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Bleeding in plants -It is the loss of sap from a cut or injured part of a plant.

(i) The endocrine gland shown in the diagram is thyroid gland. 

(ii) The secretion of this gland is thyroxine which regulates basal metabolism.

(iii) The mineral element required for synthesis of thyroxine is iodine. 

(iv) Cretinism is caused due to undersecretion of thyroxine in children. 

(v) Exophthalmic goitre is caused due to hypersecretion of thyroxine.

(i) Anaphase. 

(ii) Part A = Spindle Fiber 

Part B = Cell wall 

Part C = Chromatid 

Part D = Centromere 

(iii) Unique feature of this stage : Chromosome are divide into two parts and chromatids are separated which moves towards opposite pole. 

(iv) Somatic cells. 

(v) Two daughter cells are formed from this kind of cell division. 

(vi) Dividing cell shown here is a plant cell because cell wall is clearly visible here which is a unique feature of the plant cells.

Turgidity-It is the condition of a cell in which it is fully distended and filled with water.

Reflex action-It is a quick, automatic and spontaneous action in the body caused by a stimulus.

(i) 1. Desire for a male child due to which parents continue to have children till they get a son. 

2. Children are considered as earning hand in the economically weaker section. 

(ii) It is a shock absorber for the growing foetus. It prevents the sticking of the foetus to the amnion.

(iii) They magnify/amplify sound vibrations and transmit it to the inner ear. 

(iv) 1. Set pharmaceutical standards. 

2. Suggest quarantine measures for various contagious diseases. 

(v) When one pair of contrasting characters are crossed with each other, the F1 generation in its phenotype shows only one character. The character that is visible is called dominant whereas the suppressed character is called recessive.

(i) 1. Connective tissue layer 2. Lumen 3. Muscular layer 

(ii) Oxygenated blood. 

(iii) A = Artery, B = Vein, C = Capillary.

(iv)

(v) in C/Capillary.

(i) Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine, Thymine 

(ii) De-oxy Ribosenucleic Acid. 

(iii) Genes.

(iv)

(i) (A) Artery (B) Vein (C) Capillary 

(ii) 1- Tunica externa/connective tissue layer 

2- Lumen 

3- Tunica media/Muscular layer 

(iii) Oxygenated blood flows through A. 

(iv) Arteries are thick walled and veins are thin walled. 

(v) The exchange of gases takes place in C (capillaries).

Demography is the statistical study of the human population of a region.

Mendel's Law of Dominance : Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together in an offspring, one dominates over the other or one character is expressed while other remains masked.

Ear ossicles transmit vibrations to the internal ear.

(i) Hydathodes: These are openings through which guttation occurs in plants.

(ii) Centrosome: It initiates and regulates cell division in animal cells.

(iii) Xylem: Absorbed water and mineral salts from soil are transported through xylem to all parts of the plant.

(iv) Corpus luteum: It secretes progesterone hormone in mammals.

(v) Eustachian tube: It helps to equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.

(i) Diffusion (ii) Chromatin (iii) Bleeding (iv) Heterozygous

For a patient with diarrhoea, soft, completely cooked and balanced diet is recommended. Food with excess fibres, nuts, spices and fats should be avoided. Lot of fluids, oral rehydration formula and water should be given. As the patient’s digestive system is disturbed, instead of giving large meals, small- frequents meals should be given. Soups, fruit juices, curd, buttermilk, lemonade, rice, etc. are easily digestible and can be given frequently. Freshly prepared homemade meals are best for the patients who are suffering from diarrhoea.

Ultraviolet rays

Ferromagnet, paramagnetic and diamagnetic.

(i) In a rectangular glass slab, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray hut they are not along the same line whereas in a prism the emergent ray is not parallel to incident ray. Because in a glass block the two surfaces at which refraction occurs is parallel to each other. 

(ii) No. By the concave lens only small size upright images obtained.

If study the (e. t) curve it is quite evident that to produce one cycle of a.c., the time taken is 0.10 s

∴ T = 0.1 s 

∴ Frequency v = 1/T = 1/0.1 = 10 Hz

No, he is not correct because concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image.

α -particles given out from a radioactive source are able to pass through 2 mm aluminum block, while β and γ - radiations are unable to penetrate through. So it produces faint radiation. Lead does not allow any of the α, β or γ radiations to pass through, so it produces dark shadow.

Suppose that x number of unit are produced and sold. 

(i) As each unit’s variable cost is 25% of revenue 

The variable cost of x units = 25 % of Rs 8 x = Rs 2x 

Total cost of producing x units C(x) = TFC + TVC = Rs (24000 + 2x) (ii) Price of one unit = Rs 8 

Total revenue on selling x units = R(x) = Rs 8x 

(iii) At break even values 

C(x) = R(x) 

⇒ 24000 + 2x = 8x 

⇒ 24000 = 6x 

⇒ x = 4000

The demand function for a certain product is represented as: , 

p = 500 + 25x - (x²/3), p being price per unit 

If R be the total revenue for x units, then 

R = p.x = 500x + 25x² - (x³/3)

The Marginal Revenue (MR) is given as: 

MR = d(R)/dx = 500 + 50x - x²

Marginal Revenue when 10 units are sold i.e., put x = 10 

(MR)₁₀ = 500 + 50(10) – (10)² = 500 + 500 – 100 = 900.

(i) Summary

(ii) Title: ‘Mr. Samuel – a Violent Man’. Swami paints a very violent picture of Mr. Samuel as a teacher, how he ill-treats his students for various reasons.

“It’s not my fault”, he shouted as he went across to the opposite bank of the river in his boat. He is a man of truth and honesty another merchant spoke proudly about him. To me it seemed that the man who went across the river has been living in this small village for a long-time and therefore, the village people have trust and faith in him. I came here because this village is a famous tourist spot. It is famous for its water scenery and numerous water sports besides their cultural dances and music. It is really fascinating that a whole world of entertainment one can enjoy here, in this small village. 

I was impressed by the personality of that man and wanted to enquire more about him. Many questions came in my mind—Why was he in a hurry? Why was he shouting? What had he done? Why was he angry? Therefore, to settle my curiosity I enquired about him and came to know that his name is Rajeshwar and his age is around fifty. He is a well known person in the locality because of his intelligence, hard work, truth and honesty. He takes the tourists to the opposite bank of the river where the flaura and fauna is a feast to the eyes. Another man informed me he took a tourist couple to the opposite bank. The woman was beautiful: and heavily decked with golden jewellery and was carrying a box containing gold coins. 

On their return journey the couple found that their box filled with gold coins was missing. They accused Rajeshwar of having stolen the box. I felt pity for Rajeshwar and wanted to help him because in the whole conversation I developed the same confidence in him as the villagers had. On inquiring more, I came to know that the man was wearing an attractive hat. Suddenly I remembered that the same afternoon I was also present there and was capturing pictures of the couple, with the beautiful scenery as the back drop. I thoroughly searched the pictures in my camera and to my surprise in one of the pictures. I saw the box falling into the river from the edge of the boat. 

I immediately showed it to the people and they then showed it to the tourist couple. They felt guilty and ashamed of wrongly accusing Rajeshwar and to pacify matters offered gifts to him.

Three ways in which ammonia gas can be identified is:

It has a sharp characteristic odour

When a glass rod dipped in HCl is brought in contact with the gas white color fumes of ammonium chloride are formed

It turns moist red litmus blue, moist turmeric paper brown and phenolphthalein solution pink.

 The switch should always be connected to the live wire, so that when it is 'off' no current flow through the appliance as the circuit is open. If the switch is connected to the neutral wire, then even in the 'off' position the appliance remains connected to high potential through the live wire. If anyone tries to touch the appliance he will get a shock which may be dangerous.

A switch should not be touched with wet hands.

A switch should not be touched with wet hands.

Superconductor.

Length of wire and area of cross section of the wire. 

Specific latent heat of fusion : The specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the heat energy released when a unit mass of substance converts from liquid to solid state without the change in temperature.

(i) The heat capacity of the body is 60 JK^-1. This means that the amount of heat energy required to raise the body's temperature by 1 K without going through a change of state is 60 J.

(ii) The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 Jkg^-1 K^-1. This means that the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of lead through 1 K is 130 J. 

Refractive index will be different in these two cases i.e., μB > μR (In glass). 

Reason: In glass, speed of red light is greater than speed of Blue light.

Water has the highest specific heat capacity.

Refractive index will be different in these two cases i.e., μ_B > μ_R (In glass). 

Reason: In glass, speed of red light is greater than speed of Blue light.

Two factors upon which the heat absorbed by a body depends : 

(i) the rise in the temperature of the body. 

(ii) the mass of the body.

(i) Heat absorbed by the body is directly proportional to mass of the body i.e., more will be the mass, more heat will be absorbed by the body. 

Q ∝ M 

(ii) Heat absorbed by the body is directly proportional to the rise in temperature i’e., more heat will be absorbed when body heated at greater temperature. 

Q ∝ ∆t

 Heat capacity of substance B is more than that of substance A.

(1) Intermolecular space changes, kinetic energy increases. 

(2) Intermolecular space increases, potential energy increases.

1. Brisk effervescence with the release of a colourless odourless gas that extinguish a glowing splint and turns lime water milky i.e., CO₂ gas is released. 

2. A white ppt of Ca(OH)₂ is obtained that remains insoluble in excess of NaOH. 

3. The blue colour of aq.CuSO₄ remains unchanged. 

4. A colourless pungent smelling basic gas i.e., Ammonia is obtained. 

5. Moist starch iodide paper turns blue black.

Concentrated sulphuric acid is not used for drying ammonia gas because it reacts with ammonia.

2NH₃ + H₂SO₄ → (NH₄)₂SO₄

Concentrated sulphuric acid is not used for drying ammonia gas because concentrated sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) being acidic in nature reacts with basic ammonia gas tn give ammonium sulphate [(NH₄)₂SO₄].

Ammonia is basic in nature. It reacts with H₂SO₄ to form ammonium sulphate salt so conc. H₂SO₄ is not used for drying ammonia gas.

2NH₃ + H₂SO₄→ (NH₄)₂ SO₄

                                ammonium sulphate

Periodic table

(i) Higher - Metallic character decreases from left to right.

(ii) Higher - Electron affinity increases from left to right.

(iii) Smaller - Atomic size decreases from left to right.

Ca(OH)₂ + 2NH₄Cl → CaCl₂+ 2H₂O + 2NH₃↑

(i) The element B would have higher metallic character than element A.

(ii) The element A would have probably higher electron affinity than element B.

(iii) The element A would have smaller atomic size than element B. 

Sulphuric acid is used for preparation of hydrogen chloride gas in laboratory. This is preferred over other acids because of the following reasons : 

(a) It has low volatility than HCl gas (so that the produced HCI gas is collected easily). 

(b) It has dehydrating properties, so the HCl gas produced can be effectively dehydrated to remove traces of water. 

(c) It has comparatively less oxidant power so formation of other by products can be avoided.

(i) Oxygen 

(ii) Ethane 

(iii) Nitrogen