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Correct OPTION is (b) Very high fever

The best explanation: RINGWORM typically involves the appearance of dry and scaly lesions which are accompanied by INTENSE ITCHING. It also causes darkening, peeling and reddening of the SKIN.

The CORRECT option is (d) Macrosporum

Explanation: RINGWORMS or round red or silvery type of superficial fungal infections of the skin are caused by the species of Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermatophyton. There are dry scaly lesions on skin, NAILS and scalp that cause INTENSE ITCHING.

Right option is (C) Human and Culex mosquito

Easiest EXPLANATION: Wuchereria bancofti causes Elephantiasis. It shows a digenetic life CYCLE which means that the parasite completes its life cycle in two or more hosts. Its primary host is Human and Secondary host is Vector FEMALE Culex mosquito.

The correct option is (B) Enterobiasis

The best explanation: Anal itching is the characteristic SYMPTOM of Enterobiasis. The female worm LAYS eggs in the peri-anal REGION. Other symptoms include loss of appetite, insomnia, restlessness, ABDOMINAL pain and appendicitis.

Correct choice is (a) Enterobiasis

The best I can explain: Enterobiasis is the most common Helminthic DISEASE in children. It is the infection of LARGE INTESTINE. It is caused by Enterobius vermicularis which is also known as Pinworm.

Right OPTION is (c) Sporocyst and Rediae larva

To EXPLAIN: Sporocyst and Rediae larva of Fasciola hepatica show Polyembryony. As Germ CELLS in the Sporocysts and Rediae are direct descendants of the zygote. These germ cells multiply mitotically and produce SUBSEQUENT larval stages within the Sporocysts and Rediae. This PROCESS of reproduction in the Sporocyst and Rediae is called as Polyembryony.

Right choice is (d) Cysticercosis

Easy EXPLANATION: The INFECTION of Onchosphere larva to man leads to Cysticercosis. Through blood, it SPREADS to the brain and spinal cord. It can cause seizures, severe headache, epilepsy or EVEN blindness.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Schistosoma haematobium

Explanation: FILARIASIS is due to a nematode Wuchereria bancofti. Other SPECIES are Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. The DISEASES SPREAD by them are respectively called as bancroftian filariasis and burgian filariasis.

Right choice is (b) Second stage Rhabditiform larva

For explanation: Second stage Rhabditiform larva is the infective stage of ASCARIS lumbricoides. Infective eggs of Ascaris remain VIABLE for six years. The larva is called Rhabditiform for its close resemblance with Rhabditis (Free-living nematode). The transmission of the infective stage through embryonated egg TAKES place by CONTAMINATED food and water.

Correct answer is (a) Ascaris lumbricoides

Easy EXPLANATION: The common ROUNDWORM infecting HUMAN beings is Ascaris lumbricoides. The parasite is MONOGENETIC which means that only ONE host is required for its development. Life span is nine to twelve months. It is common in children than in adults.

The correct choice is (b) Taenia solium

Explanation: Taenia solium is COMMONLY called as the PORK TAPEWORM. Its PRIMARY host is a man and its secondary host is a PIG. Taenia saginata, Echinococcus granulosus and Diphyllobothrium latum are commonly known as Beef tapeworm, Dog tapeworm and Fish tapeworm respectively.

Right choice is (d) Echinococcus granulosus

Easy EXPLANATION: Echinococcus granulosus is the smallest tapeworm. It is an ENDOPARASITE in dogs, cats, fox and other carnivores. It has well-developed scolex with four suckers and ROSTELLUM with a DOUBLE row of hooks.

Right ANSWER is (c) excessive enlargement of legs

Easiest explanation: Filariasis is also known as Elephantiasis because of the excessive enlargement of legs. Filariasis is the INFECTION of the lymphatic system which LEADS to the swelling of the INFECTED organs like genital parts in male, limbs, mammary glands ETC.

The correct answer is (d) touching an INFECTED person

Best explanation: Helminthic diseases are GENERALLY spread through IMPROPER disposal of human stool containing eggs. These infected faeces contaminate soil, WATER, plants, food articles, etc. Dirty hands may spread the disease DIRECTLY.

The correct OPTION is (d) Stool Test

Best explanation: Stool Test can help to diagnose Roundworm Infection. The presence of eggs or a WORM confirms the infection. Widal Test, Pap smear’s Test and Gravidex Test are used to DETECT TYPHOID, Cervical Cancer and Pregnancy respectively.

Correct answer is (b) Taenia saginata

The explanation: The common TAPEWORM INFECTING HUMANS is Taenia saginata. It is COMMONLY known as beef tapeworm where the intermediate HOST is cow, buffalo and sheep. Primary host is a man. Rostellum and Hooks are absent.

The correct choice is (a) Hooks and suckers

To ELABORATE: The body of Tapeworm is divided into Scolex, Neck and Strobila. At the apex of scolex is a PROMINENT mobile cone, the rostellum which is armed with 22 to 32 curved chitinous hooks, arranged in two ROWS. The scolex also bears four hemispherical, highly muscular sectorial organs, the true suckers. The suckers and hooks are the organs of ATTACHMENT to the intestinal wall.

The CORRECT option is (c) Very high fever

To explain: Taeniasis is the infection of the Tapeworm Taenia solium. Its symptom includes Loss of APPETITE, weight loss, ABDOMINAL pain, Indigestion, and ANOREXIA. In extreme CASES, Epilepsy-like fits and blindness also occur.

Correct choice is (b) Small INTESTINE

Explanation: TAENIA solium is a ribbon-shaped, digenetic ENDOPARASITE. The adults of Taenia solium are PARASITES in the small intestine of HUMAN beings (Primary host) and its larva infests in the muscles of a pig (secondary host).

Correct choice is (c) IMPROPERLY washed raw VEGETABLES and FRUITS

Easiest explanation: TAPEWORM infection amongst vegetarians OCCURS through the improperly washed raw vegetables and fruits. Sometimes these vegetables are infected with Taenia solium eggs. Therefore, it is very important to wash vegetables and fruits before consuming them.

The correct option is (d) Culex mosquito

Explanation: Filariasis is a TROPICAL, infectious helminthic disease where the parasite lives inside the lymph vessels, CONNECTIVE TISSUES or mesentery but the YOUNG ones migrate to blood vessels for being picked up by Culex mosquito to turn them into the infectious form.

The correct option is (b) Ancylostoma

Easy EXPLANATION: Ancylostoma is a roundworm which enters the body of a man through the SKIN of his FOOT if the person walks in soil barefoot. The roundworm CAUSES Ancylostomiasis which is the infection of the small intestine.

Right option is (a) Ascaris

The best I can EXPLAIN: The BODY of Ascaris is covered with syncytial epidermis below which only longitudinal muscles are present. Ascaris also possesses a CUTICLE which is RESISTANT to the digestive enzymes of the host.

Correct answer is (d) longer than the male and straight posterior end

For EXPLANATION: Ascaris SHOWS SEXUAL dimorphism. Female Ascaris is longer than male and has a straight posterior end while the MALES are shorter than females and have a curved posterior tail.

Right OPTION is (a) MALARIA

The best EXPLANATION: Chloroquine is mainlygiven to TREAT malaria. Some other drugs like Quinine (from the BARK of Cinchona), camaquine, primaquine and daraprim are also administered to control malaria.

The CORRECT answer is (B) Plasmodium falciparum

Explanation: Malignant tertian/subtertian fever is PRODUCED by Plasmodium falciparum. This pathogen is the deadliest of all the Plasmodium species. It also causes cerebral malaria and persistent subclinical malaria.

The CORRECT OPTION is (b) When the temperature rises with rigour

The explanation: Malarial PARASITE can be obtained in the RBCs of the patient when the temperature of the patient rises with rigour. The high temperature of the patient signifies that the RBCs have ruptured and have released Haemozoin toxin in the blood which is RESPONSIBLE for high temperature after every 48 hours with chills and shivering, FOLLOWED by profuse sweating.

The correct answer is (C) Red Blood Corpuscles

Explanation: Shuffner’s dots are related to the Red Blood Corpuscles of humans. They are PRESENT in the cytoplasm of RBCS. Presence of these granules indicates that RBCs are infected with Plasmodium.

Correct answer is (d) Sporozoites

For explanation: PLASMODIUM enters the human body as sporozoites through the bite of infected female ANOPHELES. Malarial Parasite requires two HOSTS to complete its life cycle-Human and Anopheles MOSQUITO which also acts as a VECTOR or a transmitting agent.

Right option is (c) RED Blood Corpuscles of human

Easy explanation: The sexual stages or the gametocytes of PLASMODIUM develops in Red Blood Corpuscles of the human. The female gametocytes or megagametocytes are round with food-laden cytoplasm and a small excentric nucleus. Male gametocytes or Microgametocytes have a CLEAR cytoplasm and a large central nucleus. Both contain a large amount of haemozoin.

The correct choice is (b) PLASMODIUM falciparum

The BEST I can explain: Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is responsible for CAUSING roughly 50 % of all malaria cases.

The correct answer is (a) Housefly

Easiest EXPLANATION: Houseflies act as MECHANICAL carriers to transmit Entamoeba histolytica. CYSTS of Entamoeba histolytica PRESENT in the stool of infected person are the SOURCE of infection.

Correct choice is (c) Food or water CONTAMINATED with cysts

To EXPLAIN I would say: PATHOGEN which causes Amoebiasis is Entamoeba HISTOLYTICA. Certain carriers and VECTORS serve to transmit the parasite from faeces of the infected person to food and food products, thereby contaminating them. So the intake of contaminated food and water are the main source of infection.

Right answer is (d) Large Intestine

For EXPLANATION: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amoebic Dysentery or AMOEBIASIS in the large intestine of HUMANS. Its symptoms include constipation, abdominal pain, cramps and stools with excess mucus and BLOOD clots.

Right answer is (a) DYSENTERY

To elaborate: Entamoeba histolytica is a pathogen which causes AMOEBIC Dysentery. Wuchereria bancrofti, Variola virus and Paramyxo virus cause ELEPHANTIASIS, Small Pox and Mumps respectively.

The correct answer is (b) False

To elaborate: Rhino viruses are a group of viruses which CAUSE the common cold. They infect the nose and RESPIRATORY passage but not the lungs. The common cold is characterised by nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, cough, headache etc., which USUALLY LASTS for about 3-7 days.

Correct option is (d) Recombivax HB

To explain: Recombivax HB vaccine is given to PREVENT Hepatitis B INFECTION. This vaccine is PRODUCED through Recombinant DNA technology. This is a SECOND generation vaccine.

The CORRECT option is (c) Hepatitis B virus

To EXPLAIN: Hepatitis B virus has double-stranded circular DNA genome. This virus occurs in blood and BODY fluids like saliva, tears, mother’s milk ETC. Hepatitis A, C and D viruses have a single-stranded RNA genome.

The correct choice is (a) HEPATITIS A

For explanation: The mode of transmission of Hepatitis A virus is by faecal contamination of food, CLOTHING EATING utensils etc. Hepatitis B, C and D are transmitted through blood transfusion and sexual CONTACT.

The correct CHOICE is (b) MUMPS

Explanation: Mumps is a viral disease caused by Paramyxo virus. This disease causes SEVERE swelling of PAROTID Gland. Other symptoms include FEVER, Chills, loss of appetite and difficulty in swallowing.

Correct option is (a) MUMPS

The best explanation: Initially, Mumps causes SWELLING of Parotid Gland along with Fever, chills and loss of appetite. The SECOND destination of this VIRUS is the sex ORGANS. Therefore, it can cause infertility.

Right option is (c) H1N1 virus

To explain: SWINE Flu is CAUSED by the H1N1 virus. It is a highly CONTAGIOUS disease. Its symptoms include FEVER, Chills, Fatigue, diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of BREATH and sore throat.

Correct choice is (b) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

The best explanation: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is the FULL form of SARS. It is a viral DISEASE caused by the Corona VIRUS. Its symptoms include PAIN in muscles, Fever, Chills, Respiratory distress and shortness of breath.