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Correct option is (c) 1986

To elaborate: In INDIA, AIDS infection was detected in 1986.In India, HIV positivity had reached HIGH proportions in an area adjoining the golden TRIANGLE (Laos, Thailand and Myanmar) due to intravenous drug addictions.

Correct ANSWER is (b) single-stranded RNA

The best I can explain: HIV is a retrovirus having a ROUNDED outline. The CORE has two single strands of genomic RNA, enzyme reverse transcriptase, protein P-15 associated with genomic RNA, inner COVERING of P-24 and outer of P-17.

Right choice is (d) The decrease in the NUMBER of HELPER T-lymphocytes

The best I can explain: Due to the decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes, the PERSON STARTS suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to bacteria, viruses, fungi and even parasites.

The correct option is (a) The virus enters into macrophages and forms VIRAL DNA

Easy explanation: After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages where the RNA genome of the virus REPLICATE to form viral DNA with the help of ENZYME Reverse Transcriptase.

Correct ANSWER is (a) NACO

The explanation: In India, the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) and other non-governmental Organisations are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS. WHO has started a number of programmes to prevent the SPREADING of HIV INFECTION.

The correct OPTION is (b) False

Easiest explanation: AIDS does not spread through mosquito bites, hugging, KISSING, sharing meals, toilet towels or utensils, shaking HANDS, coughing, sneezing or LOOKING after AIDS PATIENTS.

Right CHOICE is (d) Faeco-oral Route

To explain: The TRANSMISSION of AIDS takes place by Parenteral Route (though blood contact involving unscreened transfusion of blood, poorly sterilised surgical instruments, etc.), Sexual Route and Transplacental Route-Infection from INFECTED mothers to foetus.

The correct ANSWER is (c) Reduction in the number of T4-lymphocytes

To explain: AIDS is characterised by a reduction in the number of CD4 or helper T4-lymphocytes because of infection of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is also called a slim DISEASE.

The correct option is (B) Thymus

To EXPLAIN: Thymus is also called as Throne of IMMUNITY or training school of T-lymphocytes. It is a lobed organ located NEAR the heart and beneath the breast bone. It is the site where T-lymphocytes mature.

The correct answer is (a) Spleen

The BEST I can explain: Spleen is ALSO called as Graveyard of RBCs. It is a large bean-shaped organ which MAINLY contains lymphocytes, phagocytes and a large number of erythrocytes. It ACTS as a filter of blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.

The correct choice is (c) 50%

To EXPLAIN: MALT stands for MUCOSAL Associated Lymphoid TISSUE. It constitutes about 50% of the lymphoid tissue in the human body.

Right option is (d) Eyes

Easy EXPLANATION: MALT is not FOUND in the eyes. MALT is a lymphoid tissue which is LOCATED within the mucosal lining of the MAJOR tracts like respiratory, DIGESTIVE and urogenital tracts.

Correct option is (c) Destruction of lymphocytes

To explain: LYMPHOID organs are not responsible for the destruction of lymphocytes. Lymphoid organs are those organs having lymphatic tissues where maturation, proliferation and DIFFERENTIATION of lymphocytes OCCUR.

The correct option is (d) Shortage of water in the body

Best EXPLANATION: Immunodeficiency diseases are DISORDERS of the immune SYSTEM where one or more components of INNATE or acquired immunity become DEFECTIVE due to gene mutations, Infections, Malnutrition or eve accidents.

Right answer is (a) SEVERE Combined IMMUNODEFICIENCY

For explanation: SCID stands for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency where very few T-lymphocytes are formed. B-lymphocytes are also DEFICIENT. As a result, the PATIENT DIES of even minor infections.

Right choice is (b) False

The EXPLANATION is: Immunosuppressants are chemicals which suppress the IMMUNE REACTION of the BODY so that the ANTIGENS of the patient’s body do not attack the transplanted organs or tissues.

Right option is (b) IgA

Explanation: IgA immunoglobulins are also called secretory immunoglobulin because it is present in all the body secretions including colostrum and mother’s milk. It functions as the first LINE of defence against ingested and INHALED PATHOGENS by activating alternative PATHWAYS of the complement system.

The CORRECT OPTION is (b) Clonal selection

For explanation I WOULD say: Formation of a large number of effector cells against a particular antigen is called Clonal selection. It INVOLVES the formation of a clone of cells by each activated T-lymphocyte and antibody-producing plasma cells by activated B-lymphocyte, each exhibiting the specificity for the same antigen.

The correct answer is (B) False

To explain I WOULD say: Primary immune response is the first immune response DEVELOPED during the first encounter with the antigen. It is feeble but relatively longer. The secondary immune response is a quick heightened immune response against a subsequent encounter with the same antigen. It is due to the presence of memory cells against that antigen. HENCE, the secondary response is more intense than the primary response.

The correct choice is (c) Attenuated virus

The best explanation: Small Pox vaccination is a first-generation vaccine where an attenuated form of the virus is injected into the body of the PATIENT. The first vaccination was DEVELOPED by EDWARD Jenner against SMALLPOX.

Right choice is (d) A few YEARS to whole life

Easiest explanation: The life span of the MEMORY B-cells of the immune SYSTEM is a few years to whole life. These memory cells do not produce ANTIBODIES but when the same pathogen attacks for the SECOND time, that differentiate into effector cells.

The correct answer is (c) Acetylcholine receptors

To explain I would say: In Myasthenia gravis, antibodies START attacking the acetylcholine receptors present on the sarcolemma, due to which the NEUROTRANSMITTER i.e. acetylcholine could not bind to its receptors and hence, could not INITIATE nerve transmission. The skeletal muscles of the PATIENT become weak and lead to paralysis.

The correct option is (b) It OCCURS only in OLD people

The explanation is: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that can occur at any age. The primary symptom is INFLAMMATION of the SYNOVIAL membrane. If it is left untreated, then the membrane thickens and synovial fluid INCREASES, exerting pressure that causes pain.

The CORRECT choice is (b) Insulin-dependent diabetes

For explanation I would SAY: In Insulin-dependent diabetes, the autoantigens are β-cells. Autoantigens are substances of the patient’s body that develop antigenic ACTIVITY and hence DESTROY the patient’s body cells and tissues.

Right option is (b) False

For explanation I would say: Multiple SCLEROSIS is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the myelin sheath of NERVE cells. The symptoms involve LOSS of vision, pain, fatigue and impaired coordination of the mind and the BODY.

Right option is (b) False

The best I can explain: MUSCULAR dystrophy is a genetic DISORDER that leads to the DEGENERATION of muscles. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease which is caused by an autoantigen i.e. acetylcholine receptors of muscle CELLS.

Correct choice is (c) INFLUENZA

The best explanation: Influenza is not an autoimmune disorder as it is caused by a virus, MYXOVIRUS Influenzae. RHEUMATOID arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic hepatitis are some of the autoimmune DISEASES.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (d) Brain

Explanation: Amongst the following OPTIONS, Brain is not an autoantigen. RBCs, Liver cells and Acetylcholine receptors are autoantigens of Chronic ANAEMIA, Chronic Hepatitis and Myasthenia gravis respectively.

Right ANSWER is (a) Immune System begins to attack its cells and tissues

Easy explanation: Autoimmune diseases are caused when the immune system starts attacking its cells and tissues. It is an ABNORMAL immune REACTION in which the BODY begins to reject SUBSTANCES and tissues of the body.

Correct choice is (c) Antihistamine

The best explanation: Allergic REACTIONS are countered by the administration of antihistamine, ADRENALINE and steroids that quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. For determining the cause of the allergy, the PATIENT is exposed to or injected with a very small dose of possible ALLERGEN and after that, the reactions on the BODY are studied.

The correct answer is (a) True

The EXPLANATION is: Eczema is a FORM of dermatitis which starts with reddening of the skin, the FORMATION of vesicles and forming of scales. It appears to run in families who have a personal HISTORY of allergic REACTIONS.

Right OPTION is (b) Hay FEVER

Best explanation: Hay Fever is an allergic swelling and secretion of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of nose, throat and conjunctiva in response to pollen and spores. Itchy and watery eyes, sneezing and running nose are its most COMMON symptoms.

Right CHOICE is (d) Anaphylaxis

To explain: Sneezing, Watering of Eyes, Oedema, BREATHLESSNESS, COUGHING are some of the most common manifestations of allergy. DUST and mites are RESPONSIBLE for 40% of cases of allergy.

The correct answer is (d) Urticaria

The best EXPLANATION: Urticaria is an ALLERGIC RESPONSE characterised by multiple, circumscribed RAISED pinkish, itchy blisters persisting for a few days. They can be caused DUE to a reaction of any food, medicine or any other allergens.

Right option is (b) The first CONTACT of an allergen

To ELABORATE: The allergen on first contact functions as a mild antigen. This process is called SENSITISATION. It produces antibodies which remain ATTACHED to the mast cells. These mast cells then release histamine and cause inflammatory responses in the BODY.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (b) False

Easy EXPLANATION: Allergy is a non-infectious UNUSUAL reaction or hypersensitivity of an individual to a FOREIGN substance or agent that is harmless to other individuals.

Right choice is (a) Pure Water

For EXPLANATION: Pure water USUALLY cannot ACT an allergen to an individual because it is free of IMPURITIES. Allergen is any foreign substance or agent that produces hypersensitivity in an individual. For example, pollen, spores, dust, scent, wool, drugs like penicillin, egg white, fur, feathers, shellfish, ETC.

The correct option is (d) Histamine

For explanation I would say: INFLAMMATORY response in allergy is due to the release of histamine by mast CELLS. Histamine along with IgE ANTIBODIES act as allergy mediator. It dilates arteries and CAUSES fluid accumulation which causes the inflammatory response.

Right choice is (C) Improper functioning of the IMMUNE system

Explanation: HYPERSENSITIVITY to an allergen is due to improper functioning of the immune system. Any result in the system RESULTS in discomfort, disease or EVEN death of the organism.

Correct answer is (c) The severe REACTION of the whole BODY

To elaborate: Anaphylactic shock is a severe reaction to the whole body. It is a hypersensitive reaction of the body to a foreign substance like a BEE sting, penicillin, serum PROTEIN, etc.

The correct option is (a) For discovering passive immunity

The best EXPLANATION: VON Behring was AWARDED the NOBLE prize for his work on passive immunity. He is also REGARDED as the Father of Passive immunity.