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(i) Alumina (Al₂O₃): It is the main compound yielding aluminium.

Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆): It acts as a solvent and lower the fusion temperature from 2050°C to 950°C.

Fluorspar (CaF₂) : It acts as a solvent and increases the conductivity of electrolytic mixture.

(ii) Layer of powdered coke is sprinkled over the surface of the electrolytic mixture to prevent the heat loss by radiation and prevents carbon anode from burning in air.

(1) Sensory cells that help in hearing are called organ of corti. 

(2) The utricle and saccule part of the inner ear have presence of gravity receptors that aid in maintaining static balance of the body. 

(3) Oval window or fenestra ovalis is the membrane covered opening that connects the middle ear to the inner ear. 

(4) Endolymph is the fluid present in the middle chamber of cochlea. 

(5) Ampulla region of semi circular canal maintains dynamic balance of the body.

(i) Acetic acid 

(ii) Acetylene 

(iii) Isomers 

(iv) Ketone

(i) Galvanisation 

(ii) Solder 

(iii) Zinc blende 

(iv) Copper oxide

Because 90% of all known compounds contain C and H and are obtained from or are present in the living world (plants and animals).

Black copper oxide is reduced to brown/red.

CuO + H₂  + heat →Cu + H₂O

Because during electrolysis of acidulated water, quantity of acid present remains unchanged throughout and the rate of electrolysis of water gets increased.

Black powdery copper oxide changes to red shiny copper metal.

A colourless gas with characteristic pungent smell of ammonia is formed.

A reddish brown pungent smelling gas is evolved.

Sugar crystals first turn brown then to a black spongy mass. Steam is also evolved.

Here, (K + 3/K + 2) = (3k - 7/2k - 3)

⇒ (K + 3) (2K – 3) = (K + 2) (3K – 7). 

⇒ 2K² – 3K + 6K – 9 = 3K² – 7K + 6K – 14 

⇒ K² – 4K – 5 = 0 ⇒ (K – 5) (K + 1) = 0 

⇒ K = 5 or K = – 1

Sample space = 25 discs numbered from 1 to 25. 

(i) Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 

Probability (an odd number) = 13/25. 

(ii) Numbers divisible by 2 and 3 both are 6, 12, 18, 24

Probability (divisible by 2 and 3 both) = 4/25. 

Numbers less than 16 are 1 to 15 

(iii) Probability (a no. less than 16) = 15/25 or 3/5

1. Number of members: A private company can be registered with two members while a public company must have at least seven members. A private company cannot have more than fifty members excluding its past and present employees. A public company can have any number of members. 

2. Invitation to the public: A private company cannot invite the public by issue of the prospectus to subscribe to its share capital. On the other hand, a public company is free to invite public to subscribe to its share capital. However, it is under no legal binding to invite public to subscribe to its shares or debentures. 

3. Transferability of shares: There is a restriction on the transfer of shares in a private limited company. The transfer shall not be allowed unless agreed to by all the existing members of the company. 

4 Commencement of business: A private company can start its business immediately after incorporation. A public company must obtain the certificate of commencement of business before starting its business operations. 

5. Articles of association: A private limited company must prepare and file its own articles of association. But a public limited company may adopt the model Articles as given in the Companies Act.

In this 21st century the population of our country is growing rapidly day by day, and all of us have become very career sensitive. In market there are less number of jobs and the more number of people suitable for job. Every person has an aim to became something or to take a position in life. But out of hundred people only thirty to forty people can fulfill their aim, because there is a competition in every field. For that reason the parents and guardian of child don’t want that their child should join army, navy or defence or they should become a good coach of cricket or football. But they want that they should become engineer, doctor, lawyer and many things.

This thing also happens in school. Teachers guide them for becoming good doctors or engineers and they give very less attention towards the extracurricular activities. All the students have some talents. Some of them have good brain so naturally they are very good in studies. Some have good talent in singing or dancing or somebody plays outdoor or indoor games very well. Many of them have interest towards drawing or painting or arts.

But in this modem society parents, as well as schools or institutions, consider those things as nuisance which will not bring any position for the child in future. Only studying engineering, medical, law and many more things can give them something for future, and they can earn lots of money. For that reason the child or students who don’t have more interest towards their studies and they have interest in other activities, they don’t study their lessons. They do only by the pressure of their parents and school on private tutions.

In case of taking a good place in life or doing well in the academic year, parents give tuitions to the students they lose their leisure time and they can’t do the activities which they want to do in their leisure time and when they get free time they indulge in self-studies, or other homework. In case, they had to leave their hobby or the activities towards which they were attracted.

Many students under pressure of their studies, which they can’t tolerate, attempt suicides because their parents will not heap their words, they will give more pressure to them. So they feel more easy to attempt suicide.

So, the parents should not pressurise their children to become this or that. They will manage something for which they like to do. It is not necessary to become engineer or doctor or something, they could also become something else, other than this. A person should do the job in which he feels interested, which he likes thus the job will become a game to him.

Measures of Aptitude with GATB. As described by F. N. Freeman, “An aptitude is a combination of characteristics indicative of our individual’s capacity to acquires (with training) some specific knowledge, skill or set of organised responses. Such as a ability to speak a language. The GATB is a work-related cognitive test developed by the U.S. Employment Service (USES) division of the department of labour. It has been extensively used to study the relationship between cognitive abilities, primarily general intelligence, and job performance. 

Structure of (GATB) the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) is consist of 12 separately timed subtests, which a recombined to form nine aptitude scores. Eight of the subtests are paper and pencil tests which purport to measure nine (9) abilities aptitude

According to Julian Rotter, individuals who believe that they exert considerable control over the outcomes they experience are called internals. Individuals with strong internal locus of control, believe events in their life derive primarily from their own actions.

Specific characteristics of passive aggressive personality disorder include : 

• Procrastinates 

• Unreasonably criticize or scorns people in position of authority. (any one)

General Aptitude Test Battery : 

GATB is a range of aptitude tests, 

• They are the backbones of the guidance services.

• They can be safely used for the purpose of educational and vocational selection (Any one)

Counter transference is a situation in which a therapist, during the course of therapy, develops positive or negative feelings toward the patient. These feelings may be the stirred up during therapy which the therapist directs toward the patient.

A psychological disorder in which the individuals experience swings in their emotional states that are more extreme and prolonged than most people. Their highs are higher and lows are lower and they spend more time in these states than most people.

It is our tendency to evaluate individuals more positively than we evaluate groups, including the groups to which those individuals belong. Thus, we may have a prejudice against a group, we find that it applies to the group rather than to individual members of the group.

The two central dimensions of a personality according to Costa and McCrae are : 

Extra version : A dimension ranging from energetic, enthusiastic, sociable and talkative at one end to retiring, sober, reserved, silent and cautions at the other. 

Agreeableness : A dimension ranging from good-natured, cooperative, trusting and helping at one end to irritable, suspicious and uncooperative at the other.

A multiaxial system involves an assessment on . several axes, each of which refers to a different domain of information, that may help the clinical plan treatment and predict outcomes. 

There are five axes which are as follows : 

Axis I : Clinical disorders, other condi-tions that may be a focus of clinical attention. This would include deliriums, dementia and annestic and other cognitive disorders. Subtance-related disorders schizophrenia and other Psychotic disorders mood disorders, Anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, Eating disorders, sleep disorders. 

Axis II : Personality disorders; Mental Retardation Axis II is for reporting Personality disorders and mental retardation. 

It may also be used for noting prominent maladaptive personality features various personality disorders are as follows : 

• Histrionio Personality Disorder. 

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 

• Borderline Personality Disorder. 

• Antisocial Personality Disorder. 

• Dependent Personality Disorder. 

• Avoidant Personality Disorder. 

Axis III : General Medical Condition Axis III is for reporting current general medical conditions that are potentially relevant for the understanding and management of the individual’s mental disorder. 

Axis IV : Psychosocial and Environ¬mental Problems. A psychosocial or environ¬mental problem may be a negative life event, an environmental difficulty or deficiency, a familial or interpersonal stress. 

The various categories are as follows : 

• Problems with primary support group 

• Problems related to the social environment 

• Educational problems 

• Occupational problems 

• Housing problems 

• Economic problems 

• Problems with access to health care services. 

Axis V : Global Assessment of function-ing Axis V is for reporting the clinician’s judgement of the individual’s overall level of functioning. This information is useful in planning treatment and measuring the impact and in predicting outcome. The reporting of overall functioning on Axis V can be done using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. The GAF scale is divided into 10 ranges of functioning. 

The scale has two components : The first part covers symptom severity and the second part covers functioning.

Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic condition. The name is coined after the two Greek work : ‘Schizo’ meaning ‘split’ and ‘phrenia’ meaning ‘mind’. Thus, Schizophrenia means split on Fragmentation of mind or personality. Approximately one percent of the population suffers from this disorder at some point of time in their life. Such persons typically have problems with attention, perception, thinking, socialrelationship, motivation and emotion. 

E.g. they hear voices that are not there, speak a language that others doesn’t understand, laugh when there is nothing numerous and do not have touch with reality. 

Positive Symptoms : It is disturbances that are “added” to the person’s personality. 

Delusions — false ideas-individuals may believe that someone is spying on him or her, on that they are someone famous (or a religious figure, movie star or president). 

Hallucinations — seeing, feeding, tasting, hearing or smelling something that really does not exist. The most common experience is hearing imaginary voices that given commands, or comments to the individual. 

Disordered Thinking and Speech : Moving from one topic to another, in a nonsensical fashion. Individuals may also make up their own words or sounds, rhyme in a way that doesn’t make sense, or repeat words and ideas. 

Dis organised Behavior : This can range from having problems with routine behaviours . like hygiene or chosing appropriate clothing for the weather, to unprovoked outbursts, to impulsive and uninhabited actions. A person may also have movements that seem anxious, agitated, tense or constant without any apparent reason. 

Negative Symptoms are capabilities that are “cost” from the persons personality. 

• Social withdrawal 

• Extreme apathy 

• Lack of drive or initiative 

• Emotional platness.

The equivalent resistance between points a and f of the network shown in figure is 140 Ω

The electric flux, emanating through the cube is zero

The development of a region is required to improve economic, social, political and environmental conditions of the society present in the region. The development helps to increase general productivity level, per capita income, efficiency of a worker, elimination of poverty and improvement in quality of life.

The time of sunrise varies between Arunachal Pradesh and New Delhi by 72 minutes because it lies to the east with a difference of about 18° of longitude but the watches show the same time because all places in India follow the same time that is recorded in Allahabad (82.5 °E) which is the Indian Standard Time. This is done to avoid confusion in time in the entire country.

China has a total land area of 95.97 lakh sq.km. India has a total land area of 32.87 lakh sq. km. Thus, China is three times larger than India in terms of land area.

(a) A is the Westerly Jet stream. 

(b) During the winter season in India, this jet stream has a great influence on the weather of India as it attracts the western disturbances, which originate in Mediterranean Sea and give a light rain in winter. Hail storm in the north-western plains and occasional heavy snowfall in the hilly regions also takes place.

Period of stagnant population —1901-1921 Period of population explosion — 1951-1981.

The two ways in which Himalayas affect the Indian climate are : 

1. It acts as a barrier to the cold winds of Northern Asia from blowing into India and protecting India from severely cold winters. 

2. It traps the monsoon winds forcing them to shed their moisture within the subcontinent.

The two streams that unite at Devaprayag to form into the river Ganga are Alaknanda and Bhagirathi.

List price of air conditioner = 45000 

Discount = 10% 

(i) Thus, VAT paid by the shopkeeper to the government = Rs (5130 – 4860) = Rs 270 

(ii) Total amount paid by the customer = Rs (42750 + 5130) = Rs 47880

Atomic number is 17.

Five principles of an Insurance contract are: 

1. Utmost good faith: An insurance contract is based on utmost good faith on the part of both the parties. One who wants to get an insurance policy it is his duty to disclose all the material facts about the subject to be insured. The amount of premium is fixed on the basis of the information supplied by the proposer. 

2. Insurable Interest: Insurable interest is an essential element in every insurance contract. In the absence of insurable interest, a contract of insurance becomes a wagering contract which is null and void and unenforceable at law. Insurable interest means that the insured must be in such a position that he will suffer a primary loss by the happening of the event insured against. A person is said to have an insurable interest in the subject matter insured, if he is benefited by its existence and suffers a loss by its destruction. 

3. Indemnity: Indemnity means a promise to compensate in case of loss. The object of every insurance contract is to place the insured as nearly as possible in the same financial position after the loss as he was before the loss. The insured is entitled to recover from the insurer only the amount of loss actually suffered. The maximum amount of compensation will be upto the sum insured on the value of the policy. The insured will not be allowed to make any profit out of the happening of any loss covered by insurance contract. 

4. Doctrine of Subrogation: It implies that after indemnifying the insured for his loss, the insurer becomes entitled to all the rights and remedies to the property insured^ The insurer shall step into the shoes of insured. Doctrine of subrogation is applicable to all contracts of indemnity and it is not applicable to life insurance. 

5. Mitigation of Loss: According to this principle, it the duty of the insured to take all possible steps to minimise the loss or damage in case of a mishap. The insured should not be careless in the event of any accidental loss just because the property is insured. He should behave like a prudent person and make reasonable effort to save the insured property.

 List price of colour T.V.

= Rs 24,000

(i)  Discount = 8/100 x Rs  24,000

= Rs 1,920

Balance amount to be paid 

= Rs 24,000 - Rs 1920

= Rs 22,080

 Off season discount @5% on Rs 22,080

= 5/100 x Rs 22080

= Rs 1,104

Remaining Amount = Rs 22080 -  Rs 1104

= Rs 20,976

Sales Tax = 10/100 x  Rs 20976

= Rs 2,097.60.

(ii) Final price the customer has pay 

= Rs 2097.60 + Rs 20,976

= Rs 23,073.60.

(i) Inverse of the given statement P => ~Q 

(ii) Converse of the given statement Q >= ~P

 (\(\bar X\)+ X\(\bar Y\))' = X. (X.\(\bar Y\))'

                    = X. (\(\bar X\).Y) = X. (\(\bar X\)) + XY = XY

X→ Y

(i) Converse, Y → X

(ii) Contra positive,  \(\bar Y\)→ \(\bar X\)

A written constitution is the one in which a document or a collection of documents contains the fundamental rules regarding the main organs and institutions of government. It is deliberately formulated and is consciously planned. It is formulated by conventions or constituent assembly. The constitution of India is designed and adopted by the constituent assembly.

An unwritten constitution evolves out of free documentation of rules and regulation. At first the rules are practised and become a part of the constitution. 

For example: constitution of Britain is an unwritten constitution. It is not described through any single document but contains many sources to describe it.

An enacted constitution emerges from deliberate human effort. It is formulated consciously by constituent assembly or by king, or a sovereign authority or Parliament. It is embodied in a document or in series of documents.

An evolved constitution is the one which has emerged over time. The rules have been added whenever need was felt. It is the result of accumulation of material which resulted in shaping the political institution. It is not made but has grown from past and is a collection and continuation of traditions, customs, usage and judicial decisions.

Four features of an Authoritarian State are as follows: 

Power is vested in one hand: One ruler or a small group of leaders have the real power. The authoritarian government can be formed by kings, emperors, a small group of aristocrats, military leaders, dictators and even presidents or prime ministers.

No say of citizens in decision making: There can be elections of contract between the rulers and citizens but citizens don’t have any say in the way they are ruled out. The ruler chooses how to govern the people. Citizens don’t have any voice in decision making and have to obey the authoritarian ruler.

The title of ruler doesn’t indicate type of government: The leaders are usually from small groups, like top military officials or aristocratic families. 

For example, countries like Myanmar, Cuba, China and Iran have authoritarian regimes

.No freedom for citizens: The citizens don’t have any right like freedom of speech, press or religion and they have to submit to the desires of the ruler.

Following are the differences between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of governments:

In the Parliamentary system of government there is a harmonious relationship between the legislative and executive body, whereas the functioning of judiciary is independent. However, in a Presidential form of government, the three organs of the government, i.e. executive, legislative and judiciary work independently of each other.

In a Parliamentary form of government, the executive power is divided into two parts, viz., the Head of the State (President) and the Head of the Government (Prime Minister). However, in a Presidential form of Govern¬ment, the President is the chief executive.

In a Parliamentary form of government, the executive body, i.e., the Council of Ministers are accountable to the Parliament. However, there is no such accountability in the Presidential form of Government, i.e., the executive body is not accountable to the Parliament for its acts.

(a) India and China had singned the Panchsheel based on five principles of Peaceful coexistence. 

(b) Army was not prepared for attack. 

(c) Over faith of India towards China.

The first summit of the non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade.

The Constitution of India was framed by a constituent Assembly.

On 25 June, 1975, State of internal emergency was declared by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

The purpose of Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution is to establish social and economic democracy.