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Pulse wave is mainly caused by the Systole of the left ventricle.  

Pollutant the a constituent that causes pollution.

(i) False; Vasectomy is the surgical method of sterilisation in males. 

(ii) True. 

(iii) False; Photolysis is the process of splitting of water molecules in the presence of grana and light.

(iv) True. 

(v) False; Chromosomes other than the pair of sex chromosome are called autosomes.

The recessive gene is one that expresses itself in Homozygous condition.

(i) Lenticels – On the older stens 

(ii) Prostate gland – Between the urinary bladder and the point where sperm ducts join the urethra. 

(iii) Thyroid gland – In the front part in the neck 

(iv) Centrosome – Above the nucleus in animal cells. 

(v) Mitral value – Between the left auricle and left ventricle

(i) 1- Seminiferous tubules

2- Testicular lobule

3- Epididymis

4- Vas deferens 

(ii) 1- Seminiferous tubules: Sperm production, nourishment and protection of sperms.

3- Epididymis : Stores sperms, contributes to seminal fluid. 

(iii) Scrotal sac acts as thermoregulator. The temperature in scrotal sac remains 2-3^o C lower than the body temperature which is suitable for maturation of sperms.

(iv) Through inguinal canal, sperm duct is connected and so passes the sperms to urinary bladder. 

(v) Semen is a mixture of mature sperms and secretions of various accessory glands.It is a milky fluid.

A gland which secretes both hormone and enzyme is the Pancreas.

(i)—(3) Synapse 

(ii)—(3) Guttation 

(iii)—(2) Zygote 

(iv)—(1) Cones 

(v)—(2) Poliomyelitis.

The ventral root ganglion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of the Motor neuron.

(i) Ovary → Oviduct →Uterus → Cervix → Vagina.

(ii) Receptor →Sensory Neuron → Association Neuron → Motor Neuron → Effector.

(iii) Cornea → Aqueous Humour → Pupil → Lens → Yellow Spot.

(iv) Xylem→ Mesophyll Cells → Intercellular Space → Substomatal Space → Stoma.

(v) Soil → Water → Root Hair → Cortical Cells → Endodermis → Xylem.

(i) Active immunity, Bacteria, Antigen, Lymphocytes, Antibody. 

(ii) Ovulation, Fertilisation, Implantation, Gestation, Parturition. 

(iii) Auditory canal, Tympanum, Ear ossicles, Oval window, Cochlea. 

(iv) G1-phase, S-phase, G2-phase, Karyokinesis, Cytokinesis. 

(v) Renal artery, Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, Renal vein.

(i) Ovulation, fertilization, implantation, gestation, parturition. 

(ii) Auditory canal, tympanum, ear ossicles, oval window, cochlea. 

(iii) G 1 -phase, S-phase, G2-phase, Karyokinesis, Cytokinesis. 

(iv) Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, renal vein.

(i) Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina. 

(ii) Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Association Neuron, Motor-Neuron, Effector. 

(iii) Cornea, Aqueous humour, Pupil, Lens, Yellow spot. 

(iv) Xylem, Mesophyll cells, Intercellular space, Substomatal space, Stoma. 

(v) Soil, Water, Root hair, Cortical cells, Endodermis, Xylem.

(i) Choroid 

(ii) Chlorofluorocarbon 

(iii) Umbilical Cord 

(iv) Homologous Chromosome 

(v) Carbaminohaemoglobin

(i) Platelets, Thromboplastin, Thrombin, Fibrinogen, Fibrin. 

(ii) Pinna, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Cochlea. 

(iii) Receptor, Sensory neuron, Spinal cord, Motor neuron, Effector. 

(iv) Fertilisation, Uterus, Implantation, Gestation, Parturition. 

(v) Green leaves, Catterpillar, Frog, Snake, Owl.

(i) Due to better medical care there is a fall in death rate both for infants and the old. As long as birth rate exceeds death rate population grows rapidly. 

(ii) Haemoglobin has very strong affinity for carbon monoxide, forming a stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin. This cuts down the capacity of blood for transporting oxygen, sometimes resulting in death. 

(iii) Excessive fertilizers make the soil hypertonic as compared to root hair cells. Exosmosis takes place and root hair cells become flaccid due to which they droop. 

(iv) Acid rain is dangerous for vegetation, decays building materials, paints and corrodes building and monuments and statues. It acidifies lakes and streams which affect aquatic life. 

(v) Provides oxygen for respiration. Provides food and maintains food chain.

(i) The Graafian follicle, after ovulation turns into a hormone producing tissue called Corpus luteum. 

(ii) Deafness is caused due to rupturing of the eardrum/tympanum. 

(iii) Gyri and Sulci are the folds of Cerebrum. 

(iv) Free movement of solute in and out of the cell takes place across the cell wall. 

(v) The solvent used to dissolve the chlorophyll pigments while testing a leaf for starch is Methylated spirit / Alcohol.

(i) The theory of inheritance of Acquired Characters was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamark. 

(ii) The protective sac which develops around the developing embryo is called amnion. 

(iii) Maintaining balance of the body and coordinating muscular activities is carried out by the Cerebellum. 

(iv) The kidney is composed of number of nephrons. 

(v) The part of the eye which can be donated from a clinically dead person is cornea.

(i) The theory of inheritance of Acquired Characters was proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamark. 

(ii) The protective sac which develops around the developing embryo is called amnion. 

(iii) Maintaining balance of the body and coordinating muscular activities is carried out by the Cerebellum. 

(iv) The kidney is composed of number of nephrons. 

(v) The part of the eye which can be donated from a clinically dead person is cornea.

(i) Glucagon

(ii) SO₂

(iii) Thyroxine

Active absorption

(i) Alpha cells of pancreas Secrete glucagon. 

(ii) Formalin is an example of Disinfectant. 

(iii) Fossil fuel is mainly responsible for acid rain. 

(iv) Sulphadiazine’is an example of Sulphonamide. 

(v) Cretinism is caused by deficiency of Thyroxine.

Reflex action : A reflex action is a nerve mediated spontaneous, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus acting on a specific receptor. The route of every reflex passes through an aggregation of nervous tissue, either brain or spinal cord. Brain or spinal cord aids in transfer of sensory stimulus to motor response.

(a) 

(i) Genotype of F₁ generation : Tt Rr Phenotype of F₁ generation : All heterozygous tall and red. 

(ii) TR: Tall and Red 

Tr: Tall and White 

tR: Dwarf and Red 

tr: Dwarf and White 

(iii) Mendel’s law of independent Assortment: “In a dihybrid cross, one pair of character is independent of the other pair during gamete formation.” 

(iv) Tall & Red 

Tall & White 

Dwarf & Red 

Dwarf & white 

(v) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

(i) Active Absorption 

(ii) Glycogen 

(iii) Pulmonary vein 

(iv) Monohybrid cross 

(v) Placenta.

(i) Reflex action: A quick and involuntary action built-in-response to a stimulus. 

(ii) Power of accomodation: It is the power and adjustment of our eyes to focus objects at different distances. 

(iii) Photophosphorylation: The conversion of Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with one inorganic phosphate by light. 

(iv) Hormone: A chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands which reaches its destination by the blood stream and which has the power of influencing the activity of other distant target organs. 

(v) Synapse: It is the point of contact between the axon endings of one neuron comes in contact with dendrites of the other neuron through a synaptic cleft.

Hormone : A hormone is a chemical substance produced by the cells of endocrine gland which are transported by circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they regulate one or more physiological processes.

Synapse : A synapse is referred as an area of specialized activity between the terminal ends of axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of adjacent neuron. It facilitates transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to another. Conduction of nerve impulse across a synapse can be of two types - electrical and chemical.

Photophosphorylation : It is the process of formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in chloroplasts with the help of energy obtained from solar radiations.

We kept money in bank for its safe custody and to enjoy interest on our savings and to use the facilities like overdraft, cheque etc.

Elasticity of demand is the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to change in its price. Generally, necessaries like salt, sugar, seasonal vegetables etc. have less elastic demand whereas luxuries like A.C., T.V., Car, have elastic demand.

1. Monopoly

 2. Perfect competition market 

3. Monopolistic competition 

4. Monopsony market.

1. Fixed Capital:

Reason: A television set in a hotel room is an asset to the owner and can be used repeatedly. 

2. Working Capital:

Reason: Iron-ore in a steel plant can be used once since it is a raw material to the plant.

Qualitative methods of credit control aim at regulating and controlling the allocation of credit among various users rather than influencing the general availability of credit.

We discuss below the main selective credit control instruments:

(i) Margin Requirement: The margin requirement refers to the difference between the current value of the security offered for loan (called collateral) and the value of loan granted. Suppose, a person mortgages his house worth Rs 1 crore with the bank for a loan of Rs 80 lakh. The margin requirement in this case would be Rs 20 lakh. The margin requirement is raised when the supply of credit needs to be curbed. The margin requirement is lowered when the supply of credit is to be increased. Often the margin requirement is kept high for speculative (trading) activities.

(ii) Rationing of Credit: Rationing of credit refers to fixation of credit quotas for different business activities. Rationing of credit is introduced when the flow of credit is to be checked particularly for speculative activities in the economy. The central bank fixes credit quota for different business activities. The commercial banks cannot exceed the quota limits while granting loans.

(iii) Moral Suasion: Sometimes, the central bank makes the member banks agree through persuasion (or pressure) to follow its directives. The member banks generally do not ignore the advice of the central bank. The banks are advised to restrict loans during inflation, and be liberal in lending during deflation.

(iv) Direct Action: Direct action refers to various directives issued by the central bank to commercial bank from time to time to regulate their lending and investment activities. The central banks in all countries pursue direct action against commercial banks. This policy may not be used against all banks, but against erring banks which do not follow the policies of the central bank. These direct actions may take the form of refusal of discounting facilities or refusal of loans from the central bank, charging of penal rate of interest, etc.

Real GDP is considered as an index of the welfare of the people. Welfare of the people is measured in terms of the availability of goods and services per person. Increase in real GDP means an increase in the level of output in the economy. Other things remaining constant, this means greater availability of goods per person. This leads to a higher level of welfare.

(i) Light : The intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis and thus controls the rate of production of ATP and NADPH2 . An increase in light intensity will increase the rate pf photosynthesis (if no other factor is limiting). Beyond the light saturation inten-sity, the increased intensity of light does not increase the rate of photosynthesis. That intensity of light at which the CO2 used in photosynthesis is equal to that of liberated during respiration is called the light compensation point. The rate of photosynthesis does not depends upon the duration of light but the amount of carbohydrate produced, depends upon the duration of light. The quality of light also affects the process as it occurs only in the visible part of spectrum i.e., 380 nm – 760 nm wavelengths. It usually does not take place in ultraviolet and infrared rays as these rays are injurious to proto-plasm. The highest rate of photosynthesis is in red light followed by blue light while green light is least effective in photosynthesis as most of it is reflected back.

(ii) Temperature : Temperature along with other environmental conditions affects photo-synthesis in a number of ways. At low temperature, the rate of photosynthesis is low because the enzymes are affected adversly. At high temperature also, the enzymes get denatured and the rate of photosynthesis declines. The optimum range of temperature for photosynthesis is 20°C – 35°C. Upto 35°C, the process shows a progressive increase with rise in temperature and this increase follow vant Hoff’s Law, according to which the rate of chemical reaction doubles for every 10°C rise of temperature of other factors are not limiting.

Hyaline cartilage – The matrix is homogeneous, translucent and fibreless and some what elastic. It forms the embryonic skeleton invertebrates and the skeleton of elasmobranch fishes.

Fig. Hyaline cartilage

Cohesion and Transpiration Pull Theory : 

This theory was first proposed by Dixon and Jolly (1894) and is based on the following features :

(i) Cohesion and Adhesion : Mutual attraction between water molecules is called cohesion. The walls of tracheids and vessels of xylem are made-up of lignin and cellulose and have stomg affinity for water (adhesion).

(ii) Tension : Transpiration pull develops a negative pressure or tension in xylem sap which is transmitted down to the root.

The moist walls of mesophyll cells in leaf lose water vapour to the intercellular spaces. Sufficient quantity of water is transpired through intercellular spaces of the mesophyll cells through stomata. This is because, dry air outside the leaf has lower water potential than moist air of leaf, as a result water diffuses out of stomata and diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) increases. As a result, more water is sucked from adjoining inner mesophyll . cells and ultimately from xylem tissue. This tension is transmitted down to the roots.

The water column does not break because of cohesive and adhesive forces.

Two advantages of the following – 

(i) Hydroponics : 

(a) No soil required for growing the plants hence useful in infertile and dry soil. 

(b) Plants are free from soil pathogens and weeds.

(ii) Ttirgidity to plants: 

(a) Provides mechanical supports to non-woody parts of the plant. 

(b) Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata.

(iii) Cross-pollination: 

(a) New varieties with useful characters are produced. 

(b) Results in healthy and stronger offsprings.

Significance of osmosis :

1. Entry of soil water into roots is carried out by osmosis.

2. Cell to cell movement of water occurs by osmosis. 

3. Living cells remain distended or turgid only by the osmotic entry of water into them, 

4. The soft organs like leaves, fruits and young stems are able to keep themselves stretched and swollen due to turgidity of their cells which is dependent upon osmosis. 

5. Osmosis plays a key role in the growth of radicle and plumule during germination of seeds. 

6. Many plant movements like the folding and drooping of leaves in Mimosa are brought about by osmosis. 

7. The stomata open and close only in response to increasing of the osmotic pressure of the guard cells in relation to nearby epidermal cells. 

8. High osmotic pressure has been found to protect the plants against drought and frost injury. Seeds and spores are similarly able to pass through the un favourable periods due to high osmotic pressure (or low solute potential).

C₃ cycle 

1. RuBP is the CO₂ acceptor. 

2. PGA is the first stable product. 

3. The process runs at a optimum temperature of 10°C—25°C.

C₄ cycle 

1. PEP is the first carbon dioxide acceptor. 

2. Oxaloacetic acid is the first stable product. 

3. The process runs at a optimum temperature of 30°C to 45°C.

Differences between Macro nutrients and Micro nutrients : 

Macro nutrients:

• They are present in plants in relatively large concentrations. 

• Their concentration per gram of dry material is at least 1 mg.

• They are often called major elements or macro nutrients. 

• They build up the body structure and different protoplasmic constituents. 

• Some of the macro nutrients contribute to the development of osmotic potential in the cells.

• They are not toxic in slightly excessive quantities.

Micro nutrients:

• They are present in plants in very small amounts. 

• Their concentration is less than 1 mg per gram of dry material. 

• They are known as trace elements or micro nutrients. 

• They do not play such a role. 

• They do not play any role in the development of osmotic potential in the cell.

• They show toxic effects in slight excesses.

Activity of cambium in the secondary growth of the stem – 

1. F ormation of cambium ring – The vascular bundles of dicot stem have strips of cambium in between xylem and phloem. During secondary growth, the cells of medullary rays in a line with this cambium develop meristematic activity and forms strips of cambium. The intra and interfascicular cambium unites to form cambium ring or phellogen.

2. Formation of secondary tissue – The cambium ring becomes active as a whole and starts cutting off new cells. The cut off cells of the outer side get differentiated into phloem and are called secondary phloem. The cut off cells of the innerside are modified into secondary xylem. The activity of the cambium ring is more on the innerside than on the outerside which results in the increase of the xylem more rapidly than the phloem.

3. Secondary medullary ray – Certain cells of the cambium form some narrow bands of living parenchyma cells-passing through secondary xylem and secondary phloem and are called secondary medullary rays. This provides radial conduction of food from the phloem and water and mineral salts from the xylem.

4. Annual Ring – Activity of cambium is not uniform in those plants which grows in the regions where favourable climate conditions regularly alternates with the unfavourable conditions. The cambium is more active in spring and less active in winter. The wood formed in the spring is known as spring wood and that formed in summer and winter is known as autumn wood. The two woods appear together in concentric rings in the trunk and is known as annual ring. The age of the plant is approximately calculated by counting the number of annual rings.

(i) It has only cone cells and is the place of most distinct vision. 

(ii) A type of white blood cells, meant for eliminating the antigen (microbes and their toxins) by releasing antibodies. These are B and T-lymphocytes. 

(iii) It is a bundle of heart-muscles that fapidly transmit the cardiac impulse received from Ay node to all parts of the ventricles causing them to contract. 

(iv) Calyptra is a cone shaped structure that covers the root-tips and develops as a result of cclidivision by the meristem called calyptrogen in monocot roots.

 (v) Bulliform cells are large thin walled protruding epidermal cells present on the upper epidermis of leaves of many grasses. They lose water and become flaccid and help to roll up leaves to reduce the exposed surface in case of water deficiency. 

(vi) Quiescent centre is present in the centre of root-apex and functions as reserve meristem. Here divisions are very few. They can survive stress and provide cells to a regenerating meristem and helps in the recovery of roots after irradiation.

Phases of growth in meristem of plant: 

(i) Cell formation phase – During this phase meristematic cell divides to form new cells. The newly formed cells are thin wailed. 

(ii) Cell enlargement phase – During this phase, the newly formed cells absorb water by osmosis resulting in the increase in turgidity and expansion and dialation of the elastic cell wall. 

(iii) Cell differentiation phase – This occurs below the zone of elongation. The thin cell wall grows in thickness and the cells gradually undergoes structural and physiological changes.

(i) Bacterial disease. 

(ii) Insects. 

(iii) Apical meristems. 

(v) K⁺ (iv) Interferon.

(i) Severe Combined Immune Deficiency. 

(ii) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer.

(i) ECG: Electro Cardiography. 

(ii) AIDS : Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. 

(iii) NAA: Naphthalene Acetic Acid. 

(iv) ACTH : Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone.