InterviewSolution
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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 1251. |
What were the differences in the techniques adopted by J. Marshal and R.E.M. Wheeler in studying Harappan civilisation? |
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Answer» Solution :John Marshal TENDED to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound, ignoring the stratigraphy of the site., all the artefacts recovered from the same UNIT were grouped TOGETHER, found at different stratigraphic layers. Valuable informationabout the context was irretrievably lost. R.E.M. Wheeler recognised that it was NECESSARY to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along UNIFORM horizontal lines. |
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| 1252. |
How the historians classify the context and the language of Mahabharata? Discuss. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Mahabharata was written in Sanskrit. But the Sanskrit used in the text was simpler than that used in the Vedas or in the Prashastis of the Gupta period. (ii) The content of the Mahabharata have been divided into two major heads—(a) narrative and (b) didactic. One section contains stories designated as narrative. Second that contains prescriptions about social norms designated as didactic. (iii) The didactic sections included stories and the narrative OFTEN contains social MESSAGE. (iv) Historians believe that the dramatic moving story with the didactic portion - the Bhagvad Gita was ADDED probably later. (v) There is controversy whether the WAR referred in the epic ACTUALLY occurred. Some historians have left the memory of an actual conflict among relatives has been retained in the narrative. |
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| 1253. |
Discuss the programmes and objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement. What is the importance of the movement? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The Non-cooperation movement was started in 1920. It was a mass-movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in which lakhs of people, belonging to all sections of society,took part. (II) According to Louis Fischer, "It entailed denial, renunciation and self-discpline. It was training for self-rule". (a) Programme and objectives of the movement: The main objectives included were: (i) It boycotted the foreign goods. (ii) It emphasised on the goods and THINGS manufactured in the country. (iii) Titles and honours conferred by the British government were returned. (iv) Resignation by Indian members nominated in the local institutions from their post. (v) Schools and colleges run by the British Government were boycotted. (vi) LAWYERS boycotted the civil courts. (VII) The soldiers, clerks, and workers refused to render any service abroad. (b) Importance of the Non cooperation Movement:(i) Due to the non cooperation movement Congress came in direct clash with the British Government. (ii) It was for the first time in the history of India a mass movement was launched all across the country against the British empire. (iii) The movement gave an opportunity to Indian industries to grow and establish FIRMLY. (iv) It speeded up Indian struggle to achieve freedom from British empire. |
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| 1254. |
Discuss the changes that characterised the new urban milieu. |
| Answer» Solution : (i) Madras, Bombay and Calcutta, the new colonial cities reflected the mercantile CULTURE of the rulers. Power and patronage shifted from Indian rulers to merchants of the East India company. (ii) Indian merchants established themselves as the interpreters dubashees middlemen, agents and suppliers of goods betweenIndian society and the British. (iii) Economic activity near the river or sea led to the development of docks and ghats. Along the share the East India Company established their godowns mechantile officers, insurance agencies for shipping transport depots banking establishments and chief administrative offices. (iv) The settlements were fortified and CAME to be known as fort area. Fort are mentioned separate quarters for Europeans and eventually became the nucleus of White Town. (v) In the CONTRAST to the White Town, Black town were developed at side the fort area and was occupied exclusively by the native. Indian town marked by crowding and lack of civic monitors. The labouring poor lived in make shift thatched huts in different parts of the city. (vi) The urban milieu changed in mid 19th century fear of rebellion after the REVOLT of 1857 led to development of new urban spaces called civil lines and cantonments. These areas were separated but attached to the Indian towns. (vii) They were marked by broad streets, bungalow set amidst largegardens, barracks, parade ground and church. They were meant as safe haven for Europeans. Fear of spread of disease from Black to White areas finally above the British to under take in 1860s and 1870s. (viii) Administrative measures regarding sanitation laying of underground piped water SUPPLY, sewerage and drainage system. Building activity in towns was regulated. | |
| 1255. |
How did the scholars reconstruct the history of the Gupta rulers? |
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Answer» Solution :Hhistories fo the Gupta rulers have been reconstructed from literature, coins and inscription, including prashastis, composed in praise of kings in particular and patrons in general by poets. (ii) Historians often attempt to draw factualinformation fromsuch compositions, those who composed and read them often treasured them as works of poetry than as ACCOUNTS that were literally true . (iii) The prayaga prashasti (also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription) composed in Sanskrit by Harisena, the court poet ofSamudragupta, arguably the most powerful of the Gupta rulers (fouth century CE ) ,is a case in POINT . (iv) It refers to Samudragupta.s conquests, quantities NEEDED in rulers, and how the rule of the king was equal to gods like KUBER, Indira, varun and Yama dwelling on earth . It suggests the ruler was a versatile GENIUS. |
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| 1256. |
Which one of the following statements about Renaissance Humanist culture is NOT true ? |
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Answer» It slackened the control of religion over human life |
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| 1257. |
Examine the different kinds of sources from which political career of Gandhiji and the history of the National Movement could be reconstructed. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Gandhiji was known through his writings and speeches and that of his CONTEMPORARIES. Gandhiji published in his journal .Harijan. letters that OTHERS wrote to him. Nehru edited and published .A Bunch of old letters. - collection of letters written to him during the national movement. (ii) The vital source for reconstruction are government records. The British kept a close WATCH on Gandhiji.s activities. The letters and reports written by policemen and other officials are now accessible to the public. (iii) The other sources are the contemporary newspapers published in English and vernacular languages. They tracked Gandhiji.s movement and reported on other relevant things. (iv) The newspapers could be biased or prejudiced as people who published them were guided by their own political OPINIONS and world views. These views shaped what was published and the way events were reported. (v) The accounts published in a London newspaper would be different from a report in an Indian nationalist paper or the reports on the salt march in the Time magazine. (vi) Mostly official accounts often expressed what the higher officials wanted to believe. Being aware of possibilities of a rebellion occurring, they still liked to pretend that nothing was amiss. (vii) A study of the fortnightly reports on the Dandi March reveal the Home Department was unwilling to believe that Gandhi.s actions evoked an enthusiastic response from the masses. (VIII) The march was seen as drama or as a desperate effort to mobilise people who were unwilling to rise against them. |
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| 1258. |
What were the aims which guided the framers of the constitution? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) To keep the country together and take it FORWARD. (II) To heal wounds of the PAST and present, and to make Indians of different CLASSES, and communities come together in a SHARED political experiment. |
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| 1259. |
We are not just going to copy' We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question : "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here?" Well, I told them that itis conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing Jess than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet, it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change thcir, shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so called democratic country. Wegoing just to. may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The house will notice that in this resolution, although not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. content of democracy in this resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if, I may people and be acceptable we have We have given the say so, of economic democracy in this resolution. Others might take objection to this resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a socialist state. Well, I stand for socialism and, I hope,to meIndia will stand for Socialism and that India will go towa rds the constitution of a socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. On what kind of socialiem did Nehru give stress to? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Nehruji was an ardent supporter of DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM. (ii) He wanted economic democracy. (iii) He opined that India would GO TOWARDS the Constitution of a socialist India. |
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| 1260. |
What happened to the political control after the Battle of Plassey and the expansion in trade of the East India Company? |
| Answer» SOLUTION : (i) As the BRITISH gradually acquired political control after the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the trade of the English East India Company expanded, colonial port cities developed. (ii) They were Madras, CALCUTTA and BOMBAY. They rapidly emerged as the new ECONOMIC capitals. | |
| 1261. |
We are not just going to copy' We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question : "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here?" Well, I told them that itis conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing Jess than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet, it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change thcir, shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so called democratic country. Wegoing just to. may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The house will notice that in this resolution, although not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. content of democracy in this resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if, I may people and be acceptable we have We have given the say so, of economic democracy in this resolution. Others might take objection to this resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a socialist state. Well, I stand for socialism and, I hope,to meIndia will stand for Socialism and that India will go towa rds the constitution of a socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. Explain why Nehru did not mention the word democratic in the resolution. |
| Answer» Solution : Nehruji made it CLEAR, "the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic instirutions. Obviously, we are aiming at DEMOCRACY and nothing less than democracy" | |
| 1262. |
Whose architectural traditions were adopted by the rulers of Vijayanagara ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The RULERS of VIJAYANAGARA empire adopted the architectural tradition set up by the rulers of Pallavas, the CHOLAS, the Hoysala and the Chalukyas dynasties. | |
| 1263. |
Who was the founder of the Asiatic Society of Bengal? When was it formed? Write its one achievement. |
| Answer» Solution : (i) Sir William JONES was the founder of Asiatic society of BENGAL. (ii) This society was founded in 1784. (III) This society TOOK the honour to PUBLISH the edited version Akbarnama and Badshahnann | |
| 1264. |
We are not just going to copy' We say that it is our firm and solemn resolve to have an independent sovereign republic. India is bound to be sovereign, it is bound to be independent and it is bound to be a republic ... Now, some friends have raised the question : "Why have you not put in the word 'democratic' here?" Well, I told them that itis conceivable, of course, that a republic may not be democratic but the whole of our past is witness to this fact that we stand for democratic institutions. Obviously we are aiming at democracy and nothing Jess than a democracy. What form of democracy, what shape it might take is another matter. The democracies of the present day, many of them in Europe and elsewhere, have played a great part in the world's progress. Yet, it may be doubtful if those democracies may not have to change thcir, shape somewhat before long if they have to remain completely democratic. We are not copy, I hope, a certain democratic procedure or an institution of a so called democratic country. Wegoing just to. may improve upon it. In any event whatever system of government we may establish here must fit in with the temper of our to them. We stand for democracy. It will be for this House to determine what shape to give to that democracy, the fullest democracy, I hope. The house will notice that in this resolution, although not used the word "democratic" because we thought it is obvious that the word "republic" contains that word and we did not want to use unnecessary words and redundant words, but we have done something much more than using the word. content of democracy in this resolution and not only the content of democracy but the content, if, I may people and be acceptable we have We have given the say so, of economic democracy in this resolution. Others might take objection to this resolution on the ground that we have not said that it should be a socialist state. Well, I stand for socialism and, I hope,to meIndia will stand for Socialism and that India will go towa rds the constitution of a socialist State and I do believe that the whole world will have to go that way. Mention the three basic features of the Constitution given in the above passage. |
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Answer» Solution : (i) The CONSTITUTION should have democratic principles. (ii)should be WRITTEN and unambiguous. (III) The Constitution should give equal rights to all the citizens, without any discrimination. |
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| 1265. |
Who were the Shakas? How were they regarded by Brahmans? |
| Answer» Solution :SHAKAS CAME from CENTRAL Asia. They were regarded as Mlechchhas, barbarians or OUTSIDERS by the BRAHMANS. | |
| 1266. |
What do you know about the life of Al-Biruni? OR Explain the description of Al-Biruni's life. OR How did Al-Biruni complete his life? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Muhammad Ibn-Ahmad ADU Rihabn Al-Biruniwas born in Khwarizmin UZEBEKISTAN on 4 Sept. 973. He attained his early education in Khwarizm, which was a FAMOUS centre of learning at that time. (ii) He became a well-versed in different languages like Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Sanskrit and Syriac. Due to his immense capability he became the member of Council of Khwarizm. (iii) Mahmud of Ghaznavi.s invasion on Khawarizm in 1017 CE, he was made a prisoner and brought to Ghazni. (iv) Impressed by his ability Mahmud Ghazni Assigned him the title of shah-e-khauwarizm. This incidence proved to be a turning point in the life of Al-Biruni. Staying in Ghazni his keen interest evoked in him to VISIT India. He died at age of 70 in Ghazni. |
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| 1267. |
Buddhism grow rapidly both during the lifetime of Buddha and also after his death. Justify that statement. |
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Answer» Solution :The founder of Buddhism was Gautama Budda. It was founded in the 6th century BCE and gained popularity during his lifetime and after his death. (i) Buddha preached his message in the common language of the people. (ii) His teachings were very SIMPLE and can easily be UNDERSTOOD. (iii) He opposed caste system. People of all caste groups became his followers. (iv) Buddhist monks preached message very quickly to different corner of India and abroad. (V) Buddhism opposed RITUAL and custom practiced in other religions. (vi) It was also patronised by many contemporary kings like Ashoka and Harsh. |
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| 1268. |
Its scribe the factors that led to the growth of Puranic Hinduism in India during 6 century BCE? Give reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :The growth of Puranic Hinduism in India is mainly connected with prevalent stories and the IDEA of salvation that GROWING along with Buddhism. There were two Puranic HINDU sects, one Vaishanav, who were devoted to bhakti of Lord Vishnu and other SHAIVA, who were devoted to bhakti of Lord Shiva. In case of Vaishnavism, cults developed around stories and avatars of Lord Vishnu. Purans talk of ten avatars of Lord Vishnu, with the 10th yet to come, who will come as savior of people to destruct evil. At the same time, there was growth of temple architecture and many temples were built in this period. This reinforced the versions and VISIONS of ranic Hinduism, thus giving it long lasting and tangible form. |
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| 1269. |
Read the source given below and answer the questions which follow : A sprawling city This is an excerpt from Domingo Paes's description of Vijayanagara : The size of this city I do not write here, because it cannot all be seen from any one spot, but I climbed a hill whence I could see a great part of it, I could not see it all because it lies between several ranges of hills. What I saw from thence seemed to me as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight, there are many groves of trees within it, in the gardens of the houses, and many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes, and the king has close to his palace a palm-grove and other rich fruit-bearing trees. (i) Who is the auther of this excerpt ? (ii) Why did the author not write about the size of Vijayanagara ? (iii) Write any three features of author's description of Vijayanagara. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The excerpt is TAKEN from Domingo Paes. description. (ii) It was because, he could not see it completely from any one SPOT. (iii) (a) The CITY was situated between several ranges of hills. (b) It seemed as large as ROME. (c ) It had many groves of TREES and garden. |
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| 1270. |
The idnustrial revolution in Enland had a profound impact on the lives of people. Which of the following statements are correct about that ? |
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Answer» 1 and 3 only |
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| 1271. |
What were the reasons for the development of a new belief of Mahayana in Buddhism ? Discuss. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) By the first century CE, there is evidence of change in Buddhist ideas and practices Buddhist teachings had given great importance to self-effort in achieving nibhana . (ii) Buddha was regarded as human being who ATTAINED enlightenment and nibhana through his own efforts. Gradually the idea of a saviour emerged . It was believed that he was ONE who COULD ensure salvation. (iii) The concept of Bodhisattva also developed, who were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana and thereby abandon the world, but to help others . (iv) The WORSHIP of images of Buddha and Bodhisattas became an important part of this tradition. New way of thinking was called Mahayana . It was literally know as the "great vehicle " . Supporters of Mahayana regarded other Buddhist as Hinayana . |
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| 1272. |
Describe the various incarnation of Vishnu according to Vaishnavism . |
| Answer» SOLUTION :According toVaishnavism there are TEN incarnations of Vishnu . These are: Matsya, Kurma , Varsha , NARSIMHA , Vamana, Parsurama, Ram, KRISHNA , Buddha and KALKI. | |
| 1273. |
What different arguments were put forward by those advocating a strong centre? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :A. The main proponents for a strong centre were Jawaharlal Nehru, B.R. Ambedkar, Gopalaswamy Ayyangar and Balkrishna Sharma. The distinct bias of the constituent ASSEMBLY in favour of a strong centre, right of the Union over those of the States needs to be understood in the LIGHT of violence of the time following partition. Arguments in favour: (i) J.L. Nehru-To ensure peace, for coordinating vitalmatters of communication, will be able to speak effectively for the WHOLE country in the international sphere. (ii) B.R. Ambedkar-Powers of the centre had to be greatly strengthened to stop communal frenzy. (iii) Balkrishna Sharma-Only a strong centre can plan for the well being of the country, mobilise resources and establish proper administration. Defend the country against foreign aggression. B. (i) Powers to legislate were divided between the centre and state on the basis of three lists-the union, concurrent and state list. (ii) Union list contained 97 subjects of national importance, only central government could legislate on them. (iii) 66 subjects are covered under the state list and state could pass laws on them. (iv) Both the centre and state could pass laws on current lists, only forty seven subjects. (v) Article 356, gave the centre powers to take over a state administration on the recommendation of governor. |
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| 1274. |
Examine the evidence that suggests that land revenue was important for Mughal fiscalsystem . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Agriculture wasthe mainstay of the economy. Land REVENUE collected was used to paysalaries and to meet differentkinds of administrativeexpenses. So it was considered important to ESTABLISH an administrative apparatus to ensure control over agricultural production. (ii) Thus , beforefixing land revenue, Mughal state firstacquired specificinformation aboutthe extent of agricultural lands andtheir produce. (iii)Lad revenue collection arrangements consistedof two stagesof assessment. These were Jama and hasil . Cultivatorswere given the choiceto pay land revenue either in cashor kind. The state preferred to collect land revenue as cash . Attempts were made to maximize profits fromthe land revenue collection. (iv)Both cultivated and cultivable landsweremeasured in each province to fix land revenue.According toa decree of Akbar . It wasthe responsibility of malguzarto make cultivatorpay land revenue in kind and it was alsokept open. (v) Thus,it is clear from evidence that the monetary transactions were very important. To continuethis policy, efforts by subsequent emperors like Aurangzeb continuedtomeasure land for collection of landrevenue . (VI)Uniform tax was levied ongoodsat the point of their entry intothe empire. (vii)Road cesses and rahdari wasdeclared illegal though it continued to be collectedby some of the local Rajas. (viii)The Mughal issued SILVER rupeesof high purity thatbecame a standard coin in Indiaand abroad. It helpedIndia.s trad andrevenue. (ix)Thefavourable balance of trade resulted in imports of GOLD and silver . A positive growth in revenuewas considered. |
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| 1275. |
How did the Harappan Culture (civilisation) come to its end? |
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Answer» Solution :Dr. H. Heras has rightly observed "The destruction of the Indus valley civilisation is a postulate which has never been proved". Our knowledge about its decay and decline is still in a conjectural stage more and less. Then end of the Harappan culture was as mysterious as its beginning. Causes of its decline or destruction are stated below as: (i) Climatic change: The drastic climatic changes occurred in these regions leading to devastation of the agricultural production. (ii) Outdated technology: Evidences show the end of the culture was a gradual process. Expansion of populations into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Important features related Harappan Culture such as pottery, weights, artefacts, crafts ETC disappeared. House construction techniques deteriorated. This was a strong unifying element, perhaps the decline of culture, came to an end. (iii) Deforestation: Excessive deforestation, on account of providing fuel to millions of kiln producing burnt bricks led to decrease in rainfall. Decreasing the fertility on account of increasing salinity of the SOIL CAUSED by expansion of neighbouring arid areas. (iv) Deterioration in environmental conditions: In the words of Dr. Raikes, the cities were exposed to a slow and continuous process of deterioration in environmental conditions - growth of slums, congested house etc. The deterioration speeded up as the culture had exhausted its energy and stagnation set in.. (v) Natural Calamities: "Mr. Sahni has concluded from his research that floods had swept the Indus culture away." Some scholars put the blame on earthquakes for the disappearance of the culture. (vi) Aryan Invasion: Eminent scholars like Sir R. E. M. Wheeler, M. Taddei, H. G. Wells and Sir Wooley are of the view that the Aryan invasion destroyed the civilisation. Wheeler.s view is BASED on the skeleton remains found at Deadman Lane and correlation of the archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda. But George Dales refutes Wheeler. Early interpretations believed in a dramatic collapse of the entire civilisation. (vii) Change in the course of rivers: Many scholars stated that the change in the course of the river led to the drying up of the SURROUNDING countryside due to the overuse of the landscapes. (viii) Mixed causes: In the words of .Romila Thapar. - "It is now generally agreed that the decline of Harappan culture was due to environmental changes of various kinds to political pressure and possible break in trading activities and not to any invasion." |
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| 1276. |
What was the ryotwari system? Why did the ryots turn violent ? Explain three reasons. |
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Answer» Solution : Ryotwari was the land revenue system started by Munroe in the Bombay Deccan based on fixation of revenue terms directly with the RYOTS only Ryots turned violent. (i) The revenue that was demanded was so HIGH that in many places peasants deserted their villages and migrated to new regions. (ii) In areas of poor scil and fluctuating rainfall the PROBLEM was particularly acure. (iii) However, the collectors went about extracting payment with utmost severity. (iv) When someone failed to pay, his crops were seized and a fine was imposed on the whole village. (v) By the 1830s the problem became more evere. Prices of agricultural products fell sharply after 1832. (vi) This meant a further decline in peasants INCOME. (vii) At the same time the countryside was devastated-by-a-famine (viii) Inevitably, they borrowed. Revenue could rarely be paid without a loan FROMA moneylender. (ix) But once a loan was taken, the ryot found it difficult to pay it back. |
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| 1277. |
Discuss in detail the plans of the Cabinet Mission. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) A three member Cabinet Mission arrived in India in March 1946. There were three members namely Lord Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and Alexander, It MET 472 political leaders of India and DISCUSSED all political problems with them. On 16 may ,1946, it presented its plan. (ii) India would follow a three-tier confederation it would include all the PROVINCES as well as the princely states. (iii) This confederation would have its own legislature and executive having representative of the provinces and the princely states both. (iv) The princely states will continue their control on all those subject which would not be given to the confideration. (V) The provinces would be free to associate with various subject of common interest. (vi) To frame the constitution of India,a contituent assembly shall be organised and consisted of 389 members.They will be elected by the people of different groups. (vii)According to their ratio of population, seats to the minorities to be alloted. (viii) The interim government would be formed till the formation of new government. All 14 members to be selected from all political parties. |
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| 1278. |
Statement I: Chartism was the political reform comapaign for dmeocratic rights which swept over Britain between 1838 and 1848. Statement II : The trade union movement declinded by the 1830s as it failed to fulfill the aspirations of the working class. |
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Answer» Both the statements are individually TRUE and statement II is the correct EXPLANATION of statement I. |
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| 1279. |
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of appearance of the poet-saints of the Bhakti-sufi tradition? |
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Answer» Basavanna-Appar-Mira Bai-LAL Ded |
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| 1280. |
Assess the role played by Panchayats in the villages during Mughal period. |
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Answer» Solution : Role of Mughal Panchayats: (i) The village panchayat was an assembly of elders, with hereditary rights. (ii) In mixed-caste villages, the panchayat was usually a heterogeneous body. (iii) The panchayat was headed by a headman KNOWN as wgaddam or mandal chosen thraugh the consensus of the elders and zamindar. (iv) Headmen held office as long as they enjoyed the confdence of the village elders. (v) The CHIEF tunction of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by the accountant or patan. (vi) The panchayat derived its FUNDS from common financial pool. (vii) Expenses for community welfare activities such as digging a canal, tiding over floods were also met from these funds. (viii) One important function of the panchayat was to ensure the caste boundaries among the communities inhabiting the village were upheld. (ix) In eastern India all marriages were held in the presence of mandals. (x) Panchayats also had the authority of levy FINES and inflict more serious forms of punishment LIKE expulsion from the commodity. (xi) Caste or jati in the village had its own jati panchayat. (xii) In Rajasthan jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes beiween members of different castes |
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| 1281. |
"Early Harappan archaeologists thought that certain objects which seems unusual and unfamiliar may have had a religious significance". Substantiate. |
| Answer» Solution :The early Harappan ARCHAEOLOGISTS thought that anything unusual or unfamuilbar had a religious significance.The terracota figurines of women found in Harappa were thought to be of motther goddess. The men figures were thought to be of PRIEST kings The great bath was considered as a PLACE of ritual. A FIGURE sitting cross legged was called yogi or Pashupatinath by some. CONICAL objects found were termed as lingas. Even the script has trident or plants which was given religious siguificauce. So, that Harappan archeologists relate the things and make religious significance. | |
| 1282. |
Mention any two features of the Hazara Rama temple in Royal centre. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) It was a royal place of worship and was USED by KING and his family. (II) Both bricks and STONES were used in its construction. The garbhagriha, the KALYANA Mandapa and Viman of this temple were its quite impressive features. |
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| 1283. |
Read the following extracts carefully and answer the question that followes: Samudragupta In praise of Samudragupta This is an excerpt from the Prayaga Prashasti: He vas without an antagonist on carth, he, by the over lowing of the mulutude of (his) quali ties adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (is) feet (he is) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible (he is) one whose tender heart can be capturedonly by devotion and humility, (he is) possessed many good of cmpassion,e s e gvet of many hundred- thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cereifonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind:(he is) equal to (the-gods) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Inda (the god of rain.i) and Yama (the god of death).. Mention any tree qualities of the ruler described in the excerpt. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The RULER should be powerful with plethora of GOOD qualities (II) The ruler should bring prosperity (iii) The ruler should have compassion and should try for the uplift of the miserable, the POOR and the FORLORN. |
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| 1284. |
Write some distinctive features of the Vitthala temple. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :The Vitthala temple is in Hampi. It was constructed by Krishnadeva Raya in `1513`. Although the construction work was started by Krishnadeva Raya, it also continued after his death. This BEAUTIFUL temple is dedicated to Vitthala or the Vishnu. (i) This temple is constructed in a compound measuring `152xx94` metres and has three beautiful Gopurams. (ii) There are `48` magnificent pillars in Kalyana Mandapa which have been carved out of ROCKS. (III) The artistic work on the pillar is very beautiful. (iv) A chariot built in the front of the temple add to BEAUTY of the temple. |
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| 1285. |
Read the following extracts carefully and answer the question that followes: Samudragupta In praise of Samudragupta This is an excerpt from the Prayaga Prashasti: He vas without an antagonist on carth, he, by the over lowing of the mulutude of (his) quali ties adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (is) feet (he is) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible (he is) one whose tender heart can be capturedonly by devotion and humility, (he is) possessed many good of cmpassion,e s e gvet of many hundred- thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cereifonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind:(he is) equal to (the-gods) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Inda (the god of rain.i) and Yama (the god of death).. How fat are these values, shown by the rulers, relevant in the contemporary society ? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The values shown in the above MENTIONED passage are RELEVANT in the CONTEMPORARY society to a GREAT extent. The rulers ought to have positive attinide for the welfare of his countrymen. (ii) Fe should try incessantly to bring prosperity and equality in all walks.of life. |
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| 1286. |
What do you know about the authors and the period when Mahabharata was compiled? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :AUTHORS and the period of Mahabharata (i) Mythological View: According to tradition, Vyasa dictated the text to the deity. (ii) The original story was probably composed by charioteer-bards, known as sutas who generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors to the battlefield and composed poems celebrating their victories and other achievements. (iii) These compositions CIRCULATED orally on CE 500. Then, from the fifth century BCE, Brahmanas took over the story and began to commit it to writing. (iv) ANOTHER phase in the composition of the text was completed between c. 200 BCE and 200 CE. This was the period when the worship of Vishnu was growing in importance, and Krishna, one of the important figures of the epic, was coming to be identified with Vishnu. (v) Subsequently, between c. 200 and 400 CE, large didactic sections resembling the Manusmriti were added. With these additions, a text, which initially perhaps had less than 10,000 verses, grew to comprise about 100,000 verses. (vi) This enormous composition is traditionally attributed to a SAGE named Vyasa. |
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| 1287. |
How do we get information about the Indus Valley civilisation? |
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Answer» Solution :We get valuable information about the Harappan culture/civilisation with the help of different sources. They are as follow: (i) About 2000 seals are found and of these a great majority carry short INSPIRATIONS with pictures of the one-horned bull, the buffalo, the tiger and the elephant (ART of curving). (ii) Different TYPE of buildings, ROADS, street, bath, etc. excavated at Harappa, Mohenjodaro and other sites spark a light on Harappan culture/civilisation. (iii) The ruins give an idea of city dwelling with good planning and other civic sense clearly. (iv) Different specimens of art such as sculpture (a red sandstone male torso). The art of POTTERY (consisted of wheel-made wares, heavy and utilitarian), etc. |
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| 1288. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Ain on land revenue collection Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is effected in several ways, First, kankut in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates. If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation should be removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required, otherwise, the evil minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai, after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and ceash takes his share home and turns it to profit. Do you think that the land revenue system of the Mughals was flexible ? |
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Answer» Solution :Yes, the land revenue system of the Mughals was flexible, (i) First TAX asssessment-(Jama) was made and then actual collection-(Hasil) (ii) The option of paying in CASH or kind was AVAILABLE to farmers. (iii) The lands were ACTUALLY measured and then the ASSESSMENT of revenue made. |
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| 1289. |
Read the following extracts carefully and answer the question that followes: Samudragupta In praise of Samudragupta This is an excerpt from the Prayaga Prashasti: He vas without an antagonist on carth, he, by the over lowing of the mulutude of (his) quali ties adorned by hundreds of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (is) feet (he is) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is) incomprehensible (he is) one whose tender heart can be capturedonly by devotion and humility, (he is) possessed many good of cmpassion,e s e gvet of many hundred- thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cereifonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind:(he is) equal to (the-gods) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Inda (the god of rain.i) and Yama (the god of death).. Who wrote the above Prashasti? State the importance of Prashasti, |
| Answer» Solution :The Prayaga Prashasti (also known as the "Allahabad Pillar Inscription') Sanskrit by HARISHENA. This Prashasti said that SAMUDRAGUPTA was without was composed in an antagonist on EARTH and was adorned by hundreds of good ACTIONS. | |
| 1290. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Ain on land revenue collection Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is effected in several ways, First, kankut in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates. If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation should be removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required, otherwise, the evil minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai, after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and ceash takes his share home and turns it to profit. How as the land revenuc assessed in the case of batai or bhaoli? |
| Answer» SOLUTION : BATAI also called bhaoli, the crops are REAPED and STACKED and DIVIDED by agreement in the presence of the parties. | |
| 1291. |
Examine the land revenue system that was introduced in Bombay Deccan. How did the peasants fall into the debt-trap of the moneylenders? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution : Land Revenue System (i) The revenue system that was introduced in the Bombay DECCAN came to be known as the ryotwari settlement. The revenuc was DIRECTLY settled with the ryot. (ii) The average income from different types of soil was estimated, the revenue-paying capacity of the ryot was assesscd and a proportion of it fixed as the SHARE of the state. (iii) The lands were resurvcyed every 30 years and the revenue rates increased. Therefore, the revenue demand was no longer permanent. (IV) It was based on Ricardian ideas. Peasants fell into Debt-trap of money lenders (i) Duriog the-1820s-the-revenue-that was demanded was so high. (ii) In areas of poor soil and FLUCTUATING rainfall, the problem was particularly scute-When rains failed and harests were poor, peasants found it impossible to pay-the revemre. (iii) However, the collectors in charge of revenue collection were keen on demonstrating their efficiency and pleasing their superiors. So, they went about extracting payment with utmost severity. |
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| 1292. |
On an outline world map, mark the areas to which Buddhism spread . Trace the land and sea routes from the subcontinent areas. |
Answer» Solution :(i) INDIA , (ii) Bhutan , (iii) Afghanistan, (iv) China, (v) Japan , (vi) Korea, (vii) THAILAND , (viii) SRI Lanka (IX) MYANMAR (x) Indonesia 
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| 1293. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: The Ain on land revenue collection Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is effected in several ways, First, kankut in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates. If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation should be removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required, otherwise, the evil minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai, after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and ceash takes his share home and turns it to profit. Explain the kankut system of land revenue. |
| Answer» Solution :In the Kankut system, in the Hindi language kan signifies GRAIN and kut estimates. If any doubts arise the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots : the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation should be REMOVED. OFTEN, too, the land TAKEN by APPRAISEMENT, gives a sufficiently accurate return | |
| 1294. |
Historians have used avariety of sources to reconstruct the history of the Mauryan Empire. State any four such sources. |
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Answer» Solution : HISTORIANS have used the FOLLOWING of Sources to reconstruct the history of the MAURYAN Empire. These include: (i) Archacological findings especially seculprure. (ii) The account of Megasthenes which SURVIVE in fragments. (iii) The Arthashastra, parts of which were probably composed by Kautilya or Chanakya. (iv) Buddhist, JAIN and Puranic literature, as well as Sanskrit literary works. (v) The inscriptions of Ashoka (c. 272/268-23) on rocks and pillars. |
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| 1295. |
How was Buddha's presence shown through symbols? Given two examples . |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The stupas REPRESENTED the Maha-parinibbana of BUDDHA. (ii) The empty SEAT indicated the meditation of the Buddha. . |
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| 1296. |
Nobles at court The Jesuit priest Father antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akba, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent throuh the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the king summons them to court and gives them imperious commandes, as though they were. his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity. (ii) How did the emperor control his nobles? |
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Answer» Solution :(ii) The Mughal emperor controlled his nobles: (a) Personally reviewed CHANGES in their mansabdari. (b) By CHANGING their mansab. (c) By ESTABLISHING SPIRITUAL relationship with the SELECTED nobles. |
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| 1297. |
Enumerate the causes of partition. Was it avoidable? |
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Answer» Solution :The causes of partition of India are as follows: (i) Muslim League was formed in 1906. with declared objective of serving interest of Muslims. It claimed to be sole representative of Muslim and described Congress as party of Hindu. (ii) Muslim League demanded separate seats in provincial and central legislatures for Muslims. The British government was more than happy to accept it. This legitimised the notion that Muslim were different from other INDIANS. (iii)Muslims League leaders went on a propaganda that Muslims would not have a secured future in India that had Hindu majority (iv) There were Hindu outfits too, that WANTED to turn India into a Hindu Rashtra when British had left. (v)Communal riots engulfed the country after failure of Cabinet Mission and India had to be partitioned. The partition was not AVOIDABLE and meant throwing India into CIVIL war , that would deny any possiblity of growth and prosperity in the country. |
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| 1298. |
How were the water requirments of Vijayanagara met ? |
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Answer» Solution :A (i) The requirement of water in Vijayanagara was fulfilled from the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This flowed in the north - eastern direction and was surrounded by stunning granite hills. It flowed down to the river Tungabhadra. B. (i) So the rulers of the Vijayanagara built large embankments to store water. They also constructed reservoirs of varying SIZES. They also made arrangements to store the rain water as this was the most ARID zone of the penisula. (ii) A very large tank was found built in the `15th` century to store water. The water tank is presently known as Kamalapuram tank. The water of this tank was USED for several Royal centre purposes. (III) The water from the tank was used to irrigate the nearby fields. The water to tank fulfilled the needs of the Royal centre. (iv) The Hiriya canal drew water a DAM across the Tungabhadra river which was used for irrigation. 
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| 1299. |
Nobles at court The Jesuit priest Father antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akba, noticed: In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent throuh the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the king summons them to court and gives them imperious commandes, as though they were. his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity (iii) Describe any two characteristics of Mughal nobility. |
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Answer» Solution :(iii) Characteristics of Mughal Nobility: (a) The Mughal Nobility participated in the MILITARY campaign. (b) The NOBLE served as the REPRESENTATIVE of the EMPEROR in their respective, provinces. |
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| 1300. |
How do archaeologists trace socio-economic differences in Harappan society? What are the differences that they notice? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Following strategies are used by the archaeologists for tracing socio-economic differences. 1. Studying Burials: The burials in Harappa were usually-laid in pits. The differences LAY in the manner in which they were made and other things they contained. The manner in which the burials were made by many historians mark social differences. In the Harappan sites the dead were laid in pits. At some instances, the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. 2. Studying ASrtefacts: Archaeologists classified them as utilitarian and luxuries. Objects of daily use made of ordinary material such as CLAY or stone come under utilitarian and luxuries. Objects of daily use made of ordinary material such as clay or stone come under utilitarian category. Ordinary articles consisted of querns, pottery, flesh-rubbers and needles. Objects of luxuries were rare and made from precious, non-local materials. The technology used was advanced and complicated. LITTLE pots of faience were considered precious. These show the existence of social and economic variation of Harappan society. |
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