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England became the workshop of the world.

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, England became the workshop of the world. This resulted in the flow of population from villages to industrial towns. Population growth, migration and urbanisation were the major social changes taking place during this period. In pre-industrial society, over 80% of people lived in rural areas. As the migration from the countryside began to intensify, small towns became large cities. The city of London grew from a population of two million in 1840 to five million in forty years. 

(c) Robert Fulton

(c) Manchester

Haymarket Massacre 

A labour protest took place on 4 May 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago. What began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight hour day resulted in the killing of several workers by the police. To commemorate the Haymarket Affair 1 May 1887 is observed as the Labour Day or May Day or International Worker’s Day.

(d) cool climate

(a) Iron and Steel

In 1898, Louis Renault built the quadricycle, from which he began to produce in large quantities under his company, the Societe Renault Freres (Company Renault Brothers).

Some of the many types of cotton fabrics are: 

Broad cloth: 

A tightly woven lustrous cotton cloth with fine embedded cresswise ribs. Canvas: Rugged, woven cloth made with coarse yam. 

Chenille:

A fuzzy cotton yam of fabric that has pile protruding around its weave, named after the French word for caterpillar.

Common types of fabric:

Silk, Cotton, Linen, Wool, Leather, Jute, Georgette, Chiffon, etc. 

Top 10 textile companies in India: 

1. Bombay Dyeing and Manufacturing Company Ltd. (Wadala) 

2. Bombay Rayon Fashion Ltd. 

3. Fab India Overseas Pvt. Ltd. 

4. Grasim Industries Ltd. 

5. JCT Ltd.

6. Karnataka Silk Industries 

7. Raymond Ltd. 

8. The Lakshmi Mills Company Ltd. 

9. Vardhman Textiles 

10. Arvind Mills

The invention of flying shuttle by John Kay and the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton within thirty years accelerated the process of spinning and weaving. Because of loss of market for hand-woven cotton goods, India lost her old industrial position and became an exporter of raw material. Weavers who were eking out an independent livelihood were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets.

1. The workers cannot work with complete skills if they are not paid properly. 

2. They cannot satisfy their basic needs with meagre wages. 

3. If their pay is increased they can work for more time with enthusiasm.

4.  It results in an increase in production. 

5. Then the capitalists won’t mind the increase in their expenditures. 

6. Thus the increase in wages leads to an increase in production.

Answer is (B) 19

1. The traders brought together the craft spersons under one roof so that they did not have to go to each one’s home or explain their requirements to each person.

2. They set up small workshops called manufactories. 

3. The craftsmen brought their own tools and worked with raw materials given by the trader. 

4. The trader then took the produce and sold it in the market. 

5. In this way slowly the control of the trader over the craftspersons increased. This phase is called ‘Proto – industrialization’.

Capitalism means the form of organization where industrialists owning money, purchase machinery, raw materials, and run the industries. 

They enjoy the profits. Advantages: 

1. Goods were produced in plenty. 

2. There was employment generation.

A shift from manual labour-based to more technical and machine-based manufacturing industry marked the Industrial Revolution in the United States. Samuel Slater, a citizen of England, having worked at a cotton mill from age 10, had gained enough experience to operate a mill. On learning that Americans were interested in the hew techniques, Slater departed for New York in 1789 illegally. Slater offered his services to Moses Brown, a leading Rhode Island industrialist, who had earlier made an unsuccessful attempt to operate a mill.

Brown agreed and in consequence the mill became operational in 1793, being the first waterpowered roller spinning textile mill in the Americas. By 1800, Slater’s mill had been duplicated by many other entrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques more and more popular. Andrew Jackson, the U.S. President hailed him as “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.” 

The United States in the nineteenth century began to show technological innovation. Robert Fulton established the steamboat service on the Hudson River. Samuel F.B. Morse’s invention of the telegraph and Elias Howe’s invention of the sewing machine came before the Civil war (1860-1865). 

After the Civil War, industrialisation went on at a frantic pace. In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad was completed to transport people, raw materials and products. There was unprecedented urbanisation and territorial expansion in the US. As a result, between 1860 and 1900, fourteen million immigrants came to the country, providing workers for a variety of industries. The invention of electric bulb by Thomas Alva Edison (1879) and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell (1885) changed the world beyond recognition.

Andrew Carnegie established the first steel mills in the U.S for mass production. He acquired business interests in the mines that produced the raw materials for steel, the mills and ovens that created the final product and the railroad and shipping lines that transported goods, thus controlling every aspect of the steelmaking process. John D. Rockefeller merged the operation of many large companies to form a trust. His Standard Oil Trust came to monopolise 90% of the industry and reduced competition. These monopolies affected the smaller companies and even threatened them.

The U.S. government supported the industrial growth by providing land for construction of railroads and protected the American industry from-foreign competition. The Industrial Revolution quickened the process of the transition of the United States from a rural to an urban society. Young people raised on farms saw greater opportunities in the cities and moved there, as did millions of immigrants from Europe. Providing housing for all the new residents of cities was a problem, and many workers found themselves living in urban slums; open sewers ran alongside the streets, and the water supply was often contaminated, causing disease.

Points for debate

Positive Aspects: 

1. It provides more job opportunities 

2. More quicker and efficient production 

3. Cheaper prices 

4. Spectacular motivation 

5. Improved quality of life 

6. Urbanization

Negative Aspects: 

1. Pollution 

2. Unsafe 

3. Dirty

4. Long working hours 

5. Reduced life expectancy 

6. Overpopulated cities.

(D) all the above

The early factories were dreadful places of work. Industrial work had to face several hardships. They are

1. They had to work for more than 12 hours a day. 

2. Machines could be worked by even unskilled people So they were expelled from their jobs.

3. A large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages. 

4. The children under 14 years of age were given hard jobs like pulling and pushing heavy loads and working near dangerous machines. 

5. The workers were forced to live in makeshift houses and shelters. 

6. Their areas of residence had little sanitation and their houses lacked proper ventilation and health facilities. 

7. Accidents, diseases and epidemics were common in their slums.

So it is very much necessary for the governments to enact laws to improve the working conditions.

Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans are no longer required. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meager wages.

The following steps are necessary for labourers. 

1. Working hours should be reduced. 

2. Minimum wages should be fixed. 

3. An insurance scheme should be launched. 

4. Holidays must be given to the labourers and industrial workers. In 1881 steps were taken for the welfare of the labour class and industrial workers. 

5. Major changes swept industries with the coming of machines. 

6. Machines could be worked by even unskilled persons. Thus skilled artisans were no longer required. 

7. In their place, a large number of women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages. 

8. These conditions should be improved.

(C) 14 years

Until the middle of eighteenth century, England was an agricultural country and India was known for its excellence in manufactures as well as in agriculture. In the first quarter of eighteenth century, in the context of Indian cotton manufactures flooding in England, a law was enacted prohibiting the use of Indian calicoes and silks. The invention of flying shuttle by John Kay and the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton within thirty years accelerated the process of spinning and weaving. When the British established their foothold in Bengal as a territorial power, the look from Bengal and the Carnatic provided the required capital, and helped accomplish Industrial Revolution in England.

The weavers of Bengal suffered at the hands of the Company’s officials and their agents, who first insisted on payment of a transit duty for the commodities they carried from one place to another and later for cultivation of commercial crops required for British industries in England. The English deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping the Indian markets with their machinemade cheap cotton piece goods. Because of loss of market for hand-woven cotton goods, India lost her old industrial position and became an exporter of raw material.

By the first quarter of nineteenth century the export of Dacca muslin to England stopped. Even the export of raw cotton from India had steadily dwindled owing to the competition from -USA. Weavers who were eking out an independent livelihood were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory-made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets.

The Collector of Madurai reported that families of about 5000 weavers did not have the means to take more than one meal of fice a day. The Collector of Tirunelveli observed that the weaving population has ‘outrun its means of. subsistence and trammels of caste prevent them from taking to other work.’ Millions died of starvation in famines. To escape starvation deaths, peasants and artisans had to move out of the country opting to working on plantations in British Empire colonies as indentured (penal contract) labourers under wretched service and living conditions.

1. (e) 

2. (c) 

3. (b) 

4. (a) 

5. (d)

Yes. It was an agreement. The capitalist Boulton invested the necessary money and also paid Watt a salary. Watt made the steam engine. They made an agreement between them to share profit, two-third to Boulton’s and onethird to Watt’s. These two persons made a large number of steam engines, sold them, and made huge profits.

Yes. I know many factories nearby. There is a spinning mill in our area. 150 years ago i.e., in the nineteenth century the industrial workers of Europe had to face several hardships. The early factories were dreadful places of work.

1. With the Industrial revolution, machinery was used heavily in industrial production. With the introduction of machinery, skilled workers were expelled from their jobs. But these days it cannot be done. These days workers have the right to employment security. 

2. In place of skilled labour, the women and children were employed and made to work for meagre wages. But these days child labour is banned and it is a punishable crime if anyone employs children under 14. More than that under the right to income security every worker has the right to get adequate and regular income. 

3. Those days the labour were forced to work for more than 12 hours under the whip. But these days every worker should work for only 8 hours a day and he has the right to leisure and rest. 

4. Thus the conditions of labourers have been improved a lot these days comparing to those of 150 years ago.

1. Energy is available from coal, electricity, petroleum, and so on. 

2. Initially, industries depended upon energy coal, and steam. 

3. Subsequently, several other sources of energy like thermal and hydroelectricity, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy, and solar energy have been harnessed.

(A) 20 to 25

a) Correct statement: A cloth trader purchased cotton from a supplier and carried it to the spinners.

b) Correct statement: Unlike in the guild system the capitalists controlled what product was to be made.

c) Correct statement: Different activities could be done in different parts of the country by different groups of people.

Answer is (C) Turkey

D) The traders wanted to increase their productivity

1. The Chartist 

2. John Loudon McAdam 

3. Henry Bessemer 

4. Karl Marx 

5. 1835

(a) de Wendel

(b)  Germany

Answer is (C) English

(C) James Watt

(A) Under putting out system

Australia was colonised by England

(C) Copernicus

(D) James Watt

Charcoal was used as fuel in olden days to smelt iron.

(D) Urbanisation decreased

(b) Armand Peugeot

(A) Shipping & Textile

1. D) James Watt

2. A) Water transport

Answer is (D) None

The prominent leaders of the party were Acharya Narendra Dev,’Achyut Patwardhan, Jayaprakash Narayan and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia.

The ‘Communist Manifesto’ was published in 1848. It marked the advent of Marxism or ‘Scientific Socialism’, as they called it. According to Karl Marx and Engels the interests of the capitalists and workers are all the time opposed to each other. They laid stress not he doctrine of Class Struggle. The struggle between the capitalists and the working classes is a ceaseless affair, until the workers have won and a new social system is bom.

Socialism consists of one demand, namely that the land and other instruments of production shall be the common property of the people and shall be used and governed by the people, for the people.

Under this system the productive wealth remains in private hands. Therefore, the owners of wealth have exclusive right to the things that belonged to them.The entire economy is governed by the market forces, i.e., the forces of Demand and Supply. The word Demand here denotes What consumers are willing to consume. The word Supply refers to the quantity in which the producers are able to produce the goods in demand.