together as an advisory body, but were independent of each other. Akbar with these and other advisers shaped the administrative, fiscal and monetary institutions of the empire. Nobles stationed at the court (tainat-i rakab) were a reserve force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. (xi) Nobles were duty-bound to appear twice a day to express their submission to the emperor. They also had to share the responsibility for guarding the emperor and his household round the clock. |
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| 758. |
Read source given below and answer the questions which follow: "That is very good, Sir-bold words, noble words." Somnath Lahiri said: Well, Sir, I must congratulate Pandit Nehru for the fine expression he gave to the spirit of the Indian people when he said that no imposition from the British will be accepted by the Indian people. Imposition would be resented and objected to, he said, and he added that if need be we will walk the valley of struggle. That is very good, Sir - bold words, noble words. But the point is to see when and how you are going to apply that challenge. Well, Sir, the point is that the imposition is here right now. Not only has the British Plan made any future Constitution ... dependent on a treaty satisfactory to the Britisher but it suggests that for every little difference you will have to run to the Federal Court or dance attendance there in England, or to call on the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee or someone else. Not only is it a fact that this Constituent Assembly, whatever plans we may be hatching, we are under the shadow of British guns, British Army, their economic and financial stronglehold - which means that the final power is still in the British hands and the question of power has not yet been finally decided, which means the future is not yet completely in our hands. Not only that, but the statements made by Attlee and others recently have made it clear that if need be, they will even threaten you with division entirely. This means, Sir, there is no freedom in this country. As Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel put it some days ago, we have freedom only to fight among ourselves. That is the only freedom we have got ... Therefore, our humble suggestion is that it is not a question of getting something by working out this Plan but to declare independence here and now and call upon the Interim Government, call upon the people of India, to stop fratricidal warfare and look out against its enemy, which still has the whip hand, the British Imperialism - and go together to fight it and then resolve our claims afterwards when we will be free. Why did Somnath Lahiri congratulate Pandit Nehru? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He CONGRATULATED him, because he (Nehru) DECLARED that no imposition from the British will be accepted. Any imposition WOULD be objected to and he further added that we will struggle for our complete independence. | |
| 759. |
Read source given below and answer the questions which follow: "That is very good, Sir-bold words, noble words." Somnath Lahiri said: Well, Sir, I must congratulate Pandit Nehru for the fine expression he gave to the spirit of the Indian people when he said that no imposition from the British will be accepted by the Indian people. Imposition would be resented and objected to, he said, and he added that if need be we will walk the valley of struggle. That is very good, Sir - bold words, noble words. But the point is to see when and how you are going to apply that challenge. Well, Sir, the point is that the imposition is here right now. Not only has the British Plan made any future Constitution ... dependent on a treaty satisfactory to the Britisher but it suggests that for every little difference you will have to run to the Federal Court or dance attendance there in England, or to call on the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee or someone else. Not only is it a fact that this Constituent Assembly, whatever plans we may be hatching, we are under the shadow of British guns, British Army, their economic and financial stronglehold - which means that the final power is still in the British hands and the question of power has not yet been finally decided, which means the future is not yet completely in our hands. Not only that, but the statements made by Attlee and others recently have made it clear that if need be, they will even threaten you with division entirely. This means, Sir, there is no freedom in this country. As Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel put it some days ago, we have freedom only to fight among ourselves. That is the only freedom we have got ... Therefore, our humble suggestion is that it is not a question of getting something by working out this Plan but to declare independence here and now and call upon the Interim Government, call upon the people of India, to stop fratricidal warfare and look out against its enemy, which still has the whip hand, the British Imperialism - and go together to fight it and then resolve our claims afterwards when we will be free. Who was Somnath Lahiri? |
| Answer» Solution : Somnath Lahiri was the PROMINENT member of the constituent ASSEMBLY. He was a SOCIALIST LEADER. | |
| 760. |
How did the concept of 'Jati' evolve? How was it different from Varna? |
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Answer» Solution :According to the Brahmanical THEORY Jati like Varna was based on birth. Varna: The word is found in the Purusha Sukta hymn of the Rigveda. The four Varnas - BRAHMAN, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra have been traced from the four body organs of the creator Brahman (divine ORDER). The people of the first three Varnas were known as dvijas. Jati: Jati like Varna was based on birth. It emerged within the Varna system. The Brahmanical authorities encountered new people with shared occupation which did not fit into the four-fold Varna system. They classified them as Jati. The number of Varnas was FIXED and no restrictions were on the number of JATIS. |
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| 761. |
On which points did the author of Mughal chronicles more on: |
| Answer» Solution : They concentrated more on: (a) The EVENTS ASSOCIATED with emperor and his family. (b) The ROYAL COURT, wars and administrative PROVISIONS. | |
| 762. |
Give the names of the two artists who accompanied Humayun from Iran. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) MIR SAYYID ALI (ii) ABDUS Samad |
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| 763. |
What provisions were made in the Indian constitution to make the centre more strong? Also describe the two arguments which underlined the need for a strong centres. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Provisions: (i) More numbers of subjects are included in the union list as compared to state and concurrent list. (ii) Union government has kept a control over minerals, and heavy industries. (iii) Under the ARTICLE 356 on the recommendations of the governor of the state, the administration of the state can be undertaken by central government. (b) Argument which FAVOURS the strong centre: (i) Astrong centre can CURTAIL riots and violence at any stage in any corner of the country. (ii) It can also deal with communal frenzy. (iii) It can modernise the country and can mobilise the availability of economic resource. (iv) It can set well-knit administration. (V) It can defend the country from any outside DANGER. |
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| 764. |
Why and between whom was the Mahabharata war fought? What was its result? |
| Answer» Solution :The WAR of MAHABHARATA was fought between the Kauravas and PANDAVAS to acquire LAND and authority. The war was won by the Pandavas. | |
| 765. |
Read source given below and answer the questions which follow: "That is very good, Sir-bold words, noble words." Somnath Lahiri said: Well, Sir, I must congratulate Pandit Nehru for the fine expression he gave to the spirit of the Indian people when he said that no imposition from the British will be accepted by the Indian people. Imposition would be resented and objected to, he said, and he added that if need be we will walk the valley of struggle. That is very good, Sir - bold words, noble words. But the point is to see when and how you are going to apply that challenge. Well, Sir, the point is that the imposition is here right now. Not only has the British Plan made any future Constitution ... dependent on a treaty satisfactory to the Britisher but it suggests that for every little difference you will have to run to the Federal Court or dance attendance there in England, or to call on the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee or someone else. Not only is it a fact that this Constituent Assembly, whatever plans we may be hatching, we are under the shadow of British guns, British Army, their economic and financial stronglehold - which means that the final power is still in the British hands and the question of power has not yet been finally decided, which means the future is not yet completely in our hands. Not only that, but the statements made by Attlee and others recently have made it clear that if need be, they will even threaten you with division entirely. This means, Sir, there is no freedom in this country. As Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel put it some days ago, we have freedom only to fight among ourselves. That is the only freedom we have got ... Therefore, our humble suggestion is that it is not a question of getting something by working out this Plan but to declare independence here and now and call upon the Interim Government, call upon the people of India, to stop fratricidal warfare and look out against its enemy, which still has the whip hand, the British Imperialism - and go together to fight it and then resolve our claims afterwards when we will be free. Explain in brief the intention of the British in not framing the constitution before hand. |
| Answer» Solution :British wanted to divide INDIA into two SEPARATE nations-India and Pakistan. The motive behind was that to keep India as its slave indirectly EVEN after independence. That was why they did not want to frame the CONSTITUTION in hand. | |
| 766. |
Discuss the attitude of Indian National Congress towards the Second World War. Also discuss the failure of the Cripps Misson and its consequences. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Britain was losing ground in the Second World War. So it REQUIRED the cooperation from the people of India. But Indians were against the British due to their wrong policies. (ii) They were not willing to extend any support to the British. To resolve this crush, the British Government had sent the Cripps MISSION to India in 1942 under the leadership of Sir Stafford Cripps. (iii) It stated that India would be declared a dominion state if its people extended their cooperation to the British in the Second World War. (iv) Gandhiji compared this plan to a postdated cheque drawn on the crashing BANK that was doomed to fail in the coming days. In this way, all the leaders of India REJECTED the recommendations of the Cripps Mission. |
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| 767. |
Explain how did Harappans maintain contact with distant lands. |
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Answer» Solution :The Harappans were advanced traders and had economic contacts with various PARTS within Indian sub-continent as well as Saudi-penninsula. There are evidences of ship-buildings as Lothal dockyard. They used ships to trade across SEAS. For procuring raw MATERIALS they sent expeditions to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and South India (for gold). They used scals to maintain authenticity in the trade and thus trade flourished. They used to procure MATERIAL from far flung areas such as brought from Oman. Harappan seals, weights, dice and beads etc., are found in far off places such as Mesopotamia which ascertain this type of trade. |
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| 768. |
Discuss the functions that may have been performed by rulers. |
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Answer» Solution :To discuss the functions of Rulers in Harappan society, it is very IMPORTANT to note down the different views on the Harappan society as there is no consensus amongst the archaeologists. (a) One group of archaeologists suggest that the Harappan society had no rulers and so everybody enjoyed equal status. The other group of archaeologists are of the opinion that there was no single ruler but several ones. The third theory seems the most suitable. It suggests that it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively MADE and implemented such complex decisions. (b) A rare stone statue labelled as .priest king. was recovered. Archaeologist often familiar with MESOPOTAMIAN historyand its priest-kings findparallels. In the light of the fact ritual practices of Harappan civilisation are not well understood and no concrete means of knowing who performed ritual practices and held political power. (c ) Evidences shown that complex decision were taken and implemented in the Harappan society. Extraordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery, seals, WEIGHTS and bricks show the complex decisions. (d) Plans and layouts of the city were prepared under the GUIDANCE and supervisions of the rulers. Big buildings, palaces, forts, tanks, wells, canals, and granaries were constructed. Cleanliness was the responsibility of the rulers. (e ) The ruler also looked after the welfare of the economy. They used to inspire the farmers to increase agricultural production. They also motivated the craftsmen to promote different handicrafts. External and internal both trade were promoted by the rulers. (f) The ruler used to issue common acceptable coins or seals, weights and measurements. Rulers were expected to provide relief during natural the calamity like food, earthquake, epidemics. During foreign aggression, the rulers defended the city. |
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| 769. |
Why were the water resources of the Vijaynagar Empire developed? Give reasons. |
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Answer» Solution : Water resources of Vijaynagar (i) The natural basin formed by the Tungabhadra which Hows ina north-casterly direction hills surrounds this and a number of streams flow down to the river from these hills. (ii) Embankments were built along the streams to create reservoirs of varying sizes. (iii) As Vijaynagar was in one of the most arid zones of the peninsula, elaborate water ARRANGEMENTS had to be MADE to store rain water and conduct it to the day. (iv) Kamalapuram tank not only irrigated fieldsnearby but water was also conducted through a channel to the "ROYAL centre". (V)One of the most prominent was the Hiriya canal. It drew water from a dam ACROSS the Tungabhadra and itrigated the cultivated valley which separated the sacred centre from the urban core. |
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| 770. |
Why is Indus Valley civilisation also known as the Harappan civilisation? Discuss. |
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Answer» Solution :The Indus VALLEY civilisation is known as the HARAPPAN civilisation. It may be discussed as FOLLOW: (i) This civilisation was discovered in 1921 at the site of Harappa, which is situated now in Pakistan. (II) Archaeologists use the term culture for a group of objects distinctive in style, found in a specific area and period of time. (iii) In the regard of Harappan culture these distinctive objects are included: seals, beads, weights, stone blades and baked bricks. (iv) These objects were found from areas as far as - AFGHANISTAN, Baluchistan, Jammu and Gujarat. |
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| 771. |
What gave towns their character in precolonial times? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) Towns were often defined in opposition to rural areas. They came to represent specific forms of economic activities and cultures. In the countryside people subsisted by cultivating land, foraging in the forest, or rearing animals. (ii) Towns by contrast were peopled with artisans, traders, administrators and rulers. Towns dominated over the rural population, thriving on the SURPLUS and taxes derived from agriculture. Towns and cities were often fortified by walls which symbolised their separation from the countryside. (iii) However, the separation between town and country was fluid. Peasants travelled long distances on pilgrimage, passing through towns, they also flocked to towns during times of famine. Besides, there was a reverse flow of humans and goods from towns to villages. (iv) When towns were attacked, people often sought shelter in the countryside. Traders and pedlars took goods from the towns to sell in the villages, extending markets and creating new patterns of consumption. (v) During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the towns BUILT by the Mughals were famous for their CONCENTRATION of populations, their monumental buildings and their imperial grandeur and wealth. (vi) Agra, Delhi and LAHORE were important centres of imperial administration and control (vii) Mansabdars and jagirdars who were assigned territories in DIFFERENT parts of the empire usually maintained houses in these cities: residence in these centres of power was symbolic of the status and prestige of a noble | |
| 772. |
Name two important books of the Mughal period. What information do these give us? |
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Answer» Solution :The two most important Mughal works were the Akbar Nama and Ain-i-Akbari. (i) The books were written by Abu Fazl Fazi. Abul Fazl was an erudite debater and an INDEPENDENT thinker who opposed the orthodox views of the ulama. Impressed by his abilities Akbar made him his chief advisor and spokesperson. (ii) He articulated Akbar.s view that the state should be free from the control of the conservative ulamas. (III) The Akbar Nama is based on a range of sources INCLUDING official DOCUMENT and oral testimonies. (iv) The Ain-i-Akbari gives a detailed account of the judicial and revenue system of Akbar while the Akbar Nama provides a detailed description of Akbar.s reign. |
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| 773. |
Considerthe followingstatement about theNagara styleof temple architecture : 1 Thisstyleof templearecommonly foundin theareasbetweenHimalayas andVindhyas. 2Themoststrikingfeature ofthisstyle is itspyramidalshikhara. Which of thestatements givenabove is//are correct |
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Answer» I only |
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| 775. |
Why did the bhadralok Bengali Hindus favour partition? Mention two reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) They began to fear the permanent tutelage under MUSLIMS as they were in a NUMERICAL minority. (ii) They felt that only a division of the PROVINCE could ensure their POLITICAL dominance. |
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| 776. |
Examine how were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |
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Answer» Solution :An average of 40 per cent of Mughal Empire was COVERED by forests. Their livelihood came from the gathering of forest produce, hunting and shifting agriculture. Collection of livelihood was latgely season specific Spring was RESERVED for collecting forest produce, summer tor fishing, the monsoon months for cultivation, and autumn and winter for hunting For the state, the forest was a place of rebels and trouble makers. (i) State required elephants for the army. Elephants were captured from forest and sold. (ii) Rulers went for regular hunting expeditions which enabled the emperor to travel across the extensive territotics of his cmpire and personally ATTEND to the grievances of its inhabitants. (iii) The spread of commercial agriculture was an important external factor that impinged on the lives of those who lied in the forcsts. (iv) Forest products-like honey, beeswax and GURN lac-were in great demand. Some, such as GUM lac, became major items of overseas export from India in the seventeenth century. (v) Social factors too brought changes in the lives of forest dwellers. Like the head men of the villnges, tribes also had their chieftains. Many trial chiefs and |
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| 777. |
What was Ibn-Battuta's impression of Indian cities? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Ibn-Battuta found Indian cities full of opportunities for the people for those with resources skill and motivation. (i) They were densely populated and prosperous. They hadcrowdedstreets, bright markets stocked with different kinds of goods. (iii) All the markets were known as hub of SOCIAL and CULTURAL practices and ECONOMIC tradinga (iv) There were mosques and TEMPLES. There were spaces for public performances which were given by dancers, musicians and singers. |
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| 778. |
Who built Fatehpur Sikri and Why? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Akbar built Fatehpur SIKRI. (ii) As it was on DIRECT road to AJMER where the dargah of Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti, an important pilgrimage centre was located. (iii) The white marble TOMB for Shaikh Salim Chishti was constructed next to majestic mosque. Buland DARWAJA was also constructed by Akbar to remind visitors the Mughals victory over Gujarat. |
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| 779. |
Why did the salt laws become an important issue of struggle? |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Poorest of poor INDIAN CONSUME food that has salt as one of its prime ingredients. British government levied tax on salt and making salt indigenously was forbidden. It was to become a big burden on the poor people of India. (b) Some important points regarding salt law are as follows: (i) The salt law gave a monopoly to the state in the manufacture and sale of salt. It was a commodity indispensible to rich and poor alike. It was a good tactic for mobilising for the salt law which was disliked in British India. (ii) It was more oppressive tax. It deprived people of a valuable easy village industry and involved a great destruction of property that nature produces. Its destruction itself entailed national EXPENDITURE. (iii) After a PERIOD of political passivity of Non cooperation movement, it was a perfect platform for relaunching a new phase of struggle. Salt law was the key tactic that was used for mobilisation of people. (iv) Gandhiji declared a march to break salt law. He started his WALKING from Sabarmati ashram. He used the salt satyagraha to explain the power of civil disobedience ranging from breaking of laws. (v)Gandhiji reached Dandi and picked a handful of salt on 6 April 1930. The entire country was expectant and activated. It was the inauguration of civil disobedience movement. It was an unsurpassed mass movement. |
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| 780. |
When and where was "Travels in the Mughal Empire' published? To whom Francois Bernier dedicate this book? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :.TRAVELS in the MUGHAL Empire. was PUBLISHEDIN 1670 in France. It was dedicated to Louis XIV, the French Monarch. | |
| 781. |
Explain the spread of Jainism in different parts of India. From where were the earliest stone sculptures produced? |
Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Jainism spread to many PARTS of India . Like the Buddhists, Jaina scholars produced a wealth of literature in a variety of language –Prakrti, Sanskrit and TAMIL.  (II) For centuries , manuscripts of these texts were carefully preserved in libraries attached to temples. (iii) Some of the earliest stone sculptures associated with religion traditions were produced by devotees of the Jaina tirthankaras. (iv) The stone sculptures have been recovered from several SITES throughout the subcontinent. |
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| 782. |
Who were the Dubashes in colonial cities? Explain the function they performed. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : DUBASHES were those PEOPLE who speak both local and English LANGUAGE. They acted as MEDIATOR between the Britishers and trader Indian Society. | |
| 783. |
Who was the preceptor of Mirabai? Mention any one principal of her philosophy. |
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Answer» Solution :GURU Raidas, a low CASTE leather worket was the preceptor of Mirabai. One main principle of her philosophy was that one should abandon the COMFORTS of life and devote fully to her God for ATTAINMENT of peace and salvation. |
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| 784. |
Discuss the evidence of craft production in Early Historic cities. In what way is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities? |
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Answer» Solution :Differences between two different historic ages with regard to craft production is not an easy task but it can be explained as follow: (i) Widespred and deep excavations in the early historic towns have not been possible as these towns are still inhabited, the Harappan civilisations remains were excavated widespread. Despite this many artefacts, are from wide RANGE of artefactshave been found. (ii) The evidences, about craft production, are from wide range of artefacts as -fine pottery bowls known as Northern Black Polished ware. Probably they were used by rich people. (III) Ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, figurines are the other evidence, that were made from wide range of materials-gold, river, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta. (iv) Inscription tells us about the people who lived in towns in terms of professional. They were carpenters, potters, goldsmiths, blacksmiths. they procured raw materials, regulated productions and marketed FINISHED products. No evidences of iron and its uses were in Harappan cities. (v) Evidence of craft production of the early historic cities are based on remains, inscriptions and trade LINKAGE but in the Harappa cities are based on remains of row materials as stone nodules, copper ore tools, unfinished objects, rejects and wast materials at PLACE of production . |
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| 785. |
Partition of India led to a holocaust.Give reasons for this statement. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) (i)INDIAWAS parttioned in 1947 when it became free from the British rule. It was divided into two countries. India and Pakistan-first was Hindu majority and the second was Muslim majority. (ii) However the partition led to loss of lives and property at an unprecedented scale the prompted many to call it a holocaust. (B) Following are the main reasons to call it a holocaust: (i) Over one millions were killed while crossing borders to settle in their new homeland. (ii) More than twenty millions people became refugees in the land which was ALIEN to them . (iii)The partition was marked by GREAT miseries for women of our society. Many of them were raped, many abducted and forced to live with or marry to people of other community. (iv)There were cases of forced conversions of people who were captured by people in other community. (v)Many resorted to suicide to save honour of their women and escape forced conversion. |
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| 786. |
India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Constitution of India lays down certain basic features which cannot be changed, modified or altered by authority of India. (ii) The constitution declares India to be sovereign, socialists, secular, democratic republic. (iii) India is sovereign, as it is independent of any forgein control. It is socialist as it aims at social and ECONOMIC equality. (IV) It is secular as there is no state religion of India. It is democratic, as the government is elected by the people directly after five years. (V) It is a Republic because the head of the state is also elected for fixed TERM of five years by the members of Lok Sabha and RAJYA Sabha. |
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| 787. |
Gandhiji encouraged the communication of the mgjonaliety mesaage-in-the-mother-tongue- rather than in the language of Examine how he knitted the Non-Cooperation Movement with his philosophy. |
| Answer» Solution : Gandhiji was a pactical leader. Hisidealism of non-violence or Ahimsa was based on mass appeal. He genuinely linked himself with the masses His simple life style mesmerised the masses. His appeal among the poor and farmers in particular was increased by his ascetic way of living. He glotified the symbols of 'Charkha' and Dhot very wisely Basically, Gandhiji was the first national leader who felt the pulse of the masses as the doctor of POLITICS. Gandhiji appeared not just look Like the masses but he understood them and, related to their day-to-day lives He ainged the character and structure of the Congress party and brought the party from conference rooms to the ficlds and factories. The netwotk of the Congress was nook and 'cranny of the country. spread out in every To make the Congress party's aims more practical, Gandhiji encouraged the coinunication of the nationalist message in the mother TONGUE, rather than in the language of the rulers Prior to Gandhiji's arrival on the national scene the Congress party was a party of the classes. With his mass appeal and magnetic touch it became the party of the masses Gandhi was a unique confluence of different streams. Among Gandhiji's admires and followers were both poor peasants and industrialists. In this way, Gandhiji brought together different idcologies and ioterests Gandhiji infused his philosophy into the Non- COOPERATION Movement. People from all walks of hfe such as peasants, workers, students, tribes and EDUCATED Indians actively participated in this movement. According to Louis Fischer "Mahatma Gandhi became an epoch in the life of Tndia and of Gandhiji. Non-Cooperation was negative enough to be PEACEFUL but positive enough to be effective. It entailed denial renunciation and self-discipline. It was training for self-rule." | |
| 788. |
Why were the towns built by Mughal during 16th and 17th centuries famous for? |
| Answer» Solution : (i) Towns built by Mughals were famous DUE to the concentration of population for large scale BUILDING, royal grandeur and immense wealth. (II) Delhi, Agra and Lahore served as administrative towns. (iii) Mansabdars and jagirdars had their houses in these cities. These centres of power symbolised the status and prestige of a noble. (iv) The Mughal EMPEROR lived in a fortified palaces and town was enclosed by a wall with entry and exit being regulated from different gates. (v) These cities and towns provides service to many. (vi) Imperial capitals such as Delhi, Agra and Lahore received special attention of the emperor and revenue flow to these cities regularly.. | |
| 789. |
Consider the following statements about merchant gulids of South India ? 1.Ayyavole merchant guild was originally established in Aihole. 2. Magnigraman merchant guild was subordinated to the Anjuvannam merchant guild in the 13th century. |
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Answer» 1 only |
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| 790. |
Explain why we call Mahabharata a 'Dynamic Text'. |
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Answer» Solution :We call Mahabharata as because of the following reason : (i) The growth of the Mahabharata did not stop with the Sanskrit version. (ii) Over the centuries, versions of the epic written in a variety of languages through an ONGOING process of dialogue between peoples, communities, and those who wrote the texts. (iii) Several stories that originated in specific regions or circulated AMONGST certain people found their WAY into the epic. (iv) The central story of the epic was OFTEN retold in DIFFERENT ways. (v)pisodes paintig. They also provided themes for a wide range of performing arts-plays, dance and other kinds of narrations. |
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| 791. |
What is an unusual achievement for the Indian constitution? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Over the HALF of a century, no LARGE social group or political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the constitution itself. (II) This is an unusual achievement for the Indian constitution. |
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| 792. |
How did Karaikkal Ammaiyar become the greatest figure of Nayanar tradition ? Explain. |
| Answer» Solution :Karaikkal Ammaiyar is one of the tree female Nayanars. She is reverentially called Amma which MEANS MOTHER. Her real name was Punithavathi. She was a great devotee of SHIVA from her childhood. She cared for all Shaivites like a mother. Even Shiva addressed her as mother. She followed the path of devotion and protested against ortholoxy and caste system. She ptomoted social FREEDOM and challenged patriachial norms. There are depictions of her in the form of mother goddess and there is a temple dedicated to her. She probably LIVED during the sixth century. | |
| 793. |
How was the name of Pakistan coined? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) The name PAKISTAN was COINED by Choudhary Rehmat Ali ,a Punjabi Muslim student of Cambridge. (II) He had written a pamphlet in 1933, and 1935 DESIRED a separate national status for the new entity. In the name pakistan P for Punjab, A for Afgan , K for Kashmir ,S for Sind and N for Baluchistan. |
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| 794. |
What were the seals? What were the seals used for? |
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Answer» Solution :(A) The exquisite workmanship of the seals EXHIBIT the great skill of the Harappan artists. They were square or rectangles, tablets of alloy brass on one side and ENGRAVINGS on the other. (i) The seals generally have a line of writing at the top which probably pertain to the name and title of the owner. (ii) They are engraved with figures of animals as unicorn, humped bull, buffalo, etc. (iii) Archaeologists CONSIDER these engravings were meant to convey a meaning to those who could not read. (B) Uses: (i) Seals also probably enabled long distance COMMUNICATION. Seals found in Mesopotamiaindicate that they were used for trade purpose. (ii) They were used to stamp property as a MEANS of identifying their owners. |
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| 795. |
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Sudarshana (beautiful) Lake in Gujarat: The Sudarshana lake was an artuficial reservoir. We know about it from a rock inscription ( second century CE) in Sanskrit, composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman. The inscription mentions that the lake, with embankments and water channels, was built by a local governor during the rule of the Mauryas. However, a terrible storm broke the embankments and water gushed out of the lake. Rudradaman, who was then ruling in the area, claimed to have got the lake repaired using his own resources, without imposing any tax on his subjectsAnother inscription on the same rock (c. fifth cenrury) mentions how one of the rulers of the Gupta dynasty gat the lake repaired once again. Mention about the irrigation system ofthe Mauryan Empire. |
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Answer» SOLUTION : (i) IRRIGATION was DONE through wells and TANKS. (ii) Canals were ALSO used for irrigation. |
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| 796. |
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Sudarshana (beautiful) Lake in Gujarat: The Sudarshana lake was an artuficial reservoir. We know about it from a rock inscription ( second century CE) in Sanskrit, composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman. The inscription mentions that the lake, with embankments and water channels, was built by a local governor during the rule of the Mauryas. However, a terrible storm broke the embankments and water gushed out of the lake. Rudradaman, who was then ruling in the area, claimed to have got the lake repaired using his own resources, without imposing any tax on his subjectsAnother inscription on the same rock (c. fifth cenrury) mentions how one of the rulers of the Gupta dynasty gat the lake repaired once again.Explain Rudradaman duting the 2d century CE. |
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Answer» SOLUTION : (i) A terrible STROM broke the EMBANKMENTS and water gushed out of the lake (ii) RUDRADAMAN claimed to have got the lake repaired. |
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| 797. |
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Sudarshana (beautiful) Lake in Gujarat: The Sudarshana lake was an artuficial reservoir. We know about it from a rock inscription ( second century CE) in Sanskrit, composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman. The inscription mentions that the lake, with embankments and water channels, was built by a local governor during the rule of the Mauryas. However, a terrible storm broke the embankments and water gushed out of the lake. Rudradaman, who was then ruling in the area, claimed to have got the lake repaired using his own resources, without imposing any tax on his subjectsAnother inscription on the same rock (c. fifth cenrury) mentions how one of the rulers of the Gupta dynasty gat the lake repaired once again.Mention the values demonstrated by Rudradaman that can be scen from the passage. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) RUDRADAMAN adopted positive attitude towards his subjects. It was a good EXAMPLE of public welfare (ii) He got the LAKE repaired USING his own resources without imposing any TAX. |
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| 798. |
Mention four places associated with the life of the Buddha . |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Lumbini ( birth place of the BUDDHA) (II) Bodh Gaya ( The Buddha attained enlightenment here ) (iii) Sarnath ( The Buddha delivered his first SERMON religious discourse here) (IV) Kusinagara ( Buddha attained nirvana). |
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| 799. |
Explain the importance of the sacred centres of Vijaynagar with special emphasis Gopu ams and Mandapas. |
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Answer» Solution :: The temples and other structural forms such ss canals were sacred places in Vijaynagar empire. The temples such as temples had large gopurams and mandaps. Mandapswere U sed for vatious social and religious purposes. Virupaksha TEMPLE is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, the gu irdians diety of the Kingdom, also recognised as à fgrm of Shiva. The hall in FRONT of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession. This was decorated with delicately carved pillars He is also credited with the construction of the eastern gopuram. The additions meant that the central shrine came to occupy a relatively small part of the complex. The Mandaps in the temple wete used for a variety of purposes. In some places the images of gods were placed to WITNESS special programmes of music, dance, drama, etc. OTHERS were used to celebrate theVirupaksha and Vittala marri ages of deities, and some other were meant for the dcities to swing in special images, distinct from those kept in the small central shrine, were used on these occassions. Vittala temple too has several halls and a unique shrir disigned as chariot. A characteristic feature of the temple complexes is the chariot streets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line. These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops. |
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| 800. |
How did colonial cities reflect the mercantile culture of the new rulers? |
| Answer» Solution :(i) Colonial cities reflected the mercantile culture of the new rulers. Political power and patronage shield from INDIAN rulers to the merchants of the East India Company. (ii) Indians who worked as interpreters, middlemen, traders and suppliers of goods also had an important place in these cities. Economic activities near the river or the sea led to the development of docks and ghats. (iii) Along the shore were godowns, mercantile offices, insurance agencies shipping, transport depots, banking establishments. Further inland were the chief administrative offices of the Company. The WRITERS. Building in Calcutta was one such office. (iv) Around the periphery of the FORT, European merchants and AGENTS BUILT palatial houses in European styles. Some built garden houses in the suburbs. Racially exclusive clubs, race courses and theatres were also built for the ruling elite. | |