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Regionalism in context of Indian democracy means an ideology and political movement that seeks advancement of particular geographical regions which have distinct culture, language, identity and tradition.

Two words which were added to the Preamble by the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India are : 

• Socialist 

• Secular

Judicial independence is ensured in the Constitution of the United States of America in the following ways: The federal judges may be removed only by impeachment and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes. Judicial impeachments are conducted by the House of Representatives and require conviction by the Senate. They are very rare. The process is deliberately difficult, to guard against judges being impeached for political reasons.

Article III of the Constitution further ensures that compensation for federal judges “shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.” Neither Congress nor public opinion can “punish” a judge for an unpopular decision by threatening his paycheck. With an assured salary and permanent tenure in a respected office, judges have no real incentive to abuse authority so they are much more likely to discharge their duties faithfully.

Judicial independence is also enhanced by the selection process for federal judges. Federal judges are appointed by the President when vacancies occur. They must be confirmed by a majority vote in the Senate before taking office. Presidential appointments of judges leave a visible and important legacy, so presidents carefully consider those whom they select based on certain criteria like their reputation, judicial record, experience, ideology, loyalty etc.

Article 19 of the Constitution specifically guarantees to the citizens of India six basic freedoms, they are :

Freedom of Speech and Expression, Freedom of peaceful assembly without arms, Freedom to form associations, Freedom of movement throughout the territory of India, of residing and settling in any part and Freedom of practicing any profession and carrying on any occupation, trade or business. These freedoms are recognized as the natural rights inherent in the status of a citizen.

Article 19(1) guarantees to every citizen the right to freedom of speech and expression. This means that every citizen is free to express his views, believes and convictions freely and without inhibitions by word of mouth, through writing, printing, picturing or in any other manner.

Article 19(1)B secures to all citizens of India the right to assemble peacefully and without arms. This consequentially leads to the conferment of the right to hold public meetings and demonstrations and take out processions peacefully.

Article 19(1)C guarantees to all citizens the right to form associations and unions for pursuing lawful purposes subjected to reasonable restrictions.

Article 19(1)D guarantees all citizens the freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country except for those where the interest of the public are being hindered.

Article 19(1)E guarantees all citizens the freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India, with restriction on the basis of interest of general public.

Article 19(1)G says that every citizen of India has the right to practice any profession or to carry on any profession, occupation, trade or business. The right to carry on a business includes the right to close it any time the owner likes.

The Preamble to a Constitution embodies the fundamental values and the philosophy, on which the Constitution is based.

The philosophy of the Indian Constitution is reflected in the Preamble.

The term ‘Sovereign’ states that India is an independent State and it is not subject to control by any external power or authority though it is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The word ‘Republic’ means India is neither a monarchy nor an oligarchy. We have an elected President instead of a king at the head of our State. The Preamble declares that India is a Republic and shall be a democratic in the representative form. The ultimate power remains in the electorate comprising the entire adult population. To emphasis these values, the Constitution framers have resorted to the use of the concepts like Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

Justice-social, economic and political to be secured through the provisions of Fundamental Rights. The Directive Principles of State Policy ensure that Liberty is guaranteed to the individuals through the provision of Fundamental Rights, which are enforceable in the court of law. The Preamble secures to all citizens, equality of States and opportunity in civic, political. The unity and integrity of the nation is sought to secured by the use of the word ‘Fraternity’ in the Preamble and by the provisions of fundamental duties and single citizenship in the Constitution. The use of these words in the Preamble shows, it embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values on which the Constitution is based. It very well reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution.

Article 19 of the Constitution specifically guarantees to the citizens of India six basic freedoms, they are : 

Freedom of Speech and Expression, Freedom of peaceable assembly without arms, Freedom to form associations, Freedom of movement throughout the territory of India, of residing and settling in any part and Freedom of practicing any profession and carrying on any occupation, trade or business. These freedoms are recognized as the natural rights inherent in the status of a citizen.

Article 19(1) guarantees to every citizen the right to freedom of speech and expression. This means that every citizen is free to express his views, believes and convictions freely and without inhibitions by word of mouth, through writing, printing, picturizing or in any other manner.

Article 19(1)B secures to all citizens of India the right to assemble peacefully and without arms. This consequentially leads to the conferment of the right to hold public meetings and demonstrations and take out processions peacefully.

Article 19(1)C guarantees to all citizens the right to form associations and unions for pursuing lawful purposes subjected to reasonable restrictions.

Article 19(1)D guarantees all citizens the freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country except for those where the interest of the public are being hindered.

Article 19(1)E guarantees all citizens the freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India, with restriction on the basis of interest of general public.

Article 19(1)G says that every citizen of India has the right to practice any profession or to carry on any profession, occupation, trade or business. The right to carry on a business includes the right to close it any time the owner likes.

The Directive Principles of State Policies embodied in Part IV are a unique feature of our Constitution. Besides the precedent of the Irish Constitution, the basic inspiration for the Directive Principles Chapter came from the . concept of Welfare State. While seeking to protect the basic rights of the individual, the framers of the constitution also wanted it to become an effective instrument for social revolution. 

The possible conflict between the rights of the individual and their needs of the community was sought to be resolved on the one hand by hedging the Fundamental Rights themselves by necessary restrictions “public interest”, etc., and, on the other, by incorporating a chapter on the more positive “Directive Principles of State Policy”.

Article 37 declares that the Directive Principles are “Fundamental in governance of the country” and that “it shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws”. Thus, it is clear that these constitutional directives were not intended to be merely moral precepts but were to be treated as positive mandates and part and parcel of the Human Rights provision of the constitution. The Directive Principles however, did not give rise to any legal rights for the violation of which any individual could seek a remedy nor did these bestow any power of the legislature. Also, no law could be declared ultra vires on the ground of inconsistency with these principles.

It is possible to see both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles as complementary to each other. Fundamental Rights restrain the government from doing certain things while Directive Principles exhort the government to do certain things. Fundamental Rights mainly protect the rights of the individuals while Directive Principles ensure the wellbeing of the entire society.

Many times many policies of Directive Principles have been taken and incorporated in the Fundamental Rights through amendments. 

For example, abolition of the Zamindari system, mid-day meal system, etc.

Some of the functions of the Judiciary are as follows: 

Judicial Functions : When a dispute is brought before a court, it is the responsibility of the court to ‘determine the facts’ involved. The court studies the facts presented through evidence by the contesting parties. The Judiciary takes up the role of the interpreter of the laws.

Law-making Functions : The judiciary while interpreting the existing laws also performs the role of lawmaker. Infact ‘judge- made’ laws are common to all systems of jurisprudence. Such occasions may arise when the provisions of the existing laws may be ambiguous, or sometimes two or more laws appear to be in conflict. Herein the judiciary plays an important role in determining what the law is and when two laws apparently conflict, which one shall prevail.

Guardianship of the Constitution : In federal States like India and the USA the judiciary is the guardian of the Constitution. In federal States conflict in jurisdiction and authority is common, as there are multiple law-making and executive authorities. Under circumstances, the judiciary plays the role of an umpire and regulates the legal actions of the States and Central governments.

Advisory Jurisdiction : Some national judiciaries possess advisory jurisdiction. For instance, the President of India may seek the advice of the Supreme Court of India on any proposed legislation.

Aniline, Diethyl ether, methylamine, ethylamine

A = CH₃COCl

B = CH₃CONH₂

C = CH₃COONa

D = NH₃

(i) Vitamin C

(ii) Vitamin K

(i) Transpiration. 

(ii) The process in which plants lose water in the form of vapour from its aerial parts. 

(iii) To prevent escape of the soil water as vapour. 

(iv) A similar set up without a living plant. 

(v) 1. Due to transpiration there is an upward movement of water so roots can absorb more water and thus minerals from soil. 

2. The transpired water forms a cool blanket around the plant thus protecting it from the heat of sun. 

(vi) 1. The stomata are sunken into pits.

2. The stomata are covered by hair. 

3. The leaf is narrow to reduce the number of stomata.

They have to go to bed early every night as they are allowed to stay up late on Saturdays.

(i) JUNE 

JNUE 

(ii) SCROLL 

LCROLS 

LLROCS 

LLORCS 

(iii) Reverses the part of a string from a specified location.

(i) 0 

(ii) 0 

(iii) (f * f * f); 

(iv) num/10;

(v) s == num

(i) a. length 

(ii) i + 1 

(iii) minpos=j 

(iv) min = a [j] 

(v) t

D [-2… 10] [3 …8] BaseAddress 

B = 4110 I = 4, J = 5 

D [4] [5] = ? W = 8 bytes 

M = 10 

Columnwise 

D[I, J] = B + ((J – 1) * M + (I – 1)) * W 

D [4] [5] = 4110 + ((5 – 1) + 10 + (4 – 1)) * 8 

= 4110+ (40 + 3) × 8 

= 4110 + 344 

= 4454

A binary tree is an important type of structure which occurs very often. 

• It is characterized by the fact that any node can have at most two branches, i. e., there is no node with degree greater than two. 

• For binary trees, we distinguish between the subtree on the left and on the right. 

• A binary tree may have zero nodes.

The half adder is an example of a simple, functional digital circuit built from two logic gates. The half adder adds two one-bit binary numbers (AB). The output is the sum of the two bits (S) and the carry (C). 

The truth table for a half-adder is:

‘x’ and ‘y’ are the two inputs, and S (Sum) and C (Carry) are the two outputs. 

The Carry output is ‘O’ unless both the inputs are 1.

‘S’ represents the least significant bit of the sum. 

The simplified sum of products (SOP) expressions is: 

S = x’y + xy’, C = xy

(i) 2 2 2 3 24, 2 

(ii) 2 2 3 7 84, 2 

(iii) someFunOcalculates the L.C.M (Lowest Common Multiple).

The complement property says that any value AND the compliment of that value equals the OR identity and that any value OR the compliment of that value equals the OR identity. 

(A AND (A’) = 0; A OR (A’) = 1.) 

Try yourself by applying De Morgan’s Law.

Internal nodes are not leaf nodes whereas external nodes are leaf nodes.

Given n = 43629, x = 3, y = 4

Step 5 return 4

Step 4 returns 12+4 =16

Step 3 returns 18+16 =34

Step 2 returns 6+34 = 40

Step 1 returns 36+40 = 76

(a) Used as a rear view mirror.

(b) Used as a shaving mirror.

• They move with the speed of light.
•  They can heat matter.

(i) The basic aim of the Public Sector is public welfare and economic development. 

(ii) Due to this Public Sector keep the prices of their products low. Some time lowers than the cost of production. 

(iii) This lowers the profit margin. 

(iv) Lower profit margin leads to lower capital formation and ultimately still lower profits.

Inflation adversely affects fixed income groups like salaried people and pension earners as the real income falls.

(i) Tea and Coffee 

(ii) Computer and Laptop

Total investment = Rs 8500 

Market value of each share = Rs 170 

Number of shares purchased = 8500/170 = 50 

Dividend received = Rs (10/100) × 50 × 100 = Rs 500 

Now, market value of each share = Rs (170 + 30) = Rs 200

(i) Amount received on selling = Rs (50 x 200) = Rs 10000 

Market value of new shares = Rs 125 each 

(ii) Number of shares purchased = 10000/125 = 80 

Dividend received = (12/100) × 80 ×100 = Rs 960 

(iii) Change in income = Rs (960 – 500) = Rs 460

(a) The formula of the compound is Mg₃ N₂ .

(b) Balanced equation :

Mg₃ N₂ + 6 H₂O →3 Mg(OH)₂ + 2 NH₃

(c) Ammonia is a reducing agent and reduces less active metal oxide to its respective metal.

(a) An aqueous solution of chlorine is acidic as it dissolves in water to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids.

(b) Silver nitrate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form thick curdy white ppt. of silver chloride whereas silver nitrate does not react with nitric acid.

AgNO₃ + HCl→  AgCl + HNO₃

(White ppt.)

A is Silver nitrate

B is Hydrochloric acid

C is Silver chloride

(a) The processes involved in

(i) Processes involved in concentration are:

1. Hydrolytic method

2. Magnetic Separation

3. Froth floatation

4. Leaching

(ii) Processes involved in Refining of ores are:

1. Distillation

2. Liquation

3. Oxidation

4. Electro- refining

(b) Potassium and sodium oxides cannot be reduced by carbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen

Silver gets tarnished when exposed to the atmosphere which contains pollutant H₂S and forms a black coating of Ag₂S.

Copper forms a green deposit on its surface when exposed to moist air. This is usually basic copper (II) sulphate.

(a) Galvanized iron sheets

(b) Zinc

(c) Zinc

(a) Aluminium being strong, light and corrosion resistant metal is used for making alloy.

(b) Aluminium is light, malleable and does not rust so it is used for wrapping chocolates.

(c) To prevent them from rusting.

(d) It is used in aluminothermy as it is a good reducing agent.

(e) As aluminium forms a film of aluminium oxide, it protects the ships from corrosion. So it is used for making ships.

(a) Iron(II) oxide:

4FeO + O₂ ⟶ 2Fe₂O₃

Fe₂O₃ + 3CO + 600°C - 400°C → 2Fe + 3CO₂

(b) Zinc oxide is reduced by coke.

Zn O + C + heat → Zn + CO

Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium with composition 90-95% and magnesium with composition 10-5%. It is used for making aircrafts.

(A) Formic acid

(A) Oxidation

(C) Metals from non-polar covalent compounds

(D) Tetrammine copper(II) sulphate

Which one of the following is not true of metals Metals form non-polar covalent compounds.

(D) Concentrated hydrochloric acid [3 parts] and concentrated nitric acid [1 part]

An example of a complex salt is Tetramine copper(II) sulphate.

Aqua regia is a mixture of Concentrated hydrochloric acid [3 parts] and concentrated nitric acid [1 part].

(a) Bromine

(b) Lead

(c) Gallium

(d) Carbon

(e) Sodium

(f) Sodium

(g) Tungsten

(h) Carbon fiber

(i) Carbon

(j) Mercury

(i) Ion formation: Metals form positive ions by loss of electrons whereas non- metals form negative ions by gain of electrons.

(ii) Discharge of ions: Metals are discharged at the cathode during electrolysis whereas nonmetals are liberated at the anode during electrolysis.

(iii) Nature of oxide formed: Oxides of metals are usually basic. Soluble basic oxides dissolve in water forming an alkaline solution whereas oxides of non-metals are usually acidic. Soluble acidic oxides dissolve in water forming an acidic solution.

(iv) Oxidizing and reducing property: Metals ionize by loss of electrons and hence are reducing agents whereas non-metals ionize by gain of electrons and hence are oxidizing agents.

(v) Reaction with acids: Metals above hydrogen in activity series usually replace hydrogen from dilute non-oxidizing acids whereas non-metals do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid.

(a) Na - e^- → Na⁺

(b) N+ 3e^- →N^3-

(c) Cl +e^- → Cl^-

(d) Mg -2e^- → Mg²⁺

(e) M+ 2HCl → MCl₂ + H₂

(f) Mg +H₂SO₄ →MgSO₄ +→ H₂

(1) Grana 

(2) Water 

(3) H+ 

(4) Photolysis 

(5) JET 

(6) NADPH 

(7) ATP 

(8) Photophospherviation 

(9) Glucose 

(10) Isomerisation.