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1451.	Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow The world beyond the palace Just as the Buddha's teachings were compiled by his followers, the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples. These were often in the form of stories, appeal to ordinary people. Here is known as the Ularadlyayana Sutta, describing how queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world: If the whole world and all its treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied, nor would all this be able to save you. When you die, O king and leave all things behind, dhamma alone, and nothing else, will save you. As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world). I shall live as a nun without offspring. without desire, without the love of gain, and without hatred.. Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their Alight.. Leave your large kingdom...abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property, then practice severe penance, being firm of energy. Explain how did the queen try to convince her husband to renounce the world.
Answer» Solution :The queen Kamlawati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world. She said The treasures of whole world will be ABLE to save you. When you die, O KING and leave all things BEHIND, diamama atone, and nothing cise, witt save you As a bird dislikes the cage, 1 do disike the world. I shall live like a NUN without offspring, without desire, without the LOVE of gain, and without hatred".

1452.	On an outline map of the world, plot the areas with which the Mughals had political and cultural relations.
Answer» SOLUTION :

1453.	Onan outling worldmap, mark the areas whichhad economic links with the MaghalEmpire, and trace out possible routes of communication .(a) (i)Babur's reign - 1530(ii)Akbar's reign- 1605(iii)Aurangzeb's reign - 1707(b)Delhi , Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa.(c)(i)Agra- The capital city of MaghalAgra - The imperical capital of Maghal .
Answer» Solution :Iran, AFGHANISTAN, CHINA,the countriesof Central and Western Asia, Italy, Portugal, France, Britain, Holland, etc . POSSIBLE Routes :Trade that linked to Mughal Empire in India (i) Sea route viaAtlanticocean toCape of Good Hope (South Africa) ,Arabian Sea, INDIANOCEAN. (ii)Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, BAY of Bengal to China Sea. (iii)Land Route from Central Asia to Afghanistanthough modern day Pakistan upto Keralaor Goa.

1454.	State one unique features of the early temples .
Answer» SOLUTION :ONE of the UNIQUE features of early temples was that some of them were HOLLOWED out of huge ROCKS, as artificial caves.

1455.	What was the basic unit of agricultural society ?
Answer» Solution :(i) The basic unit of agricultural society was thevillage, inhagited by PEASANTS whoperformed manifold tasks. (ii)The major tasks were tilling the soil, sowing seeds, HARVESTING the crop whenit was ripe and contributing their LABOURS for the production of agrobased GOODS as sugar and oil

1456.	Write any two objectives of foreign policy of Mughal.
Answer» Solution :(i) To OCCUPY KANDHAR. (ii) To destroy the POWER of UZBEKS.

1457.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: " A voice in the wilderness" Mahatma Gandhijiknew that his was " a voice in the wilderness" but he nevertheless continued to oppose the idea of Partition: But what a tragic change we see today. I wish the day may come again when Hindus and Muslims will do nothing without mutual consultation. I am day and night tormented by the question what I can do to hasten the coming of that day. I appeal to the League not to regard any Indian as its enemy .... Hindus and Muslims are born of the same soil. They have the same blood. eat the same food, drink the same water and speak the same language. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 7 September 1946, >CWMG, Vol ,92, But I am firmly convinced that tha Pakistan demand as put forward by the Muslim League is un-Islamic and I have not hesitated to call it sinful. Islam stands for the unity and brotherhood of mankind, not for disrupting the onenesss of the human family. Therefore , those who want to divide India into possible warring groups are enemies alike of Islam and India. They may cut me to pieces but they cannot make me subscribe to something which I consider to be wrong. Harijan 26 September 1946, CWMG, Vol.92,P,229 Gandhiji exhorted the League not to be prejudiced towards Indians. Why?
Answer» SOLUTION :He ARGUED that both same SOIL. They have same blood. Share the same food and WATER. They also spoke the same language. So he exhorted the league not to be prejudiced TOWARDS the Indians.

1458.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: " A voice in the wilderness" Mahatma Gandhijiknew that his was " a voice in the wilderness" but he nevertheless continued to oppose the idea of Partition: But what a tragic change we see today. I wish the day may come again when Hindus and Muslims will do nothing without mutual consultation. I am day and night tormented by the question what I can do to hasten the coming of that day. I appeal to the League not to regard any Indian as its enemy .... Hindus and Muslims are born of the same soil. They have the same blood. eat the same food, drink the same water and speak the same language. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 7 September 1946, >CWMG, Vol ,92, But I am firmly convinced that tha Pakistan demand as put forward by the Muslim League is un-Islamic and I have not hesitated to call it sinful. Islam stands for the unity and brotherhood of mankind, not for disrupting the onenesss of the human family. Therefore , those who want to divide India into possible warring groups are enemies alike of Islam and India. They may cut me to pieces but they cannot make me subscribe to something which I consider to be wrong. Harijan 26 September 1946, CWMG, Vol.92,P,229 What appeal did Gandhiji make to Muslim League?
Answer» Solution :GANDHIJI appealed the Muslim LEAGUE not to regard Indians as its ENEMY.

1459.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: " A voice in the wilderness" Mahatma Gandhijiknew that his was " a voice in the wilderness" but he nevertheless continued to oppose the idea of Partition: But what a tragic change we see today. I wish the day may come again when Hindus and Muslims will do nothing without mutual consultation. I am day and night tormented by the question what I can do to hasten the coming of that day. I appeal to the League not to regard any Indian as its enemy .... Hindus and Muslims are born of the same soil. They have the same blood. eat the same food, drink the same water and speak the same language. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 7 September 1946, >CWMG, Vol ,92, But I am firmly convinced that tha Pakistan demand as put forward by the Muslim League is un-Islamic and I have not hesitated to call it sinful. Islam stands for the unity and brotherhood of mankind, not for disrupting the onenesss of the human family. Therefore , those who want to divide India into possible warring groups are enemies alike of Islam and India. They may cut me to pieces but they cannot make me subscribe to something which I consider to be wrong. Harijan 26 September 1946, CWMG, Vol.92,P,229 Why did Gandhiji oppose the idea of partition?
Answer» Solution :(a) He ALWAYS supported Hindu-Muslim UNITY. He championed for the cause of ESTABLISHING unity among Hindus and Muslims. (b) He wanted to orect the bridge of non-violence over vast sea of HUMANITY.

1460.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: " A voice in the wilderness" Mahatma Gandhijiknew that his was " a voice in the wilderness" but he nevertheless continued to oppose the idea of Partition: But what a tragic change we see today. I wish the day may come again when Hindus and Muslims will do nothing without mutual consultation. I am day and night tormented by the question what I can do to hasten the coming of that day. I appeal to the League not to regard any Indian as its enemy .... Hindus and Muslims are born of the same soil. They have the same blood. eat the same food, drink the same water and speak the same language. Speech at Prayer Meeting, 7 September 1946, >CWMG, Vol ,92, But I am firmly convinced that tha Pakistan demand as put forward by the Muslim League is un-Islamic and I have not hesitated to call it sinful. Islam stands for the unity and brotherhood of mankind, not for disrupting the onenesss of the human family. Therefore , those who want to divide India into possible warring groups are enemies alike of Islam and India. They may cut me to pieces but they cannot make me subscribe to something which I consider to be wrong. Harijan 26 September 1946, CWMG, Vol.92,P,229 What two arguments did Gandhiji give against partition?
Answer» SOLUTION :(a) Islam stands for unity and brotherhood of mankind.So , the demand of MUSLIM League is SINFUL and an un-Islamic. (B) Those who wanted to DIVIDE India are enemies of both Islam and India.

1461.	Discuss the notions of kingship that developed in the Post-Mauryan period.
Answer» Solution :In the post Mauryan age, the idea of kingship got monarches with divine theory of state. Now, the monarchs began to talk about divine sanction to rule the people . Kushan rulers propagated the idea of the same at the unprecented scale. They ruled from central Asia to western India. (i) Kushana king: Kushana king called themselves Devaputra (son of god). Possible inspired by Chinese rulers who called themselves sons of heaven. Kushan rulers have been FOUND installed ina shrine at Mat near Mathura . Historians feel this INDICATE that the Kushanas considered themselves God like. Some of the tribal republican states reveal that they came to be headed by their gods in whose name the coins were issued. (ii) (a) Gupta Rulers: Second development of kingship is during Gupta dynasty . It was a period of large-sized states such states were dependent on samantas eho sometimes became powerful enough to usurp the power of kings too. (b) The Guptas added other eipthetsclaiming for themselves super human qualities which raised them almost to the level of gods. In fact in the Allahabad pillar inscriptionSamudragupta is referred to as a God Dwelling on earth. (c) The reasons for the king who belong to small monarchy and chieftaniship, the Satavahanas claimed divine status in post Mauryan period. (iii) Literature, coins and INSCRIPTIONS helped us in creating history of those days. Very often POETS would describe the monarch often to praise them but giving insight into the history and kingship too. A good example is of Harisena who praised Samudragupta, the GREAT Gupta ruler.

1462.	Explain any two main constituents of Mughal socialcommunity.
Answer» Solution :Following are the two main constituents of Mughalvillage socialcommunity. 1. Casteand the rural milieu : (i)There was a direct connection between caste, POVERTY and socialstatus at the lower level ofthe society . Unbridgeableinequities and inertness onthebasis of caste andothercaste like differences meant that the cultivators werea highly heterogeneous. AMONG those who preparedand CULTIVATED land for crops , there was a sizeable numberwho worked as menialsor agricultural labourers (majur). (iii) Castes suchas the Ahirs, Gujarsand maliswentup in the hierarchy due to profitability of cattle-rearing and horticulture. (IV)In spite of the abundance of cultivableland some caste groups were given menial tasks and thus pushed to poverty. In Muslims menials like the holalkhoran (Scavengers) were forced to live outside the boundariesof thevillage. 2. Panchayats and headmen : (i)Muqaddamn or mandal was known as the headman of theheadman ofthe panchayat. The main function ofthe headman was to supervise the preparation of village accountsassisted by the patwari ofthe panchayat. (ii) Thevillage panchayat was an assembly of elders often significantpeople of the village withhereditary rights over their property. The decisions taken by thesepanchayatswere binding on the members. (iii) Panchayats had the rightto impose fines and expulsion from the community .Thedecision of the panchayat in conflicts between "lower-caste" peasants and state officials or the local zamindar coulddiffer from case to case. (iv)Thepanchayat obtained its funds from contributions offered byindividuals. Usually, these funds were also used in construction of a bund or digginga canal which peasants often could not affordto do on their own. (v) One of the most significant functions of the panchayatwas to ensure that caste boundaries among the different communities living in the village were upheld.

1463.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Buddhism In practice Ths is an excerpt from the Sum Pitaka and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala n five vays should a master look after his servants and employees...by assigning theu work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicachs with tiem and by granung leave at umes... In five vays should the clansmen look after the needs of Sam inas (those who have renounced the world) and Br.hmanas-by affection in act and specch and mind, bi keeping open house to them and supplying their we ddlyaseds There are similar insteuctions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. Acording to you what suggestion Buddha would have advocated regarding parents and teachers?
Answer» Solution :Buddha would have advocated that parents and teachers should be affectionate TOWARDS children and STUDENTS. They should teach them the language and ideals of live, RESPECT and affection for fellow beings. They should motivate them to ASPIRE for a life of peace rather than blind RACE of materialistic prosperity.

1464.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Buddhism In practice Ths is an excerpt from the Sum Pitaka and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala n five vays should a master look after his servants and employees...by assigning theu work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicachs with tiem and by granung leave at umes... In five vays should the clansmen look after the needs of Sam inas (those who have renounced the world) and Br.hmanas-by affection in act and specch and mind, bi keeping open house to them and supplying their we ddlyaseds There are similar insteuctions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. Whiat advice was given by Buddha to Sigala regarding relationship between a master and his servants and employees?
Answer» Solution :BUDDHA says that the MASTER should be affectionate towards servants and should treat them as hur an beings. He should TAKE care of them in NEED and should not be over exploitive. The master should assign work to servants according to their strengths in order to get maximum gain as well as maximum happiness to the servants. The m aster should give FOOD as well as wages on time and he should also share good food with them. This implies that the scrvants should get food worthy of human beings. The inaster should grant the employees leave when very they require.

1465.	Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Buddhism In practice Ths is an excerpt from the Sum Pitaka and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala n five vays should a master look after his servants and employees...by assigning theu work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness, by sharing delicachs with tiem and by granung leave at umes... In five vays should the clansmen look after the needs of Sam inas (those who have renounced the world) and Br.hmanas-by affection in act and specch and mind, bi keeping open house to them and supplying their we ddlyaseds There are similar insteuctions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. List the instructions given by Buddha to the clansmen for Samanas and Brahmanas.
Answer» Solution : BUDDHA says that the clansmen should have ATTITUDE of respect and love towards samanas and Brahmanas. They should ACT in respectful manner and should show affection through speceh. They should also have respect and love for the samanas not only in showing bit in mind also. Since, Brahamanas and samanas have renounced the world and they ravel places roplaces so if they require to stay SOMEWHERE then the clansmen should READILY invite them and should always have their doors open for them. The clansmen should also donate item suchs as food, water, clothes ete which are worthy for survival.

1466.	Gandhiji as a social reformer. Discuss.
Answer» SOLUTION :Gandhiji believed prerequisites for Indians being worthy of FREEDOM as follows:(i) Indians had to get rid of social evils like child marriage and untouchability. (II) They had to CULTIVATE tolerance for Indians of other faith. He emphasised on HinduMuslim harmony. (iii) In the economic field Indians had to learn to BECOME self-reliant and prepare a good foundation. (iv) The use of khadi as opposed to mill madeimported cloth which would provide the poor with supplementary income.

1467.	Write a note on the trade of Vijayanagara empire.
Answer» Solution :(i) Flourishing trade was the main reasons for the prosperity of the VIJAYANAGARA empire. The empire possessed a number of ports. The main AMONG them was the port of Calicut. (ii) It was through these ports, trade was carried with china, Malaya, Burma, South Africa, Persia and PORTUGAL. Goods such as cotton, RICE, sugar, spices, indigo, wooden goods etc. were exported. (iii) In lieu of these horses, elephants, pearls, mercury, silk, ivory, etc. were imported from these countries. Horses were mainly imported from Arabia and Central Asia. (iv) This trade was controlled by Arab traders and local horse MERCHANTS known as Kudirai Chettis. Export was more than import. Even the internal trade flourished very much.

1468.	Examine how was the Quit India Movement genuinely a Mass Movement.
Answer» Solution :Quit India Movement was GENUINELY a mass movement. (a) As the movement brought hundreds of ordinary Indians into the National Movement. (b) As all the prominent political leaders were put behind the bars, the YOUNG activists organised strikes and indulged in sabotage all over the NATION. (c) In the underground resistance socialist members were very active. (d) In SATARA and Medenipur, independent government were proclaimed. British in TURN responded with brute force, yet it took them more than a year to supress the rebellion.

1469.	The relationship of the Indian sepoys with their superior white officers underwent significant change in 1840s Explain.
Answer» Solution :(i) Certainly, the relationship of the sepuys with their superior white officers underwent a signi icant change in the years preceding the uprising and 1850s." of 1857. (ii) In the 1820s, white officers made it a point to keep cordial relations with the sepoys. They wouldparticipate in their leisure activities-they wrestled with them, fenced with them and went out hawking with them. (iii) Several white officers could speak and understand Hindustani language fluently. They were also familiar with the local customs and culture. (iv) In the 1840s, this FABRIC of friendly relationship began to change very fast. The white officers developed a sense of superiority and began treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, RIDING roughshod over their sensibilities. (v) Abuse and physical violence became common. In tl is WAY, the distance between sepoys and officersbecame WIDER. Trust was replaced by doubt. The evert of the greased cartridges was a classic example of this increasing suspicion.

1470.	Read the passages carefully and answer the questions that follow: Much later, in 1947, R.E.M. Wheeler, then Director-General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent. He wrote: The Rigveda mentions pur, meaning rampart, fort or stronghold. Indra, the Aryan war-god is called puramdara, the fort-destroyer. Where are - or were - these citadels? It has in the past been supposed that they were mythical ... The recent excavation of Harappa may be thought to have changed the picture. Here we have a highly evolved civilisation of essentially non-Aryan type, now known to have employed massive fortifications ...What destroyed this firmly settled civilisation? Climatic, economic or political deterioration may have weakened it, but its ultimate extinction is more likely to have been completed by deliberate and large-scaledestruction. It may be no mere chance that at a late period of Mohenjodaro men, women, and children, appear to have been massacred there. On circumstantial evidence, Indra stands accused. What did the Rigveda mention about 'pur'?
Answer» Solution :The RIGVEDA MENTIONS pur: as RAMPART, fort or STRONGHOLD.

1471.	Read the passages carefully and answer the questions that follow: Much later, in 1947, R.E.M. Wheeler, then Director-General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent. He wrote: The Rigveda mentions pur, meaning rampart, fort or stronghold. Indra, the Aryan war-god is called puramdara, the fort-destroyer. Where are - or were - these citadels? It has in the past been supposed that they were mythical ... The recent excavation of Harappa may be thought to have changed the picture. Here we have a highly evolved civilisation of essentially non-Aryan type, now known to have employed massive fortifications ...What destroyed this firmly settled civilisation? Climatic, economic or political deterioration may have weakened it, but its ultimate extinction is more likely to have been completed by deliberate and large-scaledestruction. It may be no mere chance that at a late period of Mohenjodaro men, women, and children, appear to have been massacred there. On circumstantial evidence, Indra stands accused. According to Wheeler what did excavations show?
Answer» SOLUTION :HIGHLY evolved civilisation of essentially non-Aryan TYPE KNOWNTO have employed massivefortifications.

1472.	Read the passages carefully and answer the questions that follow: Much later, in 1947, R.E.M. Wheeler, then Director-General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent. He wrote: The Rigveda mentions pur, meaning rampart, fort or stronghold. Indra, the Aryan war-god is called puramdara, the fort-destroyer. Where are - or were - these citadels? It has in the past been supposed that they were mythical ... The recent excavation of Harappa may be thought to have changed the picture. Here we have a highly evolved civilisation of essentially non-Aryan type, now known to have employed massive fortifications ...What destroyed this firmly settled civilisation? Climatic, economic or political deterioration may have weakened it, but its ultimate extinction is more likely to have been completed by deliberate and large-scaledestruction. It may be no mere chance that at a late period of Mohenjodaro men, women, and children, appear to have been massacred there. On circumstantial evidence, Indra stands accused. What do you conclude about the destruction of this civilization and why?
Answer» SOLUTION :Destruction of civilisation MAY have been due to the deterioration of climate, economic or POLITICAL weakness. It ultimate extinction is more likely to have been completed by delibrate and large SCALE destruction.

1473.	Discuss whether the Mahabharata could have been the work of a single author.
Answer» Solution :Following views have been put forward regarding the authorship of the Mahabharata. There are so much views about the author of the Mahabharata. (i) It is believed that the original story was written by the Charioteer-bards known as Sutas. They generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors to the battle FIELD and composed poems celebrating their victories and other achievements. (ii) It is also believed that in the beginning the text of the Mahabharata was ORALLY circulated. Scholars and priests carried it from one generation to another. From the fifth century BCE, the Brahmanas took over the story and started WRITING. (ii) This was the time when Kurus and Panchals were gradually becoming kingdoms. The story of the Mahabharata also revolved round them. Some parts of the story REFLECT that old social values were replaced by the new ones. (iv) 200 BCE and 200 CE is another phase in the composition of the Mahabharata. During this period worship of Vishnu was gaining ground. Krishna came to be identified as Vishnu. (v) Large didactic sections resembling the Manusmriti were added during the period between c. 200 and 400 CE. These interpolations made the Mahabharata, an epic consisting of 1,00,00 VERSES. This enormous composition is traditionally attributed to a sage named Ved Vyas.

1474.	How did the British government try to crush the freedom movement?
Answer» Solution :(i) Peasants, TRIBALS and women participated in the movement in large number. (ii) The business federation published a pamphlet on the salt issue. (iii)The government TRIED to suppress the movement through coercive action against peaceful Satyagraha. (iv) Thousands of people were sent to jail. (v)A combined STRUGGLE of the Indian people BORE fruit. The Government of India Act was enacted in 1935. itprescribed probinicial autonomy The government announced elections to provincial legislature. After election Congress formed government in 7 out of 11 provinces.

1475.	Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartogtapher. In 1815 he was appointed the first Surveyor Gencral of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better understand India's past and make governance of the calony easier. He says that "it struggled long under the miseries of bad management.... before the South came under the benign influcnce of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the gencral mass of the population to this day." How was the study of the Vijaynagar Empire useful to the East India Company?
Answer» Solution : By studying Vijay nagar, Mackenzie belicved that the EAST India Company could gain useful INFORMATION on many of the institution laws and CUSTOMS whose INFLUENCE still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the GENERAL mass of population of this day.

1476.	How was Vijayanagara empire established ? Discuss.
Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Vijayanagara empire was founded (established) by the two brothers, Harihara and Bukka. Both worked as ministers in the kingdom of Kampillai. Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq, during his attack on South India in `1327`, took both of them in his CAPTIVITY and brought them to Delhi. (ii) Here they were FORCIBLY converted to Islam. To supress the revolt of the Hindus in Kampillai, Muhammad Tughlaq sent a huge army under their leadership. The Hindus welcomed them and accepted their authority. (iii) At the instance of their GURU, they were remitted into HINDUISM. Vidyarana (their Guru) encouraged them to establish a new kingdom. Thus, they founded a new town in `1336` on the bank of the riverTungabhadra and named it Vijayanagara. (iv) Caught in the political scenario of Delhi, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq could not pay attention towards them. Thus, the newly founded kingdom came into existence and flourished and soon became very powerful in the peninsular region.

1477.	Explain the role played by Zamindars duringsixteenth and seventeenth centuries in India
Answer» Solution :Role played by the Zamindars in the sixteenth and seventeeth CENTURIES in India: (i) The zamindars were the propricetors of their lands. They could sell, bequeath or mortgage these at will. They cnjoyed certain social and cconomic privileges because of their supcrior status in rural society. (ii) The zamindars belonged to the upper caste which added to their exalted status in society. (iii) The zamindars rendered certain services (Khidmat) for the state. So they received respect and POSITION in the state. (iv) The zamindars attained power as their job was to collect revenue on behalf on the state, for which they were compensated financially (v) Control over military resources was another source of power. Most zamindars had fortresses (qilachas) as well as an armed contingent COMPRISING units of cavalry, artillery and infantry. (vi) The zamindars spearheaded the colonisation of agricultural land, and helped in settling cultivators by providing them with the means of cultivation, inclading cash loans. The buying and selling of zamindaris accelerated the process of monetization in the countryside. The zamindars also sold the produce from their milkiyat lands. There is evidence to show that zamindars often established markets (haats) to which peasants also came to sell their produce. (viii) If we observe social relation of village of MUGHAL AGE as a pyramid, then zamindars were at the top. They occupied the highest position in the society.

1478.	Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartogtapher. In 1815 he was appointed the first Surveyor Gencral of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better understand India's past and make governance of the calony easier. He says that "it struggled long under the miseries of bad management.... before the South came under the benign influcnce of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the gencral mass of the population to this day." Who was Colin Mackenzic ?
Answer» Solution : Colin. Mackenzie was a famous engincer, surveyor and cartographer of the EIC. He surveyed historic sites in order to BETTER UNDERS tand INDIA's past and make governance of the colony easier. In 1815, he was appointed the FIRST Surveyor General of India.

1479.	Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Colin Mackenzie Born in 1754, Colin Mackenzie became famous as an engineer, surveyor and cartogtapher. In 1815 he was appointed the first Surveyor Gencral of India, a post he held till his death in 1821. He embarked on collecting local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better understand India's past and make governance of the calony easier. He says that "it struggled long under the miseries of bad management.... before the South came under the benign influcnce of the British government." By studying Vijaynagar, Mackenzie believed that the East India Company could gain "much useful information on many of these institutions, laws and customs whose influence still prevails among the various Tribes of Natives forming the gencral mass of the population to this day." How did Mackenzie try to redis cover the Vijaynagar Empire ?
Answer» SOLUTION :He EMBARKED on COLLECTING local histories and surveying historic sites in order to better UNDERSTAND INDIA's past which included Vijaynagar in South of India

1480.	Analyse the distinctive aspects of the oral testimonics to understand the history of the partion of British India.
Answer» Solution : Following are the strengths and limitations of oral history: (i) Oral history visits those areas of events which are not included in the formal domain. It also helps us in understanding trials and tribulations of common masses. (ii) Ocal history unfolds those mysterious vistas of events that helps us in graping experiences and memories in detail. (III) Oral history spots those points which would have remaincd in the dark sans oral sources. (iv) Oral history permits historians to broaden the frontiers of their discipline. This provides information which is impossible to extract from government documents. (v) It helps in or succeeds in exploring the experiences ot those men and women whose existence TILL now has been ignored. 2. Following are the limitation of oral history: (i) However, many histotians remain sceptical of oral history. They out rightly dismiss its veracity and put it in the caregnry of fiction instead of facts. (ii) In the absence of evidences, oral data seem to lack concreteness and the chronology may be imprecise. (iii) Oral accounts are related with peripheral issues and that the small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding to larger PROCESSES of history 3. Oral sources helped us in understanding partition in a better way: (i) Historians can USE oral testimonies to collaborate written sources of the Indian holocaust and thus 'cap help remove internal controversics and contradictions. (ii) Oral sources have supported the official description of partition by ptoviding a more personal edge. (iii) The experiences it RELATES are pivotal to the story, so much so that oral sources should be incorporated to check and justice versa.

1481.	Who was Cunningham? Mention any one account used by him to locate the early settlements of Harappa civilisation.
Answer» Solution :(i) Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archaelogical Survey of INDIA (ASI). (ii) Cunningham used the accounts left by Chinese-Buddhist PILGRIMS who had visited the subcontinent between the 4th and 7TH CENTURIES CE to locate early settlements of HARAPPAN civilisation.

1482.	How was the fate of Amravati stupa different from the Sanchi stupa ? Explain.
Answer» Solution :Amravati Stupa was grand in architecture but Amravati has been invaded by many dynasties and after the decline of Mauryas it was vandalised and was in ruins. Sanchi Stupa was renovated a number of times and was well looked after by the Nawabs especially Shah Jehan BEGUM. (i)Amaravati was discovered before scholars understood the value of the finds and realised how critical it was to preserve things instead of removing them from the site. (ii) When Sanchi was "discovered" in 1818, three of its four gateways were STILL standing, the fourth was in good condition. (iii) The rulers of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum's permission to take away the castern gateway but she refused. (iv) Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site. That is why John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. (v) She FUNDED the museum that was built there as well as the guesthouse where John Marshall lived and wrote the volumes. (vi) She also written by John Marshall. (vii) By the 1850's some of the slabs from Amaravati gun to be taken to different places: (a) To the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta. (B) To the India Office in MADRAS and some even to London.

1483.	"Ibn Battuta found cities in the Indian subcontinent full of exciting opportunities."Explain the statement with reference to the city of Delhi.
Answer» Solution :Ibn Battuta found cities in the Indian subcontinent full exciting opportunities,espeemly the city of Delhi:(i) Delhi covers a wide area and has a dense population. (ii) There is a rampart ROUND the ciry that is without parallel. The brcadth of its wall is eleven CUBICS and inside it, there are houses for the NIGHT sentry and gatekeepers. (iii) Inside the ramparts, there are store houses for storing edibles, mnagazines, ammunition, ballistas and SIEGE machine. (iv) There are twenty eight gates in the city whichare called darwaza in which, Budaun Darwaza is the biggest. (v) In Gul Darwaza there is an orchard. It has fine CEMETERY in which graves have domes over them and those that do not have a dome, have an arch for sure.

1484.	The central story of Mahabharata analyses the familial relationship. Justify the statement with evidences.
Answer» Solution :The historians suggest that while the ideal of patriliny had existed prior to the COMPOSITION of the epic, the central theory of the Mahabharata helped reinforcing the idea. The war was waged between the kinfolk, i.e., the cousins—the Kauravas and the Pandavas on the ISSUE of setting their respective claim over land and power. It is worth mentioning the fact that both the groups and belonged to a single ruling family that of the Kurus, a lineage having its DOMINANCE over a janapada. For example, cousins are regarded as blood-relatives by some socieities whereas some others do not regard them as being blood relations. In ORDER to reconstruct the familial ties the early socieities, the historians attempt to ARRIVE at a conclusion after, investigating and analysing attitudes towards family and kinship.

1485.	The visible centre of Mughal power was the King's Court. Justify the statement with suitable arguments
Answer» Solution :The visible centre of Mughal POWER was the court. Political alliances and relationships were forged and status and hierarchies were well defined. The political SYSTEM devised by the Mughals was based on a combination of military power and conscious policy to accotmmodate the different traditions they encountered in the subcontinent. The physical arrangement of the court, focused on he sovereign and mirtored his status as the heart of society. Its centrepiece wastherefore the throne or the takht, known as 'Axis Mundi'. The canopy on the throne was the symbol of kingship. Specific places were assignedto courteirs according to their importance in the eyes of the emperor in the Mughal Court. No one was allowed to move from his allocated position without permission. Forms of address, courtesies and SPEECH were specified. Any violation was punished. Forms of salutation indicated va person's status in the hierarchy. Protocols were to be strictly FOLLOWED by the envoys. The empeor began his day at sunrise with personal religious devotions or PRAYERS, and then appeared on a small balcony-the jharoka', facing the east. Below a crowd of people (soldiers, merchants, craftspersons, peasants, women with sick children) waited for a view or 'darshan', of the emperor. Afterwards emperor walked to the public hall of audience or the 'diwan-i-am' to conduct the primary business of his government. Then he was in the diwan-i khas' to hold private audiences and discuss confidential matters. Special occasions and festivals were celebrated in the Court. Titles were granted to mnen of merit. Awards and gifts were given by the king to nobles and others in the Court. The courtiers visited the King empty handed. The king negotiated with the ambassadors of different countries in the Court. Mansabdars were an important part of the Mughal Court.

1486.	Compare and contrast the dharma or norms mentioned in the stories of Drona, Hidimba and Matanga.
Answer» Solution :(A) Drona: (i) Drona was a Brahman who taught archery to Kuru PRINCES. (ii) According to Dharmashastras, to impart education was the pious deed of the Brahmanas. (iii) Eklavya was a forest dwelling nishada. As he was not a kshatriya as per Brahmanical norms, he was refused by Drona to accept as his pupil. (VI) As a low caste Eklavya was NEVER considered on his merit. Social norms valued birth over merit. (v) Eklavya had acquired a great skill in archery. So Drona demanded his right thumb as his guru dakshina. (vi) Eklavya respected and obeyed Dronacharya who was just his Guru in name shows the strong teacher-pupil relationship. (vii) Drona had promised Arjun that he would remain unsurpassed in archery and he kept his words. (B) Hidimba: (i) Hidimba was a lady demon, rakshasini. The rakshasas were man-caters. One day her brother asked her to catch Pandavas to eat them. (ii) Hidimba did not obey him. She fell in love with Bhima and married him. A Rakshasa boy was born to him named Ghatotkacha. (C) Matanga: (i) He was Boddhisatta. He was born in the family of a Chandala. But he married Dittha Mangalika who was the daughter of merchant. A son was born to him named Mandavya kumara. (ii) Matanga learnt three vedas. He used to offer food to 1600 Brahmanas everyday. When his father appeared before him dressed in rage with a clay alms bowl in his hand, he refused to offer food to him. (ii) He considered his father as OUTCASTE and his food meant for Brahmanas only. Matanga advised his son not to be proud of his birth. He disappeared into the air. When Dittha Mangalika knew this incident, she went after Matanga and begged his forgiveness. (iv) She PERFORMED her duty religiously. A donor is always considered generous. But Mandavya failed to follow the norms of religion and generosity.

1487.	How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light ? Explain briefly.
Answer» Solution :(i) HAMPI, the capital city of the Vijayanagara empire, was discovered by Colonel Colin Mackenzie. Mackenzie, who was a well-known engineer, surveyou and a cartographer visited Hampi in `1800`. (II) He prepared the first survey of Hampi. In preparing it he COLLECTED most of his information from the PRIEST of Virupaksha and the Pampadevi temple working as the first Surveyor General of India `(1815-1821)`. (iii) He tried to understand the past of India in a better way. He surveyed historical sites so that their GOVERNANCE could be made easy and efficient. His efforts gave a new impetus to the future researchers. (iv) As early as `1836`, an epigraphist began to collect inscriptions from the Virupaksha temple. He was Alexander Greenlaw.

1488.	which one of the following is the common element among Rajagriha, Vaishali and pataliputra?
Answer» pali canon of the Sthaviravadins was compiled there Ashokan MAJOR Rock Edict were found there Places where Buddhist COUNCILS were held places associated with the COMPILATION of Buddhist canons of the Mahasanghikas Solution :The first Buddhist council immediately follwing the death of the BUDDHA and the second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka OCCURRED in patiputra and Rajgira. The second Buddhist council in Vaisali.

1489.	Why did Taluqdars and Sepoys of Awadh join the Revolt of 1857? Explain.
Answer» Solution :The annexation by the British not only displaced the Nawab but also dispossessed the taluqdars of Awadh. The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and FORTS of taluqdars who for MANY generations had controlled land and power in the countryside. Before the coming of the British, taluqdars maintained armed retaincrs, built forts, and enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as long as they accepted the suzcrainty of thc Nawab and paid the revenue of their taluq. Some of the bigger taluqdars had as many as 12,000 foot-soldiers and even the smaller ones had about 200. The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars. Immediately atter the annexation, the talugdars were disarmed and their forts were destroyed. The SEPOYS had complained for decades over low evels ofpay and-the-eifienłty of geting a leave. In the 1840s, when the sepoys who had a friendly relationships with the British OFFICERS then began to change. The officers developeda sense of superiority and startcd treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, Tding roughshod over thetr sensibttirtes. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus the distance between sepoys.and officers grew. Trust was replaced by SUSPICION. The episode of the grcased cartridges was a classic example of this.

1490.	What are the most important contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in the political and social spheres in India.
Answer» Solution :(a) Contributions in Political sphere: (i) .Salt March. unleashed political forces UPON the British to realise their rule would not last long in India. The British GOVERNMENT convened a series of "Round Table Conferences". which did not prove trustful for them. (ii) The failure of Cripps Mission exposed the nefarious designs of the British diplomacy. Gandhiji decided to launch his 3rd major movement against British rule. (III) The "Quit India Movement" was launched in August, 1942. It was a mass movement which consisted of participation of people from all sections of society. (b) Contributions in Social sphere: (i) Charkha BECAME the most acceptable Indian National Movement. By the act of spinning, Gandhi wanted to break the boundaries that existed in the traditional caste system. (ii) The use of Charkha for weaving wiped out the distinction between the physical and mental labour. (iii) He demolished the walls of separation and identified himself with the downtrodden. He personally lived with dalit, experienced their problems. He even DRESSED like them, and spoke their language. Through this he wanted to create the picture of social unity among the people.

1491.	Explain the main events of the Dandi march. What is its significance in the history of the Indian National movement.
Answer» Solution : (i) Whether Gandhiji had served an advance notice that he would lead a march to break the disliked salt laws. Viceroy LORD Irwin failed to grasp the importance of the action. (ii) The home department was unwilling to accept the fortnightly reports that Mahatma.s actions had evoked enthusiastic responses from the masses. (iii) The march was considered as a drama, an antic, adesperate effort to mobilise people who were unwilling to rise against the British. (iv) Reports of newspapers reflect the FEARS and ANXIETIES of officials. They were unable to control the movement and anxious about its spread. (v) The British WORRIED about the basis of its rule. Salt march made the British rulers DESPERATELY anxious.

1492.	"The British Government consciously developed the city of Madras to reflect their social superiority". Justify the statement by giving suitable arguments.
Answer» Solution : (i) Most of the Europeans lived in White Towns. Fort St. George was the nucleus of the white town and looked unique and distractive because of walls and the bastions. (ii) Though small in number, European were the rulers. Thus, ADMINISTRATION and judicial system FAVOURED them. (iii) CITY of Madras was developed to FULFIL, i.e. their needs and essential comforts. (iv) Black Town flourished outside the White Towns and laid out in straight line. It was the key of colonial cities. (v) Only Europeans were allowed to stay in the Fort St. George not the Portuguese, it was so because the stay in the Fort was allowed on the basis of religion and COLOUR.

1493.	How are all families not identical? Explain the kinds of variations that occurred in ancient times.
Answer» Solution :(i) All the families were not identical in ancient times. The size of the each FAMILY varies in term of the members, their relations with each other and the type of ACTIVITIES they PERFORMED. (ii) People who belong to the same family shared food and their other resources. They work and perform rituals TOGETHER. (iii) The families are generally the network of the people defined as relatives or kinfolk. (iv) The family ties were based on blood relation and they defined in ONE and many ways.

1494.	Readthe passage given below and answer the questionsthat follow :Classification of lands under AkbarThe following is a listing of criteria of classification excerpted from the Ain:The Emperor Akbar in his profound sagacity classified the lands and fixed a different revenue to bepaid by each. Polaj is land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and in never allowed to liefallow. Parauti is land left our of cultivation for atimethatit may recover its strength. Chachar is land that haslain fallow for three or four years. Banjar is land uncultivated for five years and more. Of the first two kinds of land , there are three classes,good middling, and bad. They add together the produce of each sort, and the third of thisrepresentsthe medium produce, one-third partof which is exacted as the Royal dues.(i) From where thisexcerpt has been taken?Who is the author of it How wasthe land classified ? (iii)Write any two characteristics of land revenue policy of Akbar.
Answer» Solution :i. This excerpt has been taken from Ain-i Akari, written by Abu.l Fazl ii.Land was classified into FOUR types. These types were : (a) Polaj(b)PARAUTI (c)CHACHAR(d)Banjar iii.(a) The peasant had the freedom to PAY land revenue in kind or cash (b)To promote agriculture he (Akbar) grantedmany facilities (c)The land revenue was viried from land to land.

1495.	Critically examine Lord Dalhousie's policy of annexation in Awadh.
Answer» Solution : Dalhousie's policy of annexation of Awadh: (i) Dalhousie described the KINGDOM of Awadh as "a cherry that will drop into our MOUTH one day." (II) Theconquest happenedin.srages The subsidiary Allian had been imposed on Awadh in 1801. (iii) By the terms of this alliance the Nawab had to dishand his military force, allow the British to position their troops within the kingdom, and act in accordance with the advice of the British Resident who was attached to the court. Thus, the Nawab became dependent on British. (iv) The British were kcen to acquire Awadh as its soil was good for growing INDIGO and cotton and was ideally located for trade. (v) Annexation of Awadh would complete the territorial annexation by the British beginning with that of Bengal a century earlier. (vi) It was ANNEXED on the grounds of mala dministration. The British wrongly assumed that the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was an unpopular ruler, on thecontracy he was widely loved.

1496.	Name the village in Bhopal where wonderful ancient building are situated.
Answer» Solution :The most wonderful ANCIENT building in the state of BHOPAL are at SANCHI Kanakhera , a SMALL village under the BROW of a hill some 20 miles north-east of Bhopal .

1497.	What was the Buddha Sangha ? Discuss its characteristics.
Answer» SOLUTION :(i) Buddha founded ORGANIZATION of monks known as ..Sangha... (ii) The monks served TEACHERS of .Dhamma.. They BELIEVED a simple life. (iii) Monkers possessed only the essential things which were required for their survival. (iv) Earlier only men were allowed to JOIN the .Sangh. , later on women were allowed for admission to the Sangha. All the members were regarded as equal in the .Sangha..

1498.	Assess the roleplayed by women in Mughal imperial .
Answer» Solution : Roleplayed by women in Mughal imperial households. (i)In Mughal families, the emperor had wives, maid servants an SALVES. Except wives. Mughal families had kept many slaves who performed minor jobs. There were alsoslaves Khawjasar, whoserved as servants and bodyguard both inside and outsidethe familes. (ii)Noor JAHAN, Mughal queensand princesses began to keep strict control over the financial matter . Shah Jahan.sdaughters- Jahan Ara and Roshan Ara got high salaries like MANSABDARS. (iii)Jahan Are played an important ROLE in designing the Chandni Chowk, the MAIN centre of attraction of Shahjahanabad. (iv)As women had kept control over financial resources, they got constructed building and gardens.

1499.	Discuss the important features of Harappan drainage system.
Answer» Solution :The cities were built according to a definite and well-thought plan. The cities had an excellent water supply and drainage system. The planners took care for the cleanliness of the cities. Drainage System: (i) In the lower-town, the roads and streets were bid out along approximate the grid pattern, intersected at right angles. (ii) The streets with drains were laid first and then houses were built along them. (iii) Every house NEEDED to have atleast one wall along a street in order to carry the domestic waste into the street drains. (IV) Macky noted: Every house was connectedto the street drains. The MAIN channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. Some covers were made of limestone. (v) House drains were first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter SETTLED while waste water flowed out into the streets drains. (vi) Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that little heaps of material, MOSTLY sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows - that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared. Drainage systems were not unique to the larger cities, but were found in smaller settlements as well. At Lothal houses were built of mud bricks, drains were made of burnt bricks.

1500.	Mention two types of technologies that peasants used in agriculture in the 16th and 17thcenturies.
Answer» Solution :(i) The peasants used TECHNOLOGIES thatoften harnessed cattle energy- a DRILL pulled by a pair of OXEN was used to PLANT seeds. (ii)A woodenploughwhichwaslight, easily ASSEMBLED and had an iron tip .

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