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Internet marketing:

• The process of marketing and selling products or services by promoting them on company’s websites, shopping websites like Amazon, Snapdeal, Flipkart, etc. or social networking websites like Facebook or by sending e-mails to prospective customers is called internet marketing.
• Customers while browsing the internet come across such advertisements or promotions or purposely visit shopping sites, studies the features of the products, compares them with other products and on other websites and then place their orders.
• Internet is a very large and effective way of marketing. Customers get products at cheaper prices compared to local markets because internet marketers do not bear expenses of shops and send the products directly to customer eliminating wholesalers and retailers. Customers also get after sales services such as product installation, demonstration, repair, replacement and refund, etc.
• Payment is made either through credit/debit cards, internet banking or cash on delivery mode.

The process of marketing and selling products or services by promoting them on company’s websites, shopping websites like Amazon, Snapdeal, Flipkart, etc. or social networking websites like Facebook or by sending e-mails to prospective customers is called internet marketing.

A complete list of items generally in alphabetical order or categorical order of the products/services that a company sells is called a catalogue. It can be either in printed form or electronic form.

Correct option is (B) Hat

• Wholesaler buys goods on very large quantities from the producers. This assures producers of confirmed sales. Rather than selling the goods to numerous retailers or even direct customers it is quite easy for producers to sell a bulk quantity to wholesaler.
• The wholesalers then supply the goods to retailers spread across a large region and hence cover a vast market for the producer.
• Moreover, wholesalers are in direct contact with retailers. Retailers provide several important information and views about market, customer’s preferences, products of other producers, etc. to the wholesalers.
• Wholesalers than share this invaluable information about market with the producers. Thus, wholesaler is producer’s key to market.

1. Options of selection:

A retailer keeps and sells products of several producers. Hence, customers get several options to choose from.

2. Home delivery of goods:

Some retailers provide their customers the facility of delivering the purchased goods at their homes even if the customers order on phone. This help customers to save their time and effort.

3. Redressal of customer complaints:

• Retailers are in direct contact with customers. If customers have any complaints regarding a product then they complain to retailers.
• Retailers pass these complains to wholesalers and wholesalers pass them to producers and solve the complains quickly.

4. Selling goods on credit:

Frequent customers develop good rapport with retailers. So, retailers also provide credit or even installment facility to such few customers based on their rapport with retailer and economic condition.

5. After sales service:

Retailers provide after sales services such as assisting in installation, repair, exchanging faulty products or taking them back, etc.

6. Helps customers to make purchase decision:

Retailers provide customers information on utility, features, quality, price, etc. of the products. Their explanation and selling skills helps the customer make decision about buying a product.

7. Freedom from storage:

Retailers provide goods to customer as and when they need. This helps customers to free themselves from unnecessarily stocking products.

8. Guidance to customers:

• Retailers guide the customers in various ways. They guide them about the changes likely to occur in near future, new products and schemes about to be issued by producers, guide them about supply or demand of a product, price rise that it may witness, etc.
• Correct guidance can help the customer to choose a right product at a right time.

A confirmed request by one party to another to buy, sell, deliver or receive goods or services under specified terms and conditions is called an order.

In some cities, towns or villages a market is set-up at a certain place on a fixed day of every week or month. Sellers who bring their goods to sell in such a market are called fixed-day traders.

The objective of such stores is to offer customer goods for his daily needs to luxuries. So, a department store may sell vegetables and grocery for daily needs as well as well as luxurious cosmetics.

A departmental store is a retail store that sells a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. The wide varieties of products that such stores offer are categorized into various departments. For example, there will be a department of fruits and vegetables, another for grocery, cosmetics and so on.

In mail order form of retail selling the sellers gather database of name address and e-mails of prospective customers from market. Then they send their product catalogues to these people either through e-mail or post. After studying the catalogue if people like the product they contact seller and place the order on telephone or through website.

• The sellers deliver the items to the buyers at their address and receives money either in cash i.e. COD or through VPP, etc.
• The marketers gather data of only those people who are educated to certain level and who have the mind-set to purchase goods in this manner.
• Also, an educated person can read and understand the product catalogue sent to him easily and so he is more likely to buy.
• As a result, mail order trading is mostly popular among educated class.

Permission to use brand name and trade mark of franchisor, raw and finished material, training, goodwill benefit, easier business, etc.

The biggest advantage of mail shops is that goods can be sold and sent to any person residing at any part of the country.

A well-known and established brand when gives a special right or privilege to someone to use his brand name or trade mark and process for manufacturing or selling the products or service is called franchise.

Departmental stores are basically large, fixed establishments that deal in a wide variety of products. The following points highlight the features of a departmental store: 

1. Central locations: Department stores are generally located in central areas so as to attract a large number of customers. 

2. Defined hierarchy: The management in departmental stores follows the same hierarchy that is generally followed in any joint stock company. That is, the top management consists of a board of directors, with the managing director, the general manager and the department managers under it in that order. 

3. Absence of middlemen: Departmental stores purchase goods directly from manufacturers and sell them to customers. Thus, they eliminate the role of middlemen. 

4. Centralised purchase with decentralised sales: In a departmental store, the purchases from manufacturers are handled by a single division that follows a centralised purchase policy. On the other hand, the sales are handled by the respective sections of the departmental store, which follow a decentralised policy for sales. Differences between Departmental stores and Multiple shops

Buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation are referred to as internal trade. No custom duty or import duty is levied on such trade as goods are the part of domestic production and consumption.

Internal trade can be classified into two broad categories:

1. Wholesale trade 

2. Retail trade

Automatic vending machines are coin operated vending machines which work like an ATM. It is useful in selling hot beverages, milk, chocolates, newspaper, platform ticket etc.

Pre-packed brands of low priced products, hot beverages, milk, chocolates, newspaper, platform ticket

Telephonic marketing:

• A trade method where in potential customers are contacted through telephones and information and features about products is given and then sold is called telephonic marketing.
• If the potential customers show interest on telephone, the telemarketers take – their appointment and visit them at decided time. They then explain the product in detail and try to sell.
• This method is largely used for selling financial products like home loans, vehicle loan, insurance, credit cards, etc.
• Telemarketing is advantageous to customers as they can meet the sales executives at their convenient time and place.
• The products are demonstrated and sold directly by executives of companies i.e. without involving any middleman. Hence, they can sell the products cheaper and also offer discounts and schemes.

Goods sold by moving from one place to another on foot, carts, temporary stalls, bicycles, van, etc. are called mobile shops.

People selling goods only during specific period, festival, occasion or seasons of the year are called temporary traders.

Term of sale under which the seller agrees to bear all the delivery charges upto buyer’s place is called Free on Board (FOB).

CIF is a short term signifying that the price quoted by seller is inclusive of cost of product, its transit insurance and delivery upto the buyer’s place.

1. Telephonic marketing and
2. Television marketing.

Correct option is (D) Due to absence of middleman

Correct option is (D) Both (B) and (C)

1. A trader of Ahmedabad selling mangoes within city or to any other city of Gujarat,
2. A trader of Surat selling goods to a trader of Bombay i.e. another state.

A trading activity done within the geographical boundary of a country is known as internal trade.

A method of trading where in buying and selling of goods takes place through mails without coming in direct contact is called mail order trading. The owners of such businesses are called owners of mail order shops or direct mail shops.

Greek engineer and mathematician called Hero of Alexandria invented vending machine.

Goods sold by moving from one place to another on foot, carts, temporary stalls, bicycles, van, etc. are called mobile shops.

• Hawkers,
• Temporary traders,
• Fix day trader of Gujaui or Hat and
• Street sellers.

• A departmental store is a retail store that sells a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments
• The wide variety of products that such stores offer is categorized into various departments. For example, there will be a department of fruits and vegetables, another for grocery, cosmetics and so on.
• A customer can make his exhaustive shopping list and simply walk-in a departmental store.
• He can then buy all the items from one single store itself. This saves him from going to various stores and wasting time and effort.

The store owner arranges special training for the store employees. The employees are trained on how to behave warmly with customers, how to encourage them to buy, how to arrange stock in departments, etc.

Correct option is (D) All of these