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The correct answer is (c) TETANUS

To explain I would say: ATS inoculation soon after injury that brings contact with soiled objects GIVE protection against the possible attack of tetanus. Wounds and cutes or surgical instruments coming in contact with the road dust may cause the entry of SPORES into the body. Injection of ATS within 24 hours of injury gives passive immunity to the individual.

Correct choice is (a) True

To explain I WOULD say: Toxoids are TOXINS usually inactivated by formalin which retain their antigenic property. A toxoid stimulates the antitoxin formation and protects the body from exotoxins= PRODUCING ORGANISMS.

The correct ANSWER is (B) It is based on the property of memory of the immune system

For explanation: The basic principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of memory of the immune system. When an immunised person is ATTACKED by the PATHOGEN, the existing bodies immediately attack the antigen while the memory T and B cells give rise to a massive crop of lymphocytes and antibodies.

Right choice is (d) Pathogens from COWPOX PUSTULE

The best explanation: Edward Jenner prepared his FIRST vaccine of smallpox by using pathogens from cow pustule. He injected FLUID from the sore of milkmaid suffering from cowpox into the body of a healthy boy which did not later CATCH smallpox.

The CORRECT option is (a) They have only the COAT of pathogen

Explanation: The vaccines produced through GENETIC ENGINEERING are considered safe because they contain antigen only from the coat of pathogen which is almost harmless.

Correct answer is (a) EDWARD Jenner

Easiest explanation: The term vaccine was coined by Edward Jenner. A vaccine is a suspension or EXTRACT of weakened pathogens which when injected into a healthy person provides active ACQUIRED immunity to the disease.

Correct answer is (B) Louis Pasteur, 1879

The best I can EXPLAIN: Louis Pasteur DISCOVERED the technique of preparing vaccine from an ATTENUATED pathogen in 1879. This was the first true vaccine consisting of weakened micro-organisms against the disease chicken cholera.

Correct answer is (d) Artificial passive immunity

To EXPLAIN: When preformed are directly injected into the body, they provide US with Artificial Passive Immunity. For example, Anti-Venom serum is immediately given after a SNAKE bite, Anti-rabies serum is immediately given after a DOG bite.

Correct option is (a) Common cold

To elaborate: A person who has recovered from SMALLPOX, measles or MUMPS develop NATURAL active IMMUNITY against those pathogens and will not suffer from these diseases again as these diseases are itself MEMORY cells generating diseases.

The CORRECT choice is (b) Influenza VACCINE

Best EXPLANATION: DPT, TAB vaccine, Salk vaccine are all types of KILLED forms of the first-generation vaccine. Influenza vaccines are attenuated.

The CORRECT choice is (c) 3rd generation

The explanation: 3rd generation vaccines are the most purified FORMS of vaccines as they have been genetically ENGINEERED to produce one or two specific proteins. These vaccines are PURE synthetic antigenic polypeptides as their GENES are directly extracted from the pathogens.

Right choice is (a) Von Behring

Easiest explanation: Von Behring is known as the Father of Passive IMMUNITY. Carolus Linnaeus, Edward JENNER and LOUIS Pasteur are the fathers of Taxonomy, Immunology and Bacteriology RESPECTIVELY.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (b) Programmed Cell death

The explanation is: APOPTOSIS has been derived from an Ancient Greek word meaning “falling off”. In biology, Apoptosis REFERS to a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is used by the immune system to get rid of the virus-infected CELLS.

The correct option is (a) Red BLOOD Corpuscles

Best explanation: The cell surface of Red Blood Corpuscle does not have Major Histocompatibility Complex. This complex is responsible for DISPLAYING the PEPTIDE fragments of ANTIGENS to the appropriate T-cells of our immune SYSTEM.

Right choice is (b) Killer T-cells

Easiest EXPLANATION: Killer T-cells are responsible for PRODUCING pores in the plasma membrane of the ANTIGENS. The interaction of Killer T-cells with antigens will produce perforins to KILL the INFECTED cells.

Correct option is (a) Immunosuppressant drugs

To explain I would say: Our body PRODUCES a certain TYPE of antibodies in RESPONSE to the antigens. When an organ is transplanted, the body recognises the ‘non-self’ cells and starts attacking them. Therefore, Organ Transplantation rejection can be prevented by giving Immunosuppressant drugs so that the immune SYSTEM gets suppressed and do not attack the ‘non-self’ cells.

The CORRECT option is (d) 4-5 YEARS

To elaborate: Life SPAN of T-cells is AROUND 4-5 years. The T-cells produced are RELATIVELY long-lived to compensate the less number of T-cells produced by thymus in the later years.

Correct option is (d) KILLER cells, Helper cells, Suppressor cells and Memory cells.

The EXPLANATION is: T-cells of our IMMUNE system gets differentiated into Killer or CYTOTOXIC cells, Helper cells, Suppressor cells and Memory cells. Killer, Helper and Suppressor T-cells are also CALLED as Effector cells.

Correct choice is (a) 1 TRILLION

Explanation: NUMBER of LYMPHOCYTES present in a healthy human is 1 trillion. Unusually high or low lymphocyte counts can be a SIGN of disease.

The CORRECT answer is (a) True

Best explanation: Thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and BENEATH the breast bone. It is the site where T-lymphocytes MATURE. T-cells are the specialized white blood cells which HELP to defend the body.

Correct choice is (a) T-lymphocytes

Explanation: T-lymphocytes mediate CMI. T-CELLS/T-lymphocytes are long-lived small cells which have 100,000 RECEPTOR sites on their surface for binding antigens. T-cells themselves do not SECRETE antibodies but help B-cells to produce them.

Correct choice is (b) False

For EXPLANATION I WOULD say: Antigens can be of any chemical nature. Antigens are of two types-Complete and INCOMPLETE antigens. Complete antigens have epitopes or antigen determinant sites. Incomplete antigens lack epitopes but when attached to a LARGE carrier such as a protein, they become CAPABLE of producing antibodies.

The correct choice is (a) IgE

Explanation: IgE is an ALLERGY Mediated antibody because it activates the histamine secreting CELLS. It is less than 1% of the TOTAL antibodies. IgE antibody also APPEARS to play an important ROLE in parasitic infection.

The correct ANSWER is (c) IgD

The explanation is: IgD are membrane-bound antibodies present on the surface of B-lymphocytes. They APPEAR to have a role in activating and suppressing the lymphocyte activity found in large quantities in the CELL membrane of MANY B-cells.

The correct choice is (b) Placenta

Explanation: IGA antibodies are present in the MUCOUS secretions of the RESPIRATORY tract, the upper part of the DIGESTIVE tract and the vagina. IgG antibody is the only antibody which can cross Placenta.

Correct option is (B) IgA

For explanation: IgA ANTIBODY is the first line of defence against inhaled and INDIGESTED pathogens because it is present in cell secretions like milk, saliva, MUCOUS ETC. It is also found in Colostrum.

Right answer is (a) IGG

To explain: IgG is the smallest of all the ANTIBODIES. ALSO, it is the only antibody that can cross the placenta and confer IMMUNITY to the FOETUS. It only has two paratopes.

The correct answer is (B) FAB REGION

Easiest explanation: Fab region of an antibody is also called a variable region. The Fab PORTION is so called because it is the FRAGMENT of the molecule which is antigen binding or a paratope.

Right answer is (c) IgG

For explanation I would say: IgG antibodies constitute 75% of the TOTAL antibodies present in the blood. It is present in the MONOMER form and has two paratopes. It also evokes the COMPLEMENTARY system and OPSONISATION.

Correct OPTION is (a) True

For explanation I WOULD say: The word ‘Antigen’ has been derived from ‘Antibody Generating’ because they STIMULATE the production of antibodies in RESPONSE to an infection.

Correct option is (a) 50,000 DA and 25,000 Da

To ELABORATE: Each ANTIBODY molecule has four peptide chains, two long chains CALLED heavy or H chain each of MOLECULAR weight 50,000 Da and two short chains called light or L chains each of approximate molecular weight 25,000 Da.

Correct option is (a) Fc region

Easy explanation: Fc region of an antibody is ALSO called as a Fragment of Crystallization. It is RESPONSIBLE for the EFFECTOR function. It is also called a constant region. It determines the isotype of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN.

Right OPTION is (c) IGM

Easiest explanation: IgM is the largest antibody AMONGST all because it has 10 paratopes or antigen BINDING sites. IgG antibody is the smallest amongst all.

Right answer is (a) H2L2

The explanation is: An ANTIBODY is represented by H2L2 formula. Each antibody molecule has FOUR peptide chains, TWO long chains called heavy or H chains and two short chains called light or L chains.