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Jowar needs black and loamy soil. It requires 25° C to 30° C temperature. It requires 50 cm rainfall.

Correct option is (a) 3, 1, 2

Coffee is grown on mountain slopes in the shades of large trees in such a way that direct sunlight does not falls on the coffee leaves. Coffee crop needs 150-200 cm rainfall, 15° C to 28° C temperature and sloppy mountain land.

Correct option is (d) P, Q and S

The method of farming done without using any type of chemical fertilizer, urea, insecticides, etc. is known as organic farming.

• Things like crop waste, cow dung, earthworm fertilizer, compost fertilizer, etc. are used to maintain the nutrition of crops. Moreover, cow urine, neem solvents, buttermilk, etc. are used for protecting the crops from various pests.
• The demand for pure agricultural products is rising and so farmers have started adopting organic farming.
• It also earns more returns for the farmers and helps them to come out of poverty.

Need for Organic Farming: Today, farming extensively uses chemical fertilizers and the insecticides.

• Consuming crops produced by using uncontrolled and unregulated proportions of chemicals ruin the nutritive values of the crops.
• Moreover, they also cause damage to our body and also the environment. The chemicals also reduce the soil fertility.
• As a result, in long run, the productivity of the land decreases.
• On the other hand, since products are produced completely sign organic methods, they are full of nutrition.
• They contain natural taste, sweetness and aroma.
• They are rich in minerals, vitamins and life-energizing elements.

The Bhal region of Gujarat produces a special variety of wheat called ‘Bhaliya wheat’.

Agriculture provides employment to about 60% of our labour force and contributes 22% in our GNP i.e. Gross National Product. Agriculture contributes 22% to our GDP.

The extraordinary increase in the agricultural production because of improved seed, increased Use of chemical fertilizers, intense efforts of the farmers, widespread arrangement for electricity distribution, improved facilities in irrigation, etc. is known as ‘Green Revolution’. It took place in India in the decade of 1960.

Achievements: Before Green Revolution, India was facing problem of acute shortage of foodgrains. In spite of being an agrarian country, India had to import-foodgrains. All this changed after Green Revolution. The main objective of the Green Revolution was to increase agricultural production. To do so, farmers were encouraged to use chemical fertilizers and insecticides too. This saved the crops from getting destroyed and increase land productivity. Due to Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice increased drastically.

We became self-sufficient in foodgrains. The self-sufficiency in foodgrains is a landmark of historic achievement of Green Revolution. There was a time when famine was a regular problem that haunted Indian agriculture. This terror has almost vanished after the Green Revolution. Two major reasons that overcame this terror are drastic improvement in irrigation facilities and huge buffer stock of foodgrains produced due to Green Revolution.

In organic farming, cow-urine, neem solvents, butter-milk etc. are used as insecticides.

Institutions like Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) work at National level for research and development in agriculture.

The types of farming are classified on

1. Irrigation methods
2. Farm outputs
3. Economic returns.

(b) Jhoom Cultivation

Irrigation methods, output of farm, economic benefits, etc. are a few of the parameters that classify farming into various types.

Types of farming:

1. Subsistence farming
2. Dry farming
3. Wet farming
4. Shifting agriculture
5. Plantation agriculture, and
6. Intensive farming.

Methods of fanning:

(1) Organic farming: The method of farming done without using any type of chemical fertilizer, urea, insecticides, etc. is known as organic farming.

(2) Sustainable farming: The method of farming using techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare is known as sustainable farming. In this kind of farming in order to see that the soil fertility is retained for a long time, care is taken for crop rotation, use of chemical fertilizers is done only when necessary, use of biotic controls is done for insects and harvests, water conservation, etc.

(3) Mixed farming: The method of carrying various activities like cattle rearing, poultry, sericulture, fishery, etc. on the farming land along with growing crops is called mixed farming.

Under the ‘Land to tiller’, the land tillers i.e. farmers have been given the right to become the owner of the land. By this act, the government has abolished the zamindari system to stop the exploitation of the farmer.

Correct option is (b) 1 and 2

Correct option is (c) 1 and 4

As per seasons, crops of India can be grouped into three categories:

1. Kharif (Monsoon) crops
2. Rabi (Winter) crops
3. Zaid (Summer) crops

The major pulse production states of India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.

Fruits, vegetables and flowers of India : India ranks second in fruit production after China. Many fruits like bananas, mangoes, apples, grapes, oranges, etc. are grown in India. Bananas are grown in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Apples are grown in Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.

Grapes are grown in Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. India cannot meet its demand of grapes and hence imports some quantity of grapes from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Australia. India also grows a large variety of vegetables. Flowers like rose, jui mogro, galgota, etc. are also grown in India.

Coffee is a plantation crop. Coffee seeds are extracted from the nuts and then grinded. The powdered form of coffee is then used as a drink. Coffee is grown on mountain slopes in the shades of larger trees in such a way that direct sunlight does not falls on the coffee leaves. Coffee crop needs 150-200 cm. rainfall, 15° C to 28C temperature 8s sloppy mountain land. Southern states of Karnataka is a well-known region for coffee production. Coorg area of Karnataka is a well-known region for coffee production.

Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are leading in the production of til (sesame) in India.

Correct option is (a) 1 and 4

India uses Til oil since ages. Til seeds contain maximum quantity of oil among all oil seeds. It is used as edible oil in almost entire world. India is the largest exporter of Til in the world. North India grows Til as a Kharif crop whereas south India as a Rabi crop and occasionally as Zaid crop. Almost entire India grows Til. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are major Til producing states. Gujarat ranks first in India in terms of Til production and the area sown. Banaskantha region is the largest Til producing region of Gujarat.

Seeds of crops from which oil can be extracted are called oilseeds. Groundnut, til, soya bean, castor, mustard, sunflower, etc. are its examples. Oilseeds hold a very important place in Indian meals. After extracting edible oil from the oilseeds, the remaining material is known as oil-cake. Oil-cake is used as animal fodder and also as biotic manure.

Cocoa is used as a beverage and to make chocolate.

Karnataka, Keral and Tamil Nadu are major coffee producing states of India. Coorg region of Karnataka is famous for the production of coffee.

Wheat is the crop of temperate zone. Wheat is a rabi crop.

Punjab is a land of five rivers. So, there is a very strong canal water network. These rivers and canals together provide very good irrigation facilities in Punjab. Hence, the per hectare production of Punjab is quite good. All these reasons have taken Punjab to number one position in wheat production. Hence, Punjab is known as the ‘Wheat Bowl’ of India.

Wheat is the second most important crop of our country after paddy. It is grown over 1 / 3rd area of arable land of India. Wheat is the staple diet of north and west India. It is now cultivated with mechanized methods. Hence, it can now be produced with less labour. After the Green Revolution, the wheat production has almost doubled.

Favorable conditions: Wheat is a rabi crop of temperate zone. It requires black or fertile loamy soil and more than 75 cm of annual rainfall. If proper irrigation is available, then wheat can also grow in the regions having lesser rainfall. Wheat cannot be grown in the area receiving more than 100 cm rainfall.

Producing States: Wheat cultivation is carried out mostly in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. These states produce about 2/3rd of the total national production. There are very good irrigation facilities in these states and hence the per hectare production of these states is quite good. Punjab is a land of five rivers.

So, there is a very strong canal water network and hence wheat is produced in abundance. Hence, Punjab is known as the ‘Wheat Bowl’ of India. Wheat is also produced in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, etc. In Bhal region of Gujarat a variety called ‘Bhaliya wheat’ is produced. It is also produced in Mehsana, Rajkot, Junagadh, Kheda, etc.

Uses of Wlieat: It is the most nutritious of all grains. Hence, it is considered the best among all foodgrains used in our daily meal. Many items like roti, bhakhri, sev, shiro, lapsi, ladu, sukhadi, bread, puri, cake, biscuits etc. are prepared from wheat. Owing to all these reasons wheat is called the ‘King of Grains’.

Maize is used more in industrial production because maize contains starch, oil, protein and bio-fuel.

Finger millet is a cereal crop. It is also known as African millet. In Gujarat, it is also known as nagli, ragi and bavta. Nagli holds an important place in the grass food-crops of Gujarat. Nagli is a staple food of the adivasi (aborigine) people in hilly region. Among all grass food-crops sown in Gujarat and in India, Nagli has the highest per hectare production capacity. Nagli is an extremely nutritious grass food-crop.

It contains high amount of protein, minerals and vitamins. It contains high amount of fiber. Hence, it is very helpful for the patients of diabetes and heart problems. Moreover, Nagli also contains more proportion of calcium and iron compared to other crops. Hence, it is used for eliminating malnutrition and in producing baby food. Biscuits, chocolates, toasts, nankhatai, water, papdi, etc. are also prepared from Nagli.

Maize is a Kharif crop. It is the third most grown crop in the world after paddy and wheat.

Favourable conditions: It grows more in hilly areas and hence is the staple food of people living in hilly regions. Maize grows better on sloppy, black, hard, rocky soil and water having gentle flow. It requires rainfall between 50-100 cm and temperature of 21°C to 27°C.

Use: Maize contains starch, oil- protein, bio-fuel, etc. Hence, it is used more in industries. It is also used in making rotis, popcorn and edible oil. Usage of maize is now also increasing as cattle and buffalo food.

Producing regions: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal. Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are major maize producing regions. In Gujarat, it is grown more in Panchmahal, Dahod, Sabarkantha and Aravalli districts.

The fertility of soil is harmed due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. As a result, the production of crop is also adversely affected. Therefore, agro-scientists have started making use of bio-technology which leads to agricultural development without causing harm to the envrionment. Hence, in order to protect the environment, the use of bio-technology is increasing. Moreover, hybrid crop production and bio fertilizer are also possible now due to the development of biotechnology.

India’s climate and geography is such that in most of the areas India, two or more crops can be taken annually. Other factors to support this are India’s vast fertile plains, irrigation facilities, skilled and hardworking farmers, etc. Against this our farmers the mostly poor and uneducated.

Moreover, inadequate facilities of irrigation, irregular and uncertain rain, high population, big families, smaller farms, no interest in experimentation, less usage of chemical fertilizers, modern machinery and scientific approach for cultivation, educated mass leaving agriculture, lower status for agriculture in the society, etc. are other factors that results in lower per hectare production as compared to the rest of the world.

Since ancient times, agriculture has remained the most important economic activity of most of the Indians. Agriculture is also an important resource of India. It provides employment to about 60% of labour force and contributes 22% in our GNP i.e.

Gross National Product. Agriculture feeds our large population and aols supplies raw material for many industries. Out of our total foreign exchange income, 18% comes by exporting agricultural products. Hence, we can rightly say that India is an agrarian country.

Irrespective if the country is big or small its population needs food to eat. The country has to produce enough food for its people. In other words, the country needs to be assured that it will be able to provide sufficient food on a continuous basis to its people. This is called food security. It is important to note that in a country, if the demand for the food grains is increasing and the country is not capable to produce it insufficient to country, then it has to important food grains from other countries. When a country is too much dependant on other countries for importing basic commodities like food, then the exporting country may dominate the importing country at risk.

India has adopted the policy of globalization under the economic reforms of 1991. One of the objectives of the policy was to enable the Indian farmer to sell his farm products in world markets and earn good profit.

Following are the impacts of globalization on Indian Agriculture.

Positive impact: Due to globalization many charges took place in Indian agriculture. The government has simplified the process to export or import crop productions which has helped Indian agriculture to reap the benefits of globalization.

For example, owing to government policies, we now export cotton, chilies and til to China and other countries. Similarly, fruits from various parts of the world are now available in Indian market. The costly ‘generally modified’ seeds sold by the multi-national companies are now available in India. Although use of these seeds is costly, but it has increased our production of cotton and maize.

Negative impacts: Our some products like turmeric are unique and sold globally. There is now strong need for India to patent such products at world level to save them. The negative aspect of easy imports is that Indian agricultural products now face foreign competition.

Moreover, to compete with international products in foreign market India will have to adopt new production technologies to increase production and productivity and improve quality. If we are unable to do so then this may pose a serous threat to export income and also prices of local production. As a result, India has to prepare itself for another Green Revolution to stand in competition with the foreign nations.

Subsidy The reforms in areas like land ownership, crop subsidy and sale of I farm produce are considered to be the institutional reforms in India.

Following institutional reforms have taken place in Indian Agriculture:

The government has abolished the zamindari system to stop the exploitation of farmers. It has framed the Land Tenancy Act under the concept of ‘land to the tiller’. This law gives the tillers to own the land on which they are tilling. The disparity among the landowners has been removed by Land Ceiling Act. Farmers are given financial help for crop subsidy by Kisan Credit Card and f by Nationalized and Cooperative Banks.

Under Prime Minister Crop Insurance Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana), farmers can get their crops insured. The government provides financial assistance farmers in case the crops fail due to natural calamities like floods and famines. The government has developed a system to conduct open auction for the sale of farm products in the marketing yards. This system is transportation and communication, etc. are been provided so that the farmers can get the minimum support price of their farm products.

Following organizations are operating for the purchase of the farm products from the farmers at support prices :

1. National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED).
2. Gujarat Co-operative Oil Seeds Growers Federation (GROFED).
3. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

(c) India exports maximum till in the world.

Banaskantha district of Gujarat grows maximum til.

The main use of oil-seeds is to obtain edible oil. After edible oil is extracted from the oilseeds, the remaining oil-cake is used as animal fodder and as biotic manure.

Millet is considered to be the grain of labourers. It is grown in the regions having temperature between 25°C to 30°C, rainfall between 40-50 cm and light sandy soil. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are major millet producers. The Banaskantha district in Gujarat leads in the millet production in Gujarat.

Mustard is used as edible oil and as medicine.

Mustard is a Rabi crop. It is quite important crop of north India. Mustard seeds and its oil are used for edible and medicinal purposes. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are major producers of mustard

Coconut is a plantation crop. It grows in hot and humid coastal climate and saline land. In India, the coconut plantations are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andamanr Nicobar, etc. Gujarat’s coastal regions also grow coconut. A new special variety of coconut tree which is short in height but gives more yield has been developed. In sbuth India, coconut oil extracted from the coconut kernel and used as edible oil. Water of green coconut is widely used as a health drink.

Correct option is (b) Cocoa

The leading mustard producing states of India are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Locally, oil extracted from castor seed is known as ‘divel’. Castor is both Kharif as well as a Rabi crop. India ranks first in castor production in the world. It produces 64% castor of the world. China is the second-largest and Brazil is the third-largest producer in the world. Out of India’s total production, about 80% is produced by Gujarat. Banaskantha, Patan, Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Junagadh, Amreli, etc. produce castor in small quantities. Castor is also produced in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.