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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 1551. |
Why were Britishers keen to create the familiar landscape in Bombay ? Give two reasons. |
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Answer» Solution :British were KEEN to make familiar landscape of Bombay because of the following two reason : (i) They wanted to make European STYLE buildings so that they can feel home in the colony. (ii) The British felt that European styles would best symbolise their SUPERIORITY, AUTHORITY and POWER. |
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| 1552. |
Explain the features of Islamic religion which contributed to its spread through the subcontinent. |
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Answer» Solution :The features of Islam that contributed to its spread through the subcontinent are: (a) Believers of Islam accepted in principle, the five "pillars" of the faith. (b) There is just one GOD ie, Allah, and Prophet Muhammad is his MESSENGER (shahada). (c) They offered prayers five times a day (namaz/salab). (d) Believed in giving alms (zakat). (e) Fasting during the month of Ramzan (sawm). (f) Performed the pilgrimage to Mecca (HA). (G) KINGS played an important role in spreading (h) Sufi saints also played an important role. (i) The Arab traders who had settled in the Mahbar Coast adopted local languages and the local customs The architectural features of mosques were influenced by regional (local) traditions. (k) The Khojahs, a branch of the lsmailis-(the Shi'aseet), developed new modes of communication, spreading ideas from the Qur'an through indigenous literary genres. |
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| 1553. |
Examine the importance aand limitations of Ain-i-Akbari as a source of Akhbar's resign. Can be examined as under. |
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Answer» Solution :The importance and limitations of Ain-i-Akbari as a source of Akbar.s reign can be examined as under. I. Importance of the Ain-i Akbari: (i) TheAin-iAkbari was the crystal CLEAR mirror depicting historical and administrative project of CLASSIFICATION undertaken by Abu.l Fazl. This gigantic project was taken by him at the order of emperor Akbar and was completed in 1598, the 42nd year of reign of the Mughal emperor. (ii) The Ain consists of five books or daftars. The first book, known as manzil- abadi describes the royal household and its maintenance. Mulk-abadi the third book, gives the account of fiscal analysis and information on revenue rates. (iii) THOUGH the Ain was officially sponsored document yet proved much more than simply a reproduction of OFFICIAL papers. To maintain its relevance, the oral testimonies were cross checked and duly verified before being included as facts. (iv) The Ain was a comprehensive and logical historical document which was also known as the Akbar Nama. II. Limitations of the Ain: (i) The process of data collection has not been done uniformly from all provinces. (ii) Many provinces or subas were given importance over others. (iii) The scope of data collection is also limited, hence it is of limited relevance for the rest of Mughal empire. (iv) The historians have highlighted the glaring errors particularly transcriptional errors in the Ain. Hence, the book has some limitations. Conclusion: DESPITE its limitations, the Ain is an outstanding document of its times. The Ain constitutes a benchmark for studying India. |
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| 1554. |
Into how many categories the religious sects that originated during the 6th century BC can be divided ? |
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Answer» Solution :RELIGIOUS sects can be divided into two categories : (i) The FAITHS which were openly against VEDIC religion . (II) The faiths which did not oppose vedic religion openly but propagated NEW principal veneration one. |
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| 1555. |
Akbar was a liberal emperor. How? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :Akbar was very liberal and a modest ruler. It may be explained as follows: (a) Appointment of Hindus on Higher Post: (1) Akbar APPOINTED many Hindus NOBLES in imperial services. He did not pay much attention on one.s religion as he appointed him on any post. (II) Hindus, Raja Todar Mal, Man SINGH, Birbal were the leading nobles who joined the imperial service. (b) Establishing marital relations: (i) Akbar established marital relations with the daughter of Rajput kings. In 1562, he got married to the daughter of arljput king of Ajmer. (ii) Akbar appointed his relatives in imperial service. In this way the religious tolerance policy of Akbar started with his marriage. (c) Religious freedom: (i) Akbar provided religious freedom to his subjects. (ii) He implemented royal orders that no one will be converted forcibly into other religion. (d) Din-i-Ilahi: (i) Akbar welcomed all good virtues and elements of all the religions and sects. (ii) He introduced a new religion in 1582 which was KNOWN as Din-i-Ilahi. It is absolutely countable that Akbar was so liberal ruler. |
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| 1556. |
Identify the distinctive feature of the Imperial household of the Mughal Empire. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : REFER to NCERT, Q3. | |
| 1557. |
The treaty of Schonbrun (1809)was signed after which one of the following battles ? |
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Answer» Battle of Austerlitz |
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| 1558. |
Building or architectural remains are a source for reconstruction of history. Discuss. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Buildings that survive are IMPORTANT source for the RECONSTRUCTION of the PAST. They explain about the spaces which were managed and used as well as MATERIALS and techniques used. (ii) By fortifications we come to know defence measures and military preparedness of the city. (iii) The buildings elaborate the spread of ideas and cultural effect. They convey the ideas that builders wished to project. The symbols used are reflective in the cultural context. (iv) The other sources of information are combined with literature, inscriptions and popular traditions. Thus buildings are an important source material for reconstruction of the past. (v) But the architectural features do not reflect about the ordinary men, women, children and vast majority of the people. |
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| 1559. |
We can adopt the following two strategies to bring about peaceful coexistence and fraternity in the contemporary Indian society: |
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Answer» Solution :(i)TEACHING tolerance of DIVERSITY in our indian culture with respeet to religion, culture, language etc, from the very start of school education (II) Political will to do AWAY with casteism as a means to MOBILIZE people. |
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| 1560. |
"The Non-Cooperation Movement was training for self rule," Analyze the statement of American biographer Louis Fisher in the context of Indian Nationalism. |
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Answer» Solution :Gandhiji hoped that by coupling Non-cooperation with Khilafat, the Hindus and Muslims collectively will bring an end to the British rule.These movemnents were a surge of popular action that was unprecedented in colonial rule. The people were asked to stop attending schools, colleges and law courts, and not pay taxes. In sum, they were asked to adhere to a "renunciation of (voluntary association with the (British) Government". If non-cooperation was effetively carried out, said Gandhiji, India win SWARAJ within a year. Consquently, students stopped going to schools and colleges run by the government. Lawyers refused to attend court. The working class went on strike in MANY towns and cities. According to official figures, there were 396 strikes in 1921, involving 600,000 workers and a loss of seven million workdays. The countryside was filled with DISCONTENT too. Hill tribes in Northern Andhra violated the forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes and peasants in Kumaun refused to carry loads for colonial officials. These protest movements were sometimes carried out in defiance of the local nationalist leadership. Peasants, workers, and others interpreted and acted upon the call to "non-cooperate" with colonial rule in ways that best suited their interests. The main ideas behind the movement were Satya, Satyagraha, Ahimsa, Selfdiscipline. The British Raj was shaken to its foundation. The non copreation movement. brought people from different parts of the country to fight against the British. People of all castes and creeds participated in the movement, Pcople from all classes of society participated in the movement. Khadi, promotion of village industries, Hindu-Muslim unity, abolition ountouchability, boycott of British goods and social reforms werc an imporantpart of the movement. Chauri Chaura incident forced Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement. In words of MAHATMA Gandhi's American biographer Louis Fischer, "Non-cooperation became the name of an epoch in the life of India and of Gandhiji. Non-cooperation was negative enough to be peaceful but positive enough to be effective. It entailed denial, renunciation, and SELF discipline. It was training for self-rule." |
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| 1561. |
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given as follows: This is the excerpt from the prayaga prashasti…..yama (the fod of death). He was without an antagonist on earth, he, by the overflowing of the adorned by hundreads of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his)feet, (he is ) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is ) incomparehensible, (he is ) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility, (he is ) possessed of compassion, (he is ) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cermonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is ) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind: ( he is) equal to (the gods ) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Indra (the god of rains) and Yama (the god of death).......... (i) What is a prashasti? Who wrote the aboveprashasti ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Prashasti is an inscription COMPOSED in the praise of KINGS by eminent POETS. It was written by HARISENA. | |
| 1562. |
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given as follows: This is the excerpt from the prayaga prashasti…..yama (the fod of death). He was without an antagonist on earth, he, by the overflowing of the adorned by hundreads of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his)feet, (he is ) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is ) incomparehensible, (he is ) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility, (he is ) possessed of compassion, (he is ) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cermonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is ) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind: ( he is) equal to (the gods ) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Indra (the god of rains) and Yama (the god of death).......... (iii)Why did rulers identify themselves with a variety of deities? |
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Answer» Solution :(iii) The prashati EQUATES the ruler (the king) to (the GODS) (a) KUBERA (the god of wealth) (b) Varuna (the god of the OCEAN) (c) Indra (the god of rains ) and (d) Yama (the god of DEATH) |
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| 1563. |
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given as follows: This is the excerpt from the prayaga prashasti…..yama (the fod of death). He was without an antagonist on earth, he, by the overflowing of the adorned by hundreads of good actions, has wiped off the fame of other kings with the soles of (his)feet, (he is ) Purusha (the Supreme Being), being the cause of the prosperity of the good and the destruction of the bad (he is ) incomparehensible, (he is ) one whose tender heart can be captured only by devotion and humility, (he is ) possessed of compassion, (he is ) the giver of many hundred-thousands of cows, (his) mind has received cermonial initiation for the uplift of the miserable, the poor, the forlorn and the suffering, (he is ) resplendent and embodied kindness to mankind: ( he is) equal to (the gods ) Kubera (the god of wealth), Varuna (the god of the ocean), Indra (the god of rains) and Yama (the god of death).......... (ii) Mention any three qualities of ruler according to the prashasti. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(ii) A RULER (a) Should be powerful (b) Should have KINDNESS (c) Should BRING PROSPERITY |
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| 1564. |
What were the barrier's discussed by Al-Biruni that obstructed him in understanding India? OR What problems did Al-Biruni face in understanding Indian customs and practices. |
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Answer» Solution :Al-Biruni FACED following barriers: (i) Problems of Language: He mentioned that Sanskrit was so different from Arabic and PERSIAN. (ii) IDEAS and concept COULD not be easily translated from one language. (iii) Difference in religious beliefs and practices: He belongs to Muslim COMMUNITY and his religious beliefs and his practices were quiet different from India. (iv) Self absorption and insularity of the local population. According to him, the third barrier was the isolation policy of the Indians. (v) Brahmanical works on which he was depended. Vedas, Purans, Bhagvad Gita Manusmriti, Dharamshastras, writing of Patanjali. |
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| 1565. |
Examine why were the geligious divisions between Hindus and Muslims hardly noticeable during the uprising of 1857 |
| Answer» Solution :It was remarkable that the uprising religious DIVISIONS between Hindus and Muslims were hardly noticeable despite British attempts to create such divisions. The rebel proclutnations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to ali sections of the population, irrespective of their caste and creed. Many of the proclamations were issued by Muslim princes or in their names but even these took care to address the sentiments of Hindus. The rebellion was seen as a war in which both Hindus and Muslims had equally to lose orgain. The ishtahars harked back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and GLORIFIED the coexistence of different communities under the Mughal Empire. The proclamation that was issued under the NAME of Batrdar Shmhrappeated to the people to JOIN the fight under the STANDARDS of both Muhammad and Mahavir. In Bareilly in Western Uttar Pradesh, in December 1857, the British spent 50,000 to incite the Hindu population against the Muslims. However, the auempt failed. | |
| 1566. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow "British element is gone but they have left the mischief behind". Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said: It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough.We have heard it for years, and as a result of this agitation we are now a scparate nation... Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates? If so, I shall be prepared to acceptit. But in this unfortunate country if this separate electorate is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, woe betide the country, it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it infor your own good that I say it, forget the past. One day, we mnay be united.. The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind, We do not want to perpetuate that mischief. (Hear, hear). When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they will have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not? How did the philosophyof separate electorates result in a separate nation |
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Answer» Solution :Philosophy of Separate ELECTORATE: (i) It turned one community against ANOTHER and caused LOT of bloodshed. (ii) Separatist feelings were cultivated by the British for their selfish ENDS. (iii) Communal hatred led to the tragic partition. (iv) It led to the isolation of minorities and eventual partition. |
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| 1567. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow "British element is gone but they have left the mischief behind". Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said: It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough.We have heard it for years, and as a result of this agitation we are now a scparate nation... Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates? If so, I shall be prepared to acceptit. But in this unfortunate country if this separate electorate is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, woe betide the country, it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it infor your own good that I say it, forget the past. One day, we mnay be united.. The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind, We do not want to perpetuate that mischief. (Hear, hear). When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they will have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not? State the arguments given by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel for building political unity and forging a nation. |
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Answer» Solution :Building political unity and FORGING a nation: (i) He CONSIDERED separate electorate as a poison. (ii) For the goodness of the country it should not be followed. (iii) It was nccessary for maintenance of PEACE that this system is not followed. (iv) In order to build a STRONG nation every individual must be moulded as a citizen and assimilated within the nation (v) For political unity assimilation is a must but not separatist feelings. |
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| 1568. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow "British element is gone but they have left the mischief behind". Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel said: It is no use saying that we ask for separate electorates, because it is good for us. We have heard it long enough.We have heard it for years, and as a result of this agitation we are now a scparate nation... Can you show me one free country where there are separate electorates? If so, I shall be prepared to acceptit. But in this unfortunate country if this separate electorate is going to be persisted in, even after the division of the country, woe betide the country, it is not worth living in. Therefore, I say, it is not for my good alone, it infor your own good that I say it, forget the past. One day, we mnay be united.. The British element is gone, but they have left the mischief behind, We do not want to perpetuate that mischief. (Hear, hear). When the British introduced this element they had not expected that they will have to go so soon. They wanted it for their easy administration. That is all right. But they have left the legacy behind. Are we to get out of it or not? Why are separate.clectorates considered as a mischief? |
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Answer» Solution :SEPARATE electorate was considered as a mischief: (i) It was like a POISON that had entered into politics. (ii) The demand had TURNED one COMMUNITY against another (iii) It caused bloodshed, civil war tiots. (iv) It divided the nation. |
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| 1569. |
Mention how the successors of Krishnadeva Raya were troubled by the rebellious Nayakas and military chiefs after his death. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Krishnadeva Raya died in `1529`. After his death his successors were troubled by the rebellious Nayakas and MILITARY chiefs. Sadashiv Raya `(1542-70)` who succeeded Achyut Raya `(1530-42)` sat on the throne but was a puppet in the hands of his PRIME Minister Rama Raya. (ii) With an aim of expanding his empire, he (Rama Raya) started invading the Muslim rulers and committed MANY atrocities on the Muslims. This led to a formation of alliance of the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, Bidar and Ahmadnagar. (iii) This alliance jointly attacked the Vijayanagara empire on `23^(rd)` January, `1566`. The Vijayanagara army led by Rama Raya was defeated by the Sultans of Deccan.s army in the battle of Talikota or RAKSHAS - Tangodi. (iv) The defeat of the Vijayanagara army proved disastrous for the empire. The centre of power now began to shift towards the EAST where the Aravidu dynasty began to rule from Penukonda and then from Chandragiri. |
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| 1570. |
What does the architecture of buildings like the Lotus Mahal and elephant stables tell us about the rulers who commissioned them ? |
Answer» SOLUTION :
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| 1571. |
Mention the names of two travellers who followed the footsteps of Ibn Battuta. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi. He visited south INDIA in 1440. (ii) MAHMUD Wali Balkhi travelled very WIDELY from 1626-31. (iii) SHAIKH Ali Hazin came to North India in 1740. (Any two) |
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| 1572. |
Describe the suggestion of language committee of the Constituent Assembly on Hindi. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The language committee of the Constituent ASSEMBLY suggested that HINDI, written in the Devanagri script, WOULD be the official language. (ii) It further elaborated that Hindi would replace English gradually, and for the FIRST fifteen years English would REMAIN official language. |
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| 1573. |
Analyse the distinctive aspects of the oral testimonies to understand the history of the partition of British India. |
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Answer» Solution :(i)Oral testimonies help to understand the trials and tribulations of ordinary people during partition. Official or government documents provide only political ASPECTS. (ii) Partitions was viewed as a time of suffering challenge and unexpected alterations in the lives of people.oral accounts help us to grasp the experiences and memories in detail. (iii)They give a description of the experiences of women and even children. (IV) It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to people at the time of partition. (v) It allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline. It shows the vivid experiences of the poor and the powerless. (VI)It also succeeds in exploring the experiencess of those men and women whose existence till now has been ignored. (vii)Oral testimonies become important because official REPORTS LACK personal experiences. |
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| 1574. |
Why is Francois Bernier's work "Travels in the Mughal Empire" marked important in Europe? Give two reasons: |
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Answer» Solution :Bernier's Travels in the Mughal Empire" CONTAINS DETAILED observations, critical insights and reflection. His account contains discussions trying to place the history of the Mughals within some sort of a universal framework. He constantly compared Mughal India with contemporary Europe, generally emphasising the superiority of the latter. (II) His representation of India works on the model of binary opposition, where India is presented as the INVERSE of Europe. He also ordered the perceived differences hierarchically, so that India APPEARED to be inferior to the Western world. |
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| 1575. |
Who initiated Kabir into Bhakti ? Mention his concept of Ultimate Reality. |
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Answer» SOLUTION : He was initiated into BHAKTI by a guru, Ramananda. Ulimate Reality is that which is the primal the existence of the universe and all BEINGS. He SAYS causc of that we THINK of that reality as the God and have different names but we know that God is beyond form ind attributes that we can ascribe to Him. |
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| 1576. |
Inspite of the limitatiosn, the Ain-i-Akbari remains and extraordinary document of its time. Explain the statement . |
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Answer» Solution :Importance : (i) Ain-i-Akbari was written by Abul Fazl to facilitateAkbar.sadministration. Itwas wirttenin 1598. It is an authenticmine of information about the Maghal Empire. (ii) Abul Fazl verified and cross-checked everything before inclusion in the book. He wanted to make his book based on facts. He mentioned all the numerical date in words so as to minimise the transcorporation arrows. (iii)Itswork is free fromreligions BIASES and unlike previous work that were writtenmostly aboutpolitical events. Ain gives qualitative and quantitative evidence for the study of agrarian relations. (IV)Knowledge of Mughal state enableshistoriansto reconstruct thesocial fabric of that time . Limitations : Historian who have carefully studied the Ain point out that it is not without liitations. (i)Numerous errors of totalling have been detected. They are however minor and do not detract fromthe overyall veractiy of the manuals. (ii)Skewed nature of the quantitative date. Data. was not eollecteduniformly from all the provinces. (iii)The detailed list of prices andwages that the Ain provides PERTAIN to AREAS in or around the capital of Agra. (iv)It does not provide IDEA of the stays of evolution through which Mughal institutions passed . |
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| 1577. |
Explain why some scholars see partition of India as the culmination of communal politics. |
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Answer» Solution :(a) GANDHIJI believed that British empire in India could survive as long as the local people were cooperating with the foreign RULE. Non-cooperating with the British government was to weaken it and also to protest against the same. (b) Following points explain how it was a protest: (i) Non-coperation movement came along with the Khilafat movement. The British has not seen Hindu-Muslim unity of this level ever in history. (ii) The protest of the people was unified cutting across communities and at great scale. (ii) People boycotted the pillars and symbols of British rule, courts, colleges and government offices. Lawyers stopped going to courts and students stayed away from colleges. (iv) At many places alternate arrangements were done to solve litigations out of court. (v) Further, many education institutions were established by the leaders of freedom STRUGGLE where students can study. (vi) One of them is Jamia Millia University in Delhi which exists today as one of the most reputed seats of higher education in India. (vii) People boycotted tax collection also and they refused to pay taxes. Thus, non-cooperation was a kind of protest too. (a) Gandhiji came to India back from South Africa in 1915. In 1917 he went to Champaran in Bihar to fight for the cause of farmers who were forced to grow indigo by the British government. The farmers movement proved successful as the British government accepted the demands of the farmers. Since that time to 1948 when he was assassinated, he occupied the central place in the politics of India. The fact is Mahatma Gandhi is the chief protagonist of the Indian Freedom Struggle. (b) Mahatma Gandhi changed the nature of freedom movement and this can be elaborated by the following points:(i) When Gandhiji joined Indian politics, the freedom movement was limited to the middle class. Everybody who participated in the political movements was educated and product of the English education. (ii) Gandhiji made it all pervasive. Now people from villages, poor people, labours, workers, and students all became part of the freedom struggle. However, there are people who find fault with the act of Gandhiji. (III) They point out that Mahatma Gandhi used religious symbols to popularise the freedom movement that in long term gave fillip to communal politics. It is notable that the Age of Gandhi is also the age of the Rise of Muslim League in Indian politics. (iv) Eminent author Nirad C Choudhary has also criticised Mahatma Gandhi for making the freedom movement a mass movement by short cuts. (v) Mahatma Gandhi has to be creditedwith emancipation of women and their participation in the public life at a scale nct known in Indian history. Women were very prominent in picketing activities against shops selling foreign goods. (vi) The freedom movement gave some prominentwomenleaders viz. Sarojini Naidu, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and many more. (vii) For Mahatma Gandhi freedom movement was also a platform for social reforms. He spoke in favour of place of dignity and respects for depressed classes. (viii) He made end to untouchability a fundamental objective of his political philosophy. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi made freedom movement a mass movement and a movement much beyond politics. (OR ) (i) Separate electorates were introduced by the British for Muslims by the Act of 1909, which was expanded in 1919. Muslims could ELECT their own representatives in designated constituencies. (ii) The separate electorates, apart from other causes, contributed to the partition - many scholars see partition as a culmination of British policy of divide and rule and communal politics moulded by the separate electorates. (iii) It created temptation for politicians working within the system to use the religious slogans. (iv) Politicians became eager to acquire support among their own religious groups. (v) Community identities no longer indicated simple difference in faith and belief, but came to signify active hostility between communities. (vi) They deepened logic of electoral politics and hardened community identities. (vii) Separate electorates had a profound impact on Indian politics. But the partition of India was not a logical result of their working since most of other developments contributed to consolidate communal identities. |
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| 1578. |
Explain how did the rebel leders propagate their ideas and persuade people to join the revolt of 1857. |
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Answer» Solution :Since most of the rebels were sepoys and other leaders who were illiterate so it is difficult to know what the rcbels THOUGHT but they used different techniques to propagate their ideas. (i) They issued proclamations and ishtahars (NOTIFICATIONS) to propagate their ideas. (ii) They also resorted to prophecy so that PEOPLE can get involved in hope of early freedom. Eg the prophecy that British rule will come to end on 100 year of Battle of Plassey of 1857. (iii) The rebels tricd to UNIFY Hindus and Muslims and propagated that rebellion is a WAR in which both Hindus and Muslims had equally to lose or gain. (iv) The ishtahar sharked back to the pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the coexistence of diff:rent communities under the Mughal Empire. (v) They also used techniques like secret propagation through under-ground workers. For E.g, Distribution of chapatis and lotus flowers as a symbol of revolt. |
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| 1579. |
What do you know about Nayakas of Vijayanagara empire ? |
| Answer» Solution :Nayakas were the military CHIEFS in Vijayanagara empire, who controlled forests and armed SUPPORTERS. They spoke Telugu or KANNADA and SUBMITTED to the AUTHORITY of the kings of Vijayanagara. | |
| 1580. |
Name any three leaders of the Swadeshi movement. When did it take place? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Bal GANGADHAR Tilak (Maharashtra), BIPIN Chandra Pal (Bengal) and LALA Lajpat Rai (Punjab) were the main leaders of Swadeshi Movement. (i) They were popularly known as "Lal-Bal Pal". (III) It TOOK place between the period 1905-07. |
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| 1581. |
Describe the stages by which the Vijayanagara empire was built. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The empire was set up by the two brothers Harihara and Bukka in `1336`. Sangama DYNASTY was the first dynasty. (ii) Sangma dynasty was replaced by the Saluvas, who remained in power till `1503`. (iii) The Saluvas were replaced by the Tuluvas. Krishnadeva Raya BELONGED to the later dynasty. Under his rule, the VIJAYANAGARA empire was expanded and consolidated.The Raichur Doab was captured. Trade and industry FLOURISHED. (iv) After Krishnadeva.s death his successors were in trouble by REBELLIOUS nayakas. (v) Aravidu dynasty came to power but actual power was exercised by the triumvirate - of which Ramraja was the leading person. (vi) The policy of Ramraja was to play off one Sultanate king against the other. But he could not succeed in his hidden plan. (vii) Three rulers of Bijapur, Golconda, and Ahmednagar joined hands. They inflicted a crushing defeat on Vijayanagara in the battle of Talikota `1565`. (viii) The Vijayanagara city was sacked. The battle registered the end of the great age of Vijayanagara. The seat of Aravidu power shifted to the east. It ruled from Penukonda and later Chanderi. |
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| 1582. |
Harappan people led a prosperous life. Justify with examples. |
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Answer» Solution :(A) The excavations pointed out that existed in the long past a rich and well developed culture in India. From the ruins of various buildings, streets, baths and from the large number of antiquities like figurines, seals, tools, toys, beads, weapons, Terracotta pottery and other artefacts that are unearthed. These enable us to visualise the Harappan ancients and the style of their lives. (B) Prosperity of Harrapan people may be explained as follows - (i) Agriculture: Soil was fertile. Agriculture was the chief occupation of the people. They cultivated barley, wheat, cotton and rice. Plenty of water made irrigation easy for their crops. The big granaries were made to stock the grains. (ii) The study of seals indicates that people reared cattle. It indicates that animal husbandry was their another occupation. Some animals were domesticated as - bulls, buffalo, dogs, goats, sheep and elephants. (iii) Crafts and Industry: Industrial centres were developed in cities and towns. Many ARTICLES were produced by the people from copper, bronze, lead, silver, gold and beads were used for ornaments. Lothal was famous for bead factories. Weaving was an important industry. Spinning of cotton and wool was COMMON. (iv) Trade and commerce: People of Harappan Culture developed Mohenjodaro as a great trading centre for internal as well as external. They extended their trade upto Afghanistan, Iran, Sumer, Babylon, Tibet, Oman, Dilmun, etc. Articles like seals proved it as they are found there. Trade was established through both land and sea. (V) Weight and Measures: People of Harappan civilisation used weights and measures in the multiples of 16, but generally opted in the multiples of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ... Weights were usually hexagonal and were made of hard stone. Strictness was exercised on the accuracy of the weights and measured. (vi) PROFESSION: Many professions were there in the Harappan culture such as the carpenter, goldsmith, house builder, fisherman, jeweller, physician, potter, weaver, etc. It meant each work was done by skilled people. |
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| 1583. |
List the items of food available to people in Harappan cities. Identify the groups who would have provided these. |
Answer» Solution : (i) The Harappan subsisted on plants and ANIMAL products. (ii) Wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, etc. where the main grains. Millets were consumedaround Gujarat. Agricultural groups provided these grains. (III) Consumption of rice was not COMMON, its remains have been found at LOTHAL. (iv) The Harappans also subsisted on meat of boar, DEER,gharial, fish and fowl. (v) All are based on animal bones found, and studied by archaeo-zoologists. |
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| 1584. |
"Amar Nayakas system was a major political innovation of the Vijaynagar empire." Justify. |
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Answer» Solution :The Amar-NAYAKAS system was a major political innovation of the Vijaynagar empire. Most probably many features of this system were derived from the iqta system of Delhi Sultanate. Nayakas of Vijaynagar were warriors holding an office bestowed on them by the central government on the condition of rendering military service. These Nayakas possessed revenuc and administrative Inghts over these territories. They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, CRAFTSMAN and traders in the arca. They used part of the revenue for personal use. Some of the revenuc was also used for the maintenance of temples and irrigation work. They deposited the rest with the state treasury. Amara-Nayaka was a designation CONFERRED on a military OFFICER or chief who had under his control a specified number of troops. They were required to maintain elephants, horses and soldiers in certain numbers, which were included in the royal army during wars. Part of the revenue collected by them was used in maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants. They sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their foyalty. Kings occasionally asserted their control over them by transferring them from one place to another. Thus, this concept led to better revenue collection, better army maintenance but in course of time, Nayakas began to assert their military, administrative and economic powers, which LATER became a major cause of the decline of the Vijaynagar empire after the death of Krishnadev Raya. |
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| 1585. |
Why did Akbar abolish the pilgrimage tax? Gives two reasons. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) He personally felt that after abolishing of pilgrimage tax will CREATE GOOD feeling between the Hindus and the Muslims. (ii) COMMUNAL harmony will be established in the state. |
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| 1586. |
Al-Biruni was a scholar of languages and had translating abilities. Justify as the great resources. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Al-Biruni was a scholar of many languages as SYRIAC, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew and SANSKRIT was the GREAT resource. (ii) It enabled him to compare and make TRANSLATIONS of the texts. He TRANSLATED several Sanskrit texts into Arabic. |
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| 1587. |
Read the Passage given below and answer the questions that follow :Trad between the hill tribes and the plains, c. 1595. This is how Abu'l Fazl describes the transactions between the hill tribes and the plains in the suba of Awadh (part of present-day Uttar Pradesh):From the northernmountains quantities of goods are carried on the backs of men, of stout ponies and of goats, such as gold, copper, lead, musk, tails of the kutas cow.(teh yak), honey, chuk (an acid composed of orange juice and lemon boiled together), pomegranate seed, ginger, long pepper, majith (aplant producing a red dye) root, borax, zedoary (a root resembling turmeric), wax, woollen stuffs, woodenware, hawks, falcons , black falcons,merlins (a kindof bird),and other articles. In exchange they carry back white and coloured clothsamber, salt, asafoetida, ornaments, glass and earthan ware.(i) Whose excerpt is this ? What is described in it ?(ii) How was transaction carried over from mountains to plains ?(iii) Which four items were exchanged between the people of plains and hilly areas ?(iv)What do you know about Merlin andKehruba ? |
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Answer» Solution : (i)This excerpt is written by Abu., Fazl . in it he described the tansaction between the hill tribesand the PLAINS of Awadh region. (ii)It was carried on the backs of men, horses, and GOATS. (iii)Thefour itemsexchanged between the people of plains and hilly areas were gold, copper, lead,musk, honey pomegranete seeds ginger , long pepper , wax,etc . (IV)MERLIN, a kind of hawk or falcon, was prey bird, while kehruba was a yellow brown metal used to make ornaments. |
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| 1588. |
Mention the factors thataccounted for the constant expansion of agriculture during16th and 17th centuries . |
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Answer» Solution :Factors enabling expansion of AGRICULTURAL work : (i)Abundance of land (ii)Available labourral. (iii)MOBILITY of PEASANTS |
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| 1589. |
How did Naths and Jogis gain ground in the north India during fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? |
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Answer» Solution : Nath/ JOGI in the 14h century : Nath sampradaya was founded by Matsyendranath and was spread throughout India by the eight Nathas WHA followed him. The mOst prominent among them is Gorakhnath who popularized laya yoga. He wrote a book on it and composed many SONGS which are popular to this date. Gorakhnath wandered throughout India and composed songs in many languages. There were mutts established by nathas Jogi is a corrupt form of Yogi. The word nathjogi is redundant. The yogis are called jogis. From 11 century, the jogis wandered throughout India. Their needs were minimum, they begged and remained engaged in spiritual practices. The attival of Suis must have INFLUENCED the Nathjogis. LATER this cult culminated in Bhakti Movement which gripped the whole India in the middle ages |
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| 1590. |
How did the introduction of railways affect towns? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Centre of economic ACTIVITIES began to take shift from one region to other. (ii) Railway STATIONS became the hub of collecting RAW materials and distribution of imported material. | |
| 1591. |
What do you know about Gopuram and Mandapas ? |
| Answer» Solution :Gopuram is a large pyramidal tower constructed over the entrance gate of a temple precinct, while MANDAPAS were pillared OUTDOOR HALLS or pavilions for public RITUALS. | |
| 1592. |
Compare and contrast the perspective from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Ibn Battuta.s objective was more simple. He was an inveterate traveller, keen observer of DETAILS and receptive to new cultures. (ii) Battuta only highlighted those things in his texts that were unfamiliar or impressive and excited him because of their novelty as, paan and coconut. Bernier.s writings were marked by detailed observations, critical insights and reflections. (iii) Ibn Battuta.s aim to generate interest among his readers for distant. Ibn Juzayy who "gave entertainment to the mind and delight to the ears and EYES". Bernier.s account was Eurocentric and aimed to influence POLICY makers in favour of private property. (iv) Battuta wrote in glowing terms about cities, crowded streets, colourful markets and exciting opportunities whereas Bernier described Mughal cities as mere Camp towns. (v) Bernier failed to conceive the social and economic complexities of the INDIAN system. He regarded lack of private property as cause of improvement of peasants, ruination of agriculture, cities, towns and overall stagnation. (vi) Battuta noted the subcontinent was well integrated with NETWORKS of trade and commerce and Indian goods were in great demand. Bernier too preoccupied to project Mughal state as tyrannical felt artisans had no incentive, manufactures were in decline, and there was no middle class. |
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| 1593. |
How were the halls in Virupaksha temple used ? Mention any two purposes. |
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Answer» Solution :A (i) The Virupaksha temple was built in the `9th-10th` century, but enlarged with the establishment of Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadeva Rya constructed a hall in the front of the temple to mark his accession. (ii) The hall is decorated with beautiful engraving on the pillar. He ALSO got constructed a gopuram in the temple which is `52` m high. B. The hall in the temple was USED for a variety of purposes. (i) In this hall the images of gods were placed to witness special PROGRAMME of music, dance and DRAMA. (ii) It was also used to celebrate the marriage of deities. Swing for deities was also installed in the hall. |
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| 1594. |
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows: Dr. Khushdeva Singh describes his work as "humble efforts I made to discharge my duty as a human being to fellow human beings." "Love is stronger than hate." How true is this value which was proved at the time of the partition of India? What are the valucs one needs to instill and nurture to avoid hatred ? Explain. "The Revolt of 1857 marked first nationalist challenge to the English in India." Explain giving examples the values imbibed and practised by the rebels to set the beginning for it. |
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Answer» Solution :This value is true as historians have discovered numerous STORIES of how people helped cach other during the partition. For e.G ,Dr. Khushdeva Singh won the hearts of pecple of different communities by his service to them . The values one needs to instill and nurrure to avoid harred are: (a) Integrity and feeling of oneness. (b) RESPECT for all religions equally. (c) Secularism and democracy. (d) Peaceful cocxistence. (e) Equality before law ) Humanist feeling (g) Social JUSTICE. (h) Selflessness (i) Tolerance (j) Kindness and compassion (k) SHARING and caring |
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| 1595. |
What role did the lottery Committee play in the development of Calcutta? |
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Answer» SOLUTION : A. (i) In 1817, Lottery Committee was constituted to help the GOVERNMENT in carrying out the work of town PLANNING in Calcutta. (ii) It was named so, because, it raised the funds through public lotteries, because government did not provide the necessary funds for the development of town planning. B. The COMMISSION took various steps for the development of town planning which can be enumerated as follows: (i) It built roads in many PARTS of city where the Indians lived. (ii) It cleared huts to beautify the city. (iii) It also removed all the encroachment from the banks of river Hooghly. (iv) It commissioned a new map of Calcutta. |
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| 1596. |
What do you know about the social and economic conditions of the Vijayanagara empire ? Explain in detail. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :A. Social Condition : (i) The Vijayanagara empire was divided into various castes and sub - castes. The Brahamans in the society were highly respected and occupied an important place in the society. In case they committed a crime, they were not forgiven. (ii) For this they were punished, but were exempted from death penalty. The Brahamans led a simple life and acted as a role model for others. (iii) Women were highly respected in Vijayanagara empire. They had attained higher education and made an immense contribution in the field of literature. Inspite of this, malpractices were also prevalent in the society. (iv) Dowry was in vogue. People belonging to higher caste USED to have a large number of wives (polygamy). Prostitution was also prevalent in the society. People were fond of entertainment and ENJOYED hunting, horse-riding, dance, music, ETC. B. Economic Condition : (i) Economically, the Vijayanagara empire was very prosperous. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. Thus, the main sources of income was Land Revenue. It was called Raya Rekha and was FIXED between `1//4th` to `1//6th` of the total produce. (ii) To improve the agriculture, canals were dug out to provide irrigation facilities to the people. (iii) Besides the prosperity of the agriculture, trade and industry was also flourishing. Textile and metal industries were very important. The villagers excelled in making terracotta pottery. (iv) Trade was carried through ports. It was through these ports trade was carried with Africa and Malaya. Vijayanagara export was more than import, as goods made in Vijayanagara empire were in great demand. |
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| 1597. |
"Vijaynagar was characterised by a distinctive building style." Support this statement with the sacred architectural examples of Vijaynagar. |
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Answer» Solution :Virupaksha Temple : The temple built over centuries may be to the ninth-tenth centuries as suggested in the inscriptions. It was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijaynagar. It is dedicated to Lord Virupaksha, the guardian dicty of the Kingdon. It was recognised as a FORM of Shiva. The Vijaynagar kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha. The hall in front of the main shrine was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession This was decorated withdelicatcly carved pillars He is also credited with the construction of che castern gopuram. The additions meant that the central shrine came to occupy a relatively small part of the complex. The halls in the temple were used for a variety of placed to witness special programmes of music, dance, drama, etc. Others were used to celebratc the marnages of deities, and some other were meant for the deities of swing in special images, those kept in the small dentral shrine, were used on distinct from these occasions. Vitthala Temple : It was one of the other important shrines. The PRINCIPAL deity was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu generally worshipped in Maharashtra. Another INDICATION of the ways in which the rulers ofVijaynagar drew on different traditions to create an imperial culture of the deity in Karnataka. This temple too has several halls and Z unique shrine designed as chariot. A CHARACTERISTIC feature of the temple complexes is the chariot strcets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line. These was the introdution of the worshipstreets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops. |
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| 1598. |
How do you think that Qandhar remained a bone of contention between the Mughals and the Safavids ? Explain. |
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Answer» Solution :Qandahar - a bone of contention Qandahar was a bone of contention between the Safavids and the Mughals. A Strategic OUTPOST (1) A constant aim of Mughal policy was to WARD off this potential danger by controlling strategic outposts —notably Kabul and Qandahar. (ii) All conquerors who sought to make their way into the INDIAN subcontinent had to cross the Hindukush to have access to north India. (iii) The fortress-town had initially been in the POSSESSION of Humayun, reconquered in 1595 by Akbar. While the Safavid court retained diplomatic relations with the Mughals, it CONTINUED to stake claims to Qandahar. (iv) In 1613 Jahangir sent a diplomatic envoy to the court of Shah Abbas to plead the Mughal case for retaining Qandahar, but the mission failed. (v) In 1622 a Persian army besieged Qandahar. The ill prepared Mughal garrison was defeated and had to surrender the fortress and the city to the Safavids. (Any other relevant points) (Any four points to be examined) |
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| 1599. |
How did Gandhiji transform National Movement into mass movement? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :GANDHIJI transformed National Movement into mass movement by (i) Simple lifestyle (II) Using Hindi for communication. (iii) Emphasis of the principal of Truth and non-violence. (iv) By promoting SWADESHI, boycott and swaraj. (v) Promoting importance on CHARKHA and Khandi. |
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| 1600. |
"Archacologists have no proper responae for the central authority of the Harappans." Subatandiate. |
| Answer» Solution : Archaclogists have no response for the central authority in Hatappa. Archaeologists found many THINGS in Harappa. There was a lot of damage because the bricks were USED for the railway projcct and ALSO by the locals for their housing needs, They COULD find cut MUCH about the city planning, They were astonished by the drainage system. They found two parts in the town well sepatatcd. They found the scals and they came to know about the script. But the script remains undeciphered. The archeologists are in the dark about the social structure or the central authornty of Harappa, because the weapons found were very tew, the people were apparently peace loving because the weapons found were very few. Whether they were ruled democratically or autocratically could not be ascertained because the script remains undeciphered. | |