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The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article .21-A, that every child, between the ages of six to fourteen years, has the fundamental right to get fulltime elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which complies with the essential norms and standards. Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on April 1st, 2010. 

Following are the implication of RTE : 

• Responsibility of provision of free and compulsory education, without taking fee from the children lies with the government. 

• Provision should be made to enroll the non-admitted children to the ageappropriate class. 

• The specification regarding the pupil-teacher ratios, building and infrastructure, working days. teacher working days and working hours should be clearly spelled out. 

• Competent teachers should be employed for the purpose of imparting quality education to the pupils, and corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited for ensuring healthy development of the children. 

• The curriculum should be suitably developed to ensure all round development of the children.

Consanguineal kinship refers to those kins, which are related through blood ( e.g., mother, siblings, offspring, etc.), while affinal kinship refers to those kins, which are related through marital bonds (husband, father, mother-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.).

Classificatory kinship terms are terms used to refer to more than one relations in a kinship group! Thus, the term ‘Uncle’ is a classificatory kinship term which is used to refer to kins such as chacha, foofa, mama, tau, mausa, etc.

Polyandry is the form of marriage in which a woman has two or more than two husbands at a time, whereas polygyny is a form of marriage in which a man has two or more than two wives at the same time.

The bond of blood or marriage that binds people together in a group is called a kinship. There are mainly two types of kinship groups found, namely, consanguineous and affinal.. While consanguineous refers to those kins who are related by blood, 

e.g. : Siblings; affinal kins on the other hand refer to those people who are related via the social institution of marriage, e.g. Husband-wife.

Polygamy is the practice of marriage to more than one person at the same time. In tribal India, polygamy is wide spread and differentiated into two forms : 

Polygyny : is the marriage of one man to several women. If all the wives are reated to each other as sisters than it is termed as Sororal polygyny. In many societies amongst the tribals, having more than one wife was seen a symbol of power and prestige. Whereas amongst some, the barrenness of the first wife led to a second marriage of the husband. This is a more common form of polygamous marriage. 

Polyandry : is the marriage of the woman to several men. Polygamy is found among Naga tribes, Gond and Baiga, the Toda, the Lushei clans. Polyandry is comparatively restricted in distribution. Polyandry can be termed as Fraternal or Adelphic polyandry if all the men in the marriage are related to each other as brothers and share a common wife. If the several husbands of the woman are not brothers of each other than it is known as non- fratemal polyandry. Polyandry was practiced amongst some tribes in order to prevent the creation of tiff amongst the several wives post marriage and also sometimes to prevent the sharing of property. Polyandry is a less common form of polygamous marriage.

Polygyny : This is a form of marriage in which a man marries more than one woman. Polygyny as a polygamous form of marriage which is more popular than polyandry. 

Polygyny may be of the following types : 

• Sororal polygyny : In this type of polygyny, the man marries a number of women simultaneous who are sisters. 

• Non-sororal polygyny : In this type, the several wives of the man are not related as sisters of each other. 

Causes of polygyny may include the following : 

• When there are more number of females as compared to the males. 

• When women contribute economically to the family. 

• Sometimes the first wife may force the husband to bring in a second wife to reduce her work load at home. 

• Childlessness of the first wife can lead to the addition of a second wife into the family.

Polyandry : In this type of marriage one woman is married to several men at the same time.

Polyandry may be of the following types : 

• Fraternal : When several brothers are married to the same woman. 

• Non-fraternal : When the several husbands of the woman need not be related as brothers. However both of these types of polyandry should not be confused with ‘wife sharing’ or ‘wife-lending’.

Causes for polyandry may include the following : 

• Scarcity of women. 

• Heavy bride price. 

• Poverty and sterility of men

Hypergamy refers to the form of marriage in India in which a woman can marry either a man of her own status or higher than her status. As such, she is not allowed to marry a man who belongs to a lower caste than that of her own. A Brahmin man could marry a Kshatriya or Vaishya woman. However, marriage with a Shudra woman was condemned. Children of such a union were referred to as dasiputra. This was done in order to protect the ritual purity associated with the higher castes.

Rules related to marriage : The rules of marriage are either preferential or prohibitive in nature . 

Exogamy : It refers to prohibition of marriage between individuals who may be members of the same group. 

Exogamy can be of the following types : 

1. Gotra Exogamy : The people of belonging to the same gotra are considered to be sharing the same blood and hence their inter-marriage is restricted.

2. Pravar Exogamy : Pravar refers to a religious or spiritual bond. Marriage between persons who are members of the same pravar is restricted amongst the Hindus, especially the Brahmins.

3. Village Exogamy : Among some of the the Indian tribes, like the Munda and some tribes of Chota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh, there is a practice to marry outside one’s own village.

4. Pinda Exogamy : Pinda refers to common parentage. According to Brihaspati, offspring from five maternal generations and seven paternal generations are sapinda, and are not supposed to inter-marry. 

Endogamy : Endogamy refers to practice to marry within a specific group. The prevention of marriage outside the group is supposed to preserve the group’s unity, homogeneity, prestige, status and numerical force. 

The different forms of endogamy in India are as follows: 

1. Tribal endogamy 

2. Caste endogamy 

3. Sub-caste endogamy 

4. Class endogamy 

5. Race endogamy

Marriage is a social institution through which a man and a woman enters into a family life for the purpose of procreation and upbringing of the children. According to Horton and Hunt, ‘Marriage is an approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.’ 

The functions of marriage in human life are as follows : 

• Formation of the household. 

• Legitimate sexual association of the male and female. 

• Procreation of the offspring. 

• Upbringing and rearing of the children. 

• Transmission of culture from one gene-ration to another. 

• It is the basis of creating household as an economic unit. 

• It creates family as an educational unit for the infant.

(i ) The process’depicted by this diagram is ‘Reflex Action’. 

(ii) Part 2 — Dorsal Root Ganglion Part 5 — Central Canal. Part 6 — Gray Matter. 

(iii) The cells in contact with the part labelled ‘1’ is Receptor cells. 

(iv) Functions of the parts labelled 3, 4 and 7 are as follows : 

Part 3 — Afferent (Sensory) nerve fibre carry the stimulus from receptor organ to the spinal cord. 

Part 4 — (Synapse) point between sensory and motor neuron. It is a place where incoming sensory impulse generates an outgoing motor impulse. 

Part 7 — ( Effect neuron) : It carries away the impulse generated by the association neuron in the centre to the effector organ (muscle or gland). Technical term given to the pathway represented by 3, 4 and 7 is ‘Reflex Arc’. 

(v) In spinal cord, the gray matter lies on the inner side and the white matter lies on the outer side This arrangement is just reversed in the brain.

Cytokinesis in plant cells : Process in which the cytoplasmic content of the cell is divided into two new daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Pulmonary veins

Genes : Gene is a basic unit of inheritance for a given character. It is a specific segment of DNA located in the chromosomes.

Phagocytosis

RBCs/ Erythrocytes

(i) Reflexaction

Definition – A quick, automatic, involuntary and often unconscious action brought about when the receptors are stimulated by external or internal stimuli.

(ii) Synaptic - Junction

(iii) 1 = Sensory neuron 

2 = Motor neuron

3 = Grey matter with central canal of spinal cord

(iv) The grey matter is present in the cortex (outer side) consisting of cell bodies and white matter is present inside, which consists of myelinated axons in the brain. In spinal cord, the grey matter (cell bodies) are present inside, while white matter (Myelinated axon) is present outside.

(v) Vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

1. Imbibition is the phenomenon of adsorption of water or any other liquid by the solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. 

2. Imbibition is the initial step in the germination of seeds, when seed coats imbibe water ‘ followed by embryo and endosperm. 

3. Imbibition cause swelling of seeds and breaking of testa. 

4. The imbibition is dominant in the initial stage of water absorption by root hair cells. 

5. Water moves into ovules which are ripening into seeds by the process of imbibition.

Parturition : It is the act of expelling the full term young one/foetus from the mother uterus at the end of gestation period. Hormones play a major role in parturition.

It is important that baby bom when it is mature. The foetal signals that it is mature by secreting certain hormones. The hormones diffuse across the placenta into mother’s blood, where they cause the excretion of oxytocin from her pituitary oxytocin stimulate the uterine contractions. This provides force to expel the baby from the uterus causing birth.

As a result of parturition, milk is produced in the female’s breasts following the birth of a young one. The actual release of milk, requires the presence of oxytocin, to bring contraction of smooth muscles of the ducts within the mammnary glands.

36-D, KamlaNagar 

Agra : 282004 

3rd March, 2010 

The Director 

Star Plus 

142, Lokhandwala 

Mumbai 

Dear Sir, 

Subject: Deteriorating Quality of Television Shows. 

I am a regular viewer of your channel and it pains me to say that the quality of the serials and other programmes shown on Star Plus has taken a steep dip. 

There sure many aspects of a programme which have to be taken into account. According to me the morals, values and ethics depicted in your serials are very inappropriate. The spouses are unfaithful to their partners. Often there are many illicit relationships and children bom of such relationships resurface somewhere during the serial. This is done to provide a new and exciting twist to the story line but have you ever thought of the millions of T.V. viewers who are held captive for that one hour with eyes glued to every twist and turn of the story. When the children of the house begin to comment “Ankush is her child from her earlier lover” or “Bindu’s ex-husband is creating problems” then we know what corroded value systems we are handing over to our children. 

The vamp of the story has a powerful role and youngsters are inspired to use filthy language, scheming and plotting against your own family-members. Besides this degradation of values too much of wealth and opulence teaches the youngsters to acquire quick wealth through fair or foul means. 

T.V. Programmes should have a good script which sustains our interest. It should not encourage wrong values and outdated thinking. They should not be based on divisions between castes, communities, economic sections etc. Please do include some healthy and informative programmes to boost your TRP ratings. 

With sincere thanks, 

Yours faithfully, 

Aman Srivastava

There is no doubt about it that today we are living in a world of sin, corruption, evil and immorality. The atmosphere prevailing in many educational institutions is one of disrespect, scorn and intolerance. The reason? Well, Lack of Moral Science. Sadly, today many people heading educational institutions don’t feel the need for Moral Science. They themselves are indecent, immoral and corrupt people. Therefore, when the head of the institution is evil, what can be expected from the students? These people have forgotten that a student is sent to school for an all round development and that includes the spiritual aspect as well. “Know God— Peace. No God—Hell”. Too much of stress is given to secular subjects which are soon forgotten when the child is promoted to the next class. However, the moral foundation laid in school, lasts a life time. One’s character and personality are formed on the basis of this Moral Science taught in school. 

Why is it that some rich and proud students scorn and ridicule others who are not r so fortunate? Why is it that students are intolerant of others’ beliefs and faiths? Why is it that disrespect is becoming more and more rampant in school and college campuses? 

One only needs to pick up a newspaper to see the increasing phenomenon of vulgarity, violence and hate crimes which are happening in our country and all over the world, especially among school going children. Today, there is a gun culture prevalent in many institutions. The reason for all these happenings is because there is no Moral Science being taught in schools today. 

Moral Science helps a person to become a better human being. One becomes more understanding, patient, pious, decent and wise. One stays away from hurting other people’s feelings and emotions. It teaches us to be more sensitive towards others. We learn to do things without any selfish motives. We learn to help others without seeking for any rewards in return. We derive pleasure in doing things for others as we feel that we are doing it for God. The end result is that the world can become a better and happier place to live in. Peace and contentment can be found. Discipline is easily maintained in schools and colleges. Respect and honour are given wherever it is deserved. Therefore, there can be doubt about the fact that Moral Science makes a man. No other subject taught in school is as important as Moral Science.

Siblings….. 

Siblings! Brothers and sisters! Oh God! how I wish at times that I was the only child of my parents. I would be the only apple of their eye, the sole recipient of their love and affection. I would not have to share my room, my study, table, my cupboard, my clothes etc. with my siblings. Most of all there would be no fights in the house! I do admit that what I have written is a purely selfish account of my desires. May be I am an attention seeker. But, speaking honestly it would be a very lonely life without my elder sister. 

Although genetically we are the same but as far as our temperament goes, we are poles apart. The reasons for these differences can be traced to interesting roots. My sister is elder to me by six and a half years. When I was born, she became my second mother. She loved playing with me like a doll, she helped to feed me, she changed my nappies and can you imagine that she even gave me a bath. It is a different matter that once she nearly drowned me in the bath tub as I slipped away from her fingers and refused to be “a well-behaved younger sibling.” 

This perhaps is the reason why even now she continues to mother me. When we go out of town we share our suitcase. It is she who lays out my clothes, footwear, my accessories neatly upon the bed as we get ready for the day. It is she who puts away the dirty clothes in a separate bag. It is she again who unpacks as well as re-packs our bags on leaving. 

Being Pampered in this manner, I have reaped full benefits of being the younger sibling. Perhaps this is what which has made me a carefree irresponsible child. I continue to strew things around in my room. I do not share any trace of the love for cleanliness and tidiness which my elder sister displays. My study table is littered with books, while hero is neatly organized. When going out, she takes a few minutes to get ready while I take ages to decide what to wear. 

Even when it comes to handling money, she controls the purse strings, keeps an account of each paisa spent while I tend to lose money constantly. She speaks softly and gently whereas I, the brat of the family screams and shouts. She likes to watch the Discovery Channel while I am glued to the MTV. She is fond of traditional dresses, whereas I go mad over western clothes. Even in the choice of music, our tastes vary diametrically. 

The effects of such differences are to be seen clearly in our personalities. While my sister is a typical example of what an elder sister should be, I have remained a true specimen of a younger sister even carefree, disorganized and dependent upon my elder sibling for many things in life.

26, Kailash Colony, 

Agra : 282003 

3rd March, 2010 

My dear Anubha, 

I hope this letter finds you in good cheer. I haven’t heard from you since long and I do wish you would keep in touch. 

Anubha I would like to share with you a recent experience of mine. Our Class, Std. XB, was taken to visit an Old Age Home where we spent half a day interacting with the residents. 

We went there in a picnic mood thinking that we would quickly distribute the sarees, shawls, footwear, toiletry, eatables and medicines and then proceed to have fun. However what actually happened was very different. The poignant faces of women aged seventy five to ninety kept us rivetted to the place much longer than we had intended to stay. Some of them were so lonely that they caught hold of our hands, cajoling and persuading us to spend some more time with them. 

Some talked of their children and grand children whose faces they had forgotten for they never came to visit them. Some talked with nostalgia about their own school and” college days when they were of our age. They remembered those happy days and how naughty they themselves had been. We had prepared some songs for them which they enjoyed very much. A handful of them even joined us in the singing disregarding their cracked, out of tune voices. They looked at us with such fondness and affection that we decided to stay there as long as possible. It was much later we realized how we felt and how something, within us had changed forever. I felt truly happy and satisfied that we had done something worthwhile. I also felt that what we had done that day was a generous and magnanimous gesture. We had come out of our selfish selves and extended a helping hand to those who most deserved it. 

Now I will look at old people not with impatience and irritation but in a more understanding and mature manner. I will now empathise better with them. Do convey my regards to uncle and Aunty. Reply soon as I will wait anxiously for your letter. 

Your loving friend, 

Aastha

Boarding school can be a great place to meet new people and to have fun while you’re at school, but day school is also a good place to go if you don’t like being away from your parents or you have great friends where you are. Both are really great, but boarding school can be really fun-and you get really close to the people you meet there. 

One cannot say that boarding school is better or Day school in comparison, while both are effective in producing good results in terms of academics, extra-curricular, social interactions etc but for some parents it’s difficult to give extra-care and time to their child from the drudgery of their routine, and also due to other reasons they send their children to boarding. 

There are number of benefits in a boarding School. 

1. Daily coexistence lead to friendships, not just among students, but also with faculty members. 

2. Low student-teacher ratio. The median class size is 12 students per teacher, with a student-to-teacher ratio of 6 to 1. 

3. Boarding school reduces compartmentalization, because academic studies are blended with other activities, such as sports. Hus natural juxtaposition increases the appeal of both pursuits. 

4. Provides stability not available in families where one or both parents travel or are virtually never home due to work schedules. 

5. Safety of individuals residing in boarding school is typically higher than non boarding school age students in general. 

6. Special help programs are often available. 

7. Students enjoy more challenge and face fewer harmful distractions. If the students of public school are rife with bad influences or lack diversity, boarding school may be the answer. 

8. Students learn to govern their own behaviour. And parents no longer have to seem like ogres or nags. In many cases students appreciation for parents greatly increases. 

9. Where earlier generations have attended the institution, a family tradition is sustained becoming an additional source of motivation. 

10.Some schools have summer sessions, possibly also open to students of other schools. These sessions often feature special concentrations such as academic or computer instruction and/or the fine arts. Some offer sports and/or rigorous outdoor training during the summer. 

11.Some boarding school offer a post-high school graduation development program which can provide additional opportunity to mature, perfect academic polish and further develop themselves becoming better prepared to be an adult in today’s world. 

In the final analysis, both school whether boarding or day school is good choice. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages as well. Nothing is perfect in this world. The decisions is all up to the individual itself as long as there’s a discussion among family members. Consider all the pro and con before placing your kids whether to boarding or day school. In this situation, parents should help their kid to make decision and play their role because the parents is their role model.

Cinema is an extension of our lives. It takes us into a world where we forget ourselves for a couple of hours. I surely agree that cinema both entertains and educates us. The basic purpose for which the silent black and white “Harishchandra” or the first talkie “Alam Ara” was created in India was to provide a new source of entertainment to the people. As the cinematic reels begin to unfold before us, the masses in large numbers, we relax, let loose our problems mid quietly gaze at the unfolding of a story before us. 

The movies make us experience those pleasures which we may never ever have a chance to favour in real life. In this manner “reel life is quite different from real life.” We climb Mount Everest, we dive into the deep seas admiring the under-water flora and fauna, we go back into history and meet great people from the past, we even step into the future with the help of various scientific inventions, and feel the pulse of the times. If this is not education then what is? 

Cinema takes us to exotic locations all over the world. We visit remote areas of Mexico and Chile, we go for a jungle Safari in the game-reserves of Africa, we gaze with wonder at the mammoth pyramids of Egypt, we peep into the lives of the tribals. All this is much more interesting than going through thick encyclopaedias. This definitely adds to our general knowledge. 

Cinema as an entertainer has a very wide appeal. The movies made in Bollywood are shown not only all across our country but all over the world. The entertainment tax collected by the cinema is in crores. The song and dance sequences, the sale of music cassettes and C.D.s all go to prove how popular film music is. It surely entertains both the rich and the poor alike. 

When a person is mentally and physically tired, he looks forward to a good entertaining movie at the end of the weekend. People not only see a good movie once, but go there several times to see it. Why do they go there repeatedly? Obviously to get entertainment. 

Thus there is no doubt that movies both educate and entertain.

We had enjoyed an evening out. My examinations were over and my family and I had gone out for a long drive to the suburban part of the town. On our return we found a large crowd gathered outside our colony, I wondered what was attracting the people? 

I elbowed my way through the crowd to see a young girl about six or seven years of age walking over a tight rope balancing a wooden pole measuring about ten to twelve feet along. There was a young man with a harmonium belting out a rustic song as the child walked precariously over the rope. A brightly dressed woman stood watching cautious and concerned of the child may not fall off. May be she was that girl’s mother. 

What made these people risk the young girl’s life? What would happen if she fell down? Would she be mained for fife? Will she get crippled? A dozen questions like these darted through my mind. I felt sympathy for the poor children who had to risk their life to earn their livelihood. 

I also thought of the hundreds of children who were child-labourers. Many worked in hazardous factories like glass factories and chemical industries. One careless movement could ruin their lives forever. I thought of the long hours of work for those under fourteen children who worked in road-side dhabas, tea-shops and carpet weaving factories where they laboured day after day unflinchingly and uncomplainingly. When I drive out of my multi-storeyed apartments I often happen to see a bunch often to fifteen children across the road. There are new apartments coming up just before my building. The ages of these children range from a few months to fourteen-fifteen years. All of them are ragged, ill-clad, hungry and dirty. While their parents work they have to tend for themselves. 

The labourers children hung around the building sites, often exposed to all the dangers which an unfinished structure can cause. These children have never known the care-free, happy feeling of childhood. They have never been pampered by their parents or spoilt by riches. They lead modest hard-working lives, maturing much earlier than their actual years. 

They are almost young adults who can shoulder the responsibility of earning daily wages, looking after their younger brothers and sisters and helping out their parents on fields, in building, in domestic work as well. 

I do hope that a day will come when childhood would turn a blessing to these children rather than a curse.

The mobile phones are modem gadgets of communication that helps us to connect with people around the world. The mobile phones have a marked effect in the lives of people and now a days each and every person whether a peasant or a wealthy person owns a mobile phone. In these urban times, mobile phones are not restricted only to the adults, but have also become a component of students lives. The mobile phones cannot be allowed in schools as they will be used more as a means of amusement than for education. 

The students’ life is a base for the days to come, and at this stage, students should develop the virtue of hardword by doing his/her own work manually without any help. With a mobile phone in hand, no student will bother to write down his/her notes, and will be obsessed with copying and pasting all the work given to him/her. This will lead to the students to become lazy and passive and this can effectively ruin their future. Nowadays, new types of mobiles called smart phones are prevalent. These have thousands of new features to be used. But most of these feature are too distracting for a student’s mind. For example, student will develop a habit for playing games or listening to music while the teacher is giving a lecture or notes in class. This will cause rapid decrease in his/her interest in study, and he/she will gradually start losing his/her marks and rank. Another harmful effect of phones is that the outdoor activities decrease as the students stick to mobiles, because they are too hard to resist for a student. This affects their physical and mental health and if mobile phones are allowed in schools then the students would only become bad to worse. An important feature of mobile phone is internet. Internet is a very useful thing and could be-very useful for students as they can know about all the things around the world. But if free access to internet is provided to students, without any restrictions in schools then most of the times it will be used for purposes other than education. The students could also be lured into opening **** websites and watching illicit material. The students will also begin to down load useless materials, as a students heart and mind is still developing and it is too hard to resist such distractions. 

Thus, the mobile phones should only be limited till homes, because they prove to be more of a distraction than an educational source to children. The students gradually start lossing their concentration in studies. They develop a passive nature for studies and their essence of hard work all dry up. The mobile phones will cause their health to deteriorate, and will have an adverse effect on their eyes. A student will grow to become erratic and harsh and with a stubborn character. The mobile phones will cause them to lose their interest in sports and other outdoor fields of entertainment. Students will be less in contact with the outside world and family, and this will deteriorate his character. 

As far as study is concerned the mobile phones cam be an excellent source if they are used correctly. But if the students gain free access to phones, like in schools than they will only serve as an excellent source of distraction. These were the views I had against the allowing of mobile phones in schools.

All of us know that examination is a troublesome fear before all and none goes untouched from it. Since birth to death a man has to undergo different types of examinations in life. They enable us to encounter the hardest things in life and pave a way for our smooth life. But for the students it is all the more troublesome. Parents, teachers, students, friends and relatives, etc. come under its purview and they bum midnight oil to obtain ranking position. Extra coaching is arranged and the students and the parents are troubled with on-coming examinations. In a way examinations inspire, motivate and fix-up a goal before us in order to assess our progress. 

But at the same time, the students of today are under much pressure and strain due to competitive environment. Consequently they hardly get adequate time for food, rest, recreation, sleep hobbies and other outdoor games. The fear of tough competition, entrance examination, voluminous syllabus and extra coaching go on stressing their mind, body and soul. This stress is often visible, either in shape of anger, irritation, insomnia, violent behaviour or in the shape of irresponsibility towards their study on the part of the students. 

Many students complain that they experience blackouts even if they are preparing for a simple class test. A study says more than 40% of both boys and girls experience high level of stress and anxiety before taking an exam. Around 10% of boys and girls also take to smoking as they feel it would help them relax. However, the most important aspect as the survey points out is that a student’s desires and aspirations must be encouraged and not sidelines in the pursuits of marks. The need is to look at the symptoms of stress rather than adding to the pressure. Stress is a reaction to change; it can be either positive or negative and it affects both the body and the mind. The body does not distinguish’between negative and positive stress: both excitement and anxiety strain the body’s resources and depress the immune system, resulting in loss of spontaneity, happiness, or enthusiasm or excessive sleep and low blood pressure. 

To develop a stress strategy relaxation exercises should be a regular part of your day. An exercise routine helps reduce anxiety, and it also helps you endure the stress you cannot avoid. Besides this the school syllabus should be based on practical experiences. It should create a student’s interest and inspire him to study more and more rather than, finding reasons to escape it. The fear of not performing well goes on piercing their minds. 

Thus examinations do not measure the reality but these are the motivating factors to assess the ability of a student. We should take them pleasurably rather than considering them as a necessary evil.

It was Monday when I was returning from my school to home. I was very happy as I got good marks in my test and thinking what my mother would say after seeing my test. On reaching my house I rang the bell of the main gate, but there was no response. After two-three minutes I tried to push the gate and to my surprise it easily opened. I was thinking that why my mother had left the door unlocked. 

As I entered, I saw all the things displaced from their original position. My almirah was open and all the clothes were lying out on the bed, the television was on. The water was also overflowing from the bucket as the tap lay open. I couldn’t understand what had happened in the house. In the morning only I had read in newspaper, many news of robbery, kidnapping etc. I felt very frightened. I again called out to my mom, but there was no reply. I searched each and every room but found nothing except silence. I rang my mother but I found that her phone was in the house only. I went to my neighbor Mr. Singh’s house and asked whether they knew anything, but I got no information from them also. I decided to call my relatives, but just then, a car came to the door of my house and was honking repeatedly. 

I quickly rushed to the door to see who it was and found to my astonishment my parents standing there. They were equally surprised to see me. My mother wept bitterly on seeing me and hugged me. She kissed my forehead repeatedly. 

After the initial moment of shock and surprise was over, I asked them where they had been all the while. My father related that mother had received a call from a man who informed her that a boy in school uniform and riding a black cycle was knocked down by a car. They got the number from the identity card he was wearing. We got panic thinking that you have met with an accident. In fear and panic leaving things as they were, we rushed to the spot only to find that the boy had been taken to a nearby hospi¬tal. Reaching the hospital we found that the boy’s condition was serious and operation was the need of the hour. So the boy was in the O.T. fighting against death. We waited till the operation was over and the doctor came out with a smile and announced that the operation was successful and the boy will soon recover. We felt extremely pleased and went to see you but to our amazement found that you were not there but he was your friend Ram. We rushed back home thinking you would be waiting for us. When we saw you safe and sound this added to our happiness. After hearing their story, I told them that my friend and I were playing a prank and I had given my identity card to him and forgot to take it after the school was over. But we were very happy that everything ended with happiness.

My experience on a rainy day has always been full of joy and happiness. It was the month of June and the heat was at its peak. Not just the humans but even the animals were gasping for the monsoons to set in. In such weather, it was literally impossible to stay indoors. So me and a couple of my friends decided to go for a stroll around the TajMahal. 

We were on our way and suddenly some dark clouds began to set in and the weather became overcast. Finally, the wait was over and it started to rain and that too very heavily. It was as if clouds had burst open. The roads and streets were soon flooded with water. The tin ceilings of the nearby houses were showering big drops of rain. But we all were really enjoying the shower. The river Yamuna was nearly flooding by now. We were all splashing water in joy. 

The boys from nearby slums were playing with their umbrellas, splashing water onto one another; they were even floating paper boats in the small pools and rills on the road. They were enjoying thoroughly. Trees and plants were dripping water continuously, it was truly an enchanting scene which stole my heart. 

After having enjoyed for an hour or so, we decided to head back home. It was then that we realized that a flood-like phenomenon was shaping up. The water was gushing ‘ down with full might. We were soaked in a couple of feet of water. The traffic had come to a halt. The rainfall was heavier than anyone had expected. But after an hour or two things started to clear up. The rainfall stopped but the roads were still slippery. 

The memories of such days are full of amusement, laughter and sometimes even mishaps. Many people don’t prefer monsoons, they complain of floods, of the unhygienic environment created by them or even the water-borne diseases they lead to. But to me, they act as a day of merry-making in the scorching heat of June. They provide satisfac- ; tion in such depressing and unpleasant atmosphere. All of a sudden the weather be comes exhilarating. The atmosphere becomes romantic. The happiness of dirtying clothesby splashing in water is one of the most satisfying mischiefs of our life. Monsoons to me are by far the best part of the year.

1. looking Closely 

2. wildly 

3. put completely into water.

319 Dayal Bagh 

Agra 

29th February, 2016 

The Principal 

St. Francis Inter College 

Sanjay Place 

Agra 

Rev. Father, 

I, chinmay jain on behalf of class IX-B request you to give us the permission to visit Fathepur Sikri situated at a distance of about 55 km from Agra. 

We want to visit this place because of its historical value. Secondly, through our history books we learnt that it was built with a fusion of arts of different cultures, so we want to go and have a first hand experience. It will be helpful for us to understand the chapter in a better way. Not only this, we will also be able to gather knowledge about the Mughal period and about the richness of the Mughals. 

We hope that you will think over our request and allow us to go on the educational tour to Fathepur Sikri. 

Thanking you in anticipation.

 Yours obediently 

Chinmay Jain

18 Nehru Nagar 

Agra 

29th February, 2016 

Dear Aryan 

Last week the jubliee celebration were held in the school. It was an event full of fun, work and play. We all missed you a lot. Hope by now you may have recovered from your illness. 

The DM of Agra district Mr. Pankaj Kumar was the chief guest in the two days celebrations held in the school. The senior section students presented a dance drama on the theme ‘Women Empowerment’. The audience throughly enjoyed and appreciated it. I, too had a major role in the act. My performance was rewarded with a standing ovation.

To tell you truly, before the call on the stage I was very nervous and scared. There were butterflies buzzing in my stomach. But once I was on the stage, all fear disappeared and it was smooth sailing. The other programmes were solo song, group song, folk dance and contemporary dance form. The progress report was read by our principal Mr. Alex Jhon. 

I sincerely wish you could also make it to the grand event held in school after so many months. Hope to see you back in school soon. 

Yours friendly

Abhinandan.

(B) CH₃ – O – CH₃ (Methoxy methane)

Ag⁺ ions and Cu⁺ ions.

1. A complex salt. 

2. When silver nitrate is used, deposition of silver on cathode is not uniform because it is a strong electrolyte. 

3. A small current is passed for a longer time. 

4. Ag⁺ + e^– → Ag 

5. Ag – e^– → Ag⁺ .

(a) Bring a glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution near the mouth of each test tubes containing dil. Hcl and dil. H₂SO₄ each.

(b)

1. Dilute sulphuric acid treated with zinc gives Hydrogen gas which bums with pop sound. 

Concentrated H₂SO₄ gives SO₂ gas with zinc and the gas turns Acidified potassium dichromate paper green.

2. Barium chloride solution gives white ppt. with dilute H₂SO₄, This white ppt. is insoluble in all acids. 

Concentrated H₂SO₄ and NaCl mixture when heated gives dense white fumes if glass rod dipped in Ammonia solution is brought near it.

(a) Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals because there is no other manufactured compound which is used by such a large number of key industries.

(b) Sulphuric acid is referred to as Oil of vitriol as it was obtained as an oily viscous liquid by heating crystals of green vitriol.

(a) Dilute acid is generally considered a typical acid except for its reaction with metals since it does not liberate hydrogen. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and the nascent oxygen formed oxidizes the hydrogen to water.

(b) 3Cu + 8HNO₃ → 3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂O +2NO

Because it does not liberate hydrogen. It is a powerful oxidising agent and the nascent oxygen formed oxidises the hydrogen to water.

String k; 

k = x%2 == 0 ? “EVEN” : “ODD”; 

System.out.print(k);

discount = (bill > 10000)? bill * 10.0/100 : bill * 5.0/100;

int f = 1, 

i = 1; while (i < = 5) 

{ f* = i; System.out.println(f); 

i++; }

if (sale > 15000) 

comm = sale*5/100; 

else 

comm = 0;

The code using if-else statement is: 

if (mark >= 90) 

{ 

String grade = “A”; 

} 

else 

{ 

if ( mark >= 80) 

{ 

String grade = “B”; 

} 

else 

{ 

String grade = “C”; 

} 

}

1. Hydrogenation

2. Methane 

3. Esterification 

4. Catenation 

5. Dehydrohalogenation

(i) Hydrogenation 

(ii)  Methane (CH₄)

(iii) Esterification

(iv) Catenation

(v) Dehydrohalogenation

(i) Aspiration of amniotic fluid from amniotic sac around the foetus is called amniocentesis.

Role : Used to determine 

• To determine sex and sex abnormalities of developing baby. 

• Genetically controlled congenital diseases.

• Gene related metabolic disorders.

(ii) Causative agent – Neisseria gonorrhoeae 

Symptom – Pus containing discharge from genital ducts.

(iii) Significance of dispersal of seeds:

• Evolution of land plants. 

• In establishing species in new areas by means of dispersal.

(iv) Seasonal breeders are organisms that perform breeding and have active reproductive cycles during particular breeding season e.g.. Birds

(v) in sexually reproducing organisms. chromosome number is maintained by process of meiosis in which chromosome number is reduced to half which is restored on fertilization.

1. Cholecystokinin: Pancreozymin (cck-Pz): Site of secretion : Mucosa of small intestine. 

Function : Stimulate the gall bladder to release the bile and also stimulate pancreas to release its enzymes. 

2. Oxytocin : Site of secretion : Posterior lobe of pituitry gland. 

Function : Promotes contraction of Uterine muscles, just before and during labour, contraction of myo-epithelial muscles of lactating breast, for squeezing milk for baby. 

3. Insulin :Site of secretion : Beta-.cells in islets of langerhans of pancreas. 

Function : Decrease level of glucbse in blood, by increasing the rate of its transport out of blood and in to cells, muscles and convert it into glycogen.