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Adaptive sports is also called disability sport or para sports. Persons with a disability, including physical. and intellectual participates in these sports. These sporting activities are modified to meet the needs of persons with disability. The differently-abled are broadly divided into three disability groups. 

(a) The deaf 

(b) People with physical disabilities. 

(c) People with intellectual disabilities. 

Sports teaches independence. Nowadays people with disability participate in high performance competitive and recreational sports. The number of such people is steadily increasing around the world. 

Main Aim:- 

(a) Adaptive sports programmes are aimed at motivating and encouraging and sustaining the participation of the differently-abled. 

(b) A wide range of sports have been adapted for disabled sport persons as their fundamental right to education, achievement and achieve an attractive lifestyle.

Aerodynamic is related to the flow of air around a projectile, which can influence the speed and direction of the object. The four forces of flight are lift, gravity, thrust and drag. These forces make an object move up and down, and faster and slower.

The aim of CBSE sports is to promote healthy living, develop leadership qualities and team management among the students, make students mentally strong and emotionally balanced and encourage sportsmanship. It aims to promote healthy competition among the schools and make students all-rounder.

The objective of introduction of this award is to identify, recognize, nurture and develop extraordinary talent among games. This will help in the development of sports activities, the importance of physical education and sports. The financial support is in the form of scholarship, that will motivate the students to excel in their sports activities.

With a clear objective of developing a balanced personality, the Board launched the CBSE Inter School Sports & Games Competitions for its Independent Category of Schools in the year 1996 with a total commitment to the youth of the country since the role of Sports & Games is very effective medium for developing proper attitudes, values & adjustment tendencies in life. The participation of every child in these competitions and derive optimum advantage from this programme was urged. 

It was felt that though there are lot of enthusiasm & talents in the sports activities but these talents are not adequately nurtured & developed. At most, the Champion Players or Teams are given only Merit/Participation Certificates and Cup /Shield.
Sometimes parents feel that it is not worth spending time in sports and games because it does not give any monetary support. Sometimes schools also do not come forward to provide necessary support systems in sports & games because it is not giving them any recognition in quantifiable terms. This mindset of the parents and the schools gives negative impact pn the learners, which subsequently put an impact in performances at higher level. In some cases students do not have adequate support mechanisms to buy required sports equipments and accessories on their own. Students who show immense talent in sports and games need competition. This motto was pronounced by Baron Pierre De Coubertin at Paris Olympics in 1900.

First-aid: First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to the victim. The first objective is to save life. Knowing what to do and what not to do can help to avoid further injury, ease pain and possibly prevent disability and death. First aid can be a life-saving skill. In simple words, it is the first help to the victim.

When a person is drowned in the water, his lungs and stomach are filled with water. In such state, the victim may die in 5 minutes. 

In such condition : 

1. Pull the victim out from water and make him to lie down with face down, i.e., pro-line position. 

2. Loosen his clothes. Press his chest firmly from the back so that water in mouth, lungs and stomach should come out. 

3. Slightly raise the legs higher at inclined position and repeat it till water is removed from chest. 

4. Artificial Respiration (AR) should be continued if the victim does not start breathing, (v) The victim should be kept at rest for half horn till victim gets up himself. Then make him to vomit out the water by self. 

5. Regular yogic asana cure it permanently.

(i) Fracture is the term used to indicate that a bone is broken. Procedure of First Aid : 

• Check the general condition of patient. 

• Check the level of consciousness.

• Check pulse, respiration etc. 

• Stop bleeding if any. 

• Keep the patient warm. 

• Cover the open fracture with sterile dressing. 

• Transfer the casualty to the hospital.

First-Aid was used by st. Johns Ambulance Association in 1879. First-Aid is the immediate and temporary aid given to the injured person during injury or sudden illness. It mostly does things to minimize further damage.

First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to the victim. It helps to avoid further injury, ease pain and possibly prevent disability and death. First aid can be a life-saving skill. In simple words, it is the first help to the victim.

 Three objectives of First Aid are : 

(i) Immediate Aid: If possible, the first aid should be provided immediately. So, without wasting any time the decision should be taken, so that immediate aid may be given to the victim. 

(ii) Think about ABC: The person who provides first aid to the victim, should think about ABC, means – Airway, Breathing and Circulation. First of all he should check respiration. If respiration is not running well, we should be given Artificial Breathing (AB). After check-up his blood circulation; check his pulse rate. If his pulse is not felt by the first- aider,we should use Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) technique immediately. 

(iii) Stop Bleeding: If there is bleeding from any organ of the wounded person, it should be stopped at once. In case of cut on any main artery, it should be kept pressed with thumb or bandage till the arrival of the doctor. 

(iv) Crowd should be Kept Away: It is usually seen that people gather immediately when there is any accident. Therefore, the person giving first aid should also try to keep away the crowd from the injured person.

The aim of CBSE sports: 

• To make sure the students become all-rounders. To promote healthy living. To develop leadership qualities and team management among the students.
• To organize orientation refresher and training programmes for Physical Education Teachers.
• To raise the general standards of sports and games prevailing in the schools and to work for the development and values through sports among the students.
• To encourage sportsmanship and to promote friendly relations among the schools.
• To organize inter-school tournaments and competitions in the sports and games recognized by the CBSE.

First Aid: First aid is the first help given to the wounded (or) accidental victim before the arrival of the doctor.

Aim: The main aim is of first aid is to try to save the precious life of wounded person.

Objective:

(a) To preserve life

(b) To prevent the condition from worsening 

(c) To alleviate pain and suffering

(d) To promote recovery

(e) To procure early medical aid

Detailed Answer : First Aid is an immediate and temporary help and care given to a wounded person or victim of an accident before a doctor arrives. There are three aims and objectives of first aid referred to as ‘the Three Ps of first aid.’

(a) Preserve life : Trying to preserve life is always the first and overall aim of administering first aid. This also includes preserving the life of the person giving the first aid.

(b) Prevent worsening or deterioration of the situation : The second aim of first aid is to avoid further worsening or degradation of the condition of a casualty. This also includes making the area surrounding the patient safe by removing the dangers around, keeping the patient in a more secure environment or position and calling for immediate specialist help.

(c) Promote recovery : The final aim of first aid is to promote recovery of the victim. First aid when given to a patient before professional medical help arrives, significantly promotes the long-term recovery of a condition or injury. Promoting recovery is also achieved by arranging for immediate emergency professional care. 

Women athletes in sports

(a) Family

(b) School

(c) Culture

(d) lack of facility

(e) Lack of role model

(f) Less of coaches

Detailed Answer : Sociological aspects of participation by women athletes in sports are :

(a) Family : It is a very significant social factor which is said to be generally responsible for early sports socialization. Males usually get more support and encouragement to get involved in sports activities. However, females are not encouraged to get involved in sports activities. Some sports sociologists argue that females are encouraged only in such sports which are considered to be feminine. Most of the parents believe in not sending their daughters for sports activities. While on the other hand, some parents understand the value of sports and always try to motivate their daughters to participate in sports.

(b) School : If the pressure to participate is not laid at home it may come from coaches, peers and particularly from the teachers who are the main driving forces within the educational sectors. School is thus important as it moulds the lives of our developing teenagers. In some schools there is still a discrimination as to which gender (male/female) should participate in games. As a matter of fact, a lot of schools do not have girls’ football, or volleyball teams. It depends on the school whether females are encouraged or not.

(c) Culture : It has been seen that cultural belief can affect the progress of certain areas in life. In fact, cultural believes have a great impact on the involvement of females in sport. Participation in sport is seen as masculine activity and therefore, female participation is viewed negatively.

(d) Attitudes and prejudices of society : Some females avoid certain sports due to fear of being perceived masculine. Such attitude and prejudices of societies regarding sexuality, inhibit the females from participating.

In time of injury , for precautions in play fields.

Health education is one strategy of health promotion and is focused on helping individuals learn and use health-enhancing skills. Health education helps to know about the causes and occurrence of various diseases that mainly is the result Of sedentary lifestyles and lack of activities. So knowing of these may help people to participate in physical activities. It will also helpful to know about the nutritional facts, healthy and harmful food and suitable physical activity or exercise for an individual. 

Principles of Health Education : 

1. Supported by the latest knowledge from research. 

2. A systematic, comprehensive and consistent activity. 

3. Respects environment or culture of an individual. 

4. Encourages personal investment of an individual.

5. Adapted to age, gender, education and particular health, mental or social problems of an individual or community.

Less spectators, 4 women coaches, lack of role models

Highlight the principles of Integated physical education:

1. The lesson plans for different grades should be prepared in consultation with the other subject teachers.
2. The activities and games of integrated physical education should be according to the needs and capabilities of children.
3. The activities and games of integrated physical education in the lesson plans should be interesting, as interest is the best motivation for learning. The activities and programmes planned should do the greatest good to the individual and to society.
4. The method selected to teach integrated physical education should make use of the knowledge from anatomy, physiology, sociology, psychology and education.
5. Methods used in the teaching lessons of integrated subjects should take advantages of the socializing values of play and of learning through play.
6. The integrated physical education activities and games should ensure that some definite results are obtained which may be of help in future or in life.

The following are objectives of physical education: 

1. understanding the meaning of physical education for an individual development and improving general health for professional activity;
2. fostering motivational attitude to the physical education, healthy lifestyle and regular exercising;
3. learning special knowledge, practical skills, which provide health protection, form compensatory process, correct present health abnormalities, provide mental prosperity, development and improvement of psychophysical  skills, form professional qualities of an individual;
4. body’s adaptation for physical and mental workload and also at the increasing of the capability of physiological systems as well as raising of the resistance of immune defenses;
5. learning the methodology of formation and taking health exercises independently, the methods of self-control while exercising, hygiene rules and sound schedule for work and rest;
6. learning how to resist unfavorable factors and working conditions, decreasing fatigue during professional activities and raising the quality of results.

Four objectives of physical education are improved physical fitness, appreciation of physical activity, sportsmanship development and improved social skills. More objectives of physical education include body awareness, skill development and personality development.

Improved Physical Fitness

While there are many goals of physical education, improving one’s fitness is often at the top of the list. According to the U.S. government’s Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, physical activity can help prevent an early death and reduce the risk of health issues like heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, falls and certain types of cancer. Children who are exposed to physical education tend to be more active, which helps set them up for a lifetime of good physical health. 

Appreciation of Physical Activity

Studies have shown that children tend to be more active if they are boys, if their parents are supportive and if they have confidence in their abilities. Physical education encourages an appreciation of physical activity in all children, even those who don’t fit into those categories. Quality education teaches young minds that physical activity is beneficial in many ways.  

Sportsmanship Development 

Physical education can help teach sportsmanship, teamwork and cooperation with other people. Those who participate in physical education learn to respect personal space as well as other people’s abilities. They also learn to work together to reach a common goal and how to follow rules for fair play with other people. 

Improved Social Skills

Not only does physical education teach students how to be good sports, but it can also lead to improved social skills. Interpersonal skills learned in a gym or on a field often translate into other aspects of life, improving social skills in the classroom, at work, within families, within communities and in other recreational settings. Students may learn how to negotiate better, they may communicate better, they may take leadership roles and they’ll have the ability to resolve conflicts in a fair manner. 

Body Awareness 

Physical education helps individuals become more aware of their own bodies, including their abilities and limitations. Students learn how certain activities impact others, such as stretching before running to prevent injury. They also learn that every body is different. Some people may be extremely flexible, while others simply run faster. Spatial awareness, body control and the ability to name certain body parts are also objectives of physical education. 

Skill Development 

Skill development is a major part of physical education, especially with younger students. This includes developing locomotor skills, like running, jumping, walking, skipping and leaping, as well as non-locomotor skills, like balancing, pushing, pulling, bending, stretching, twisting and turning. Other skills developed may include handling a ball or other physical objects and positioning and moving the body during particular activities, such as how to move the arms and legs while swimming certain strokes. 

Personality Development 

Physical education can help improve a student’s personality as well as their physical fitness. Participating in sports and physical activities can help improve traits like motivation and enthusiasm. It can improve confidence and self-esteem and even create higher levels of self-discipline. These personality changes typically improve performance in school, work and social settings.

The Adapted Physical Education program also emphasizes the importance of physical activity and personal fitness. Fitness is developed through the activities in the daily lessons that emphasize determined amounts of physical activity, continuous movement, and challenges that involve working the major muscle groups.

Principles of Adapted Physical Education :

• Students with disabilities require adapted physical education activities to the limit of their capacity, to meet their physical, mental, social and emotional needs.
• Every effort should be made to ensure that the adapted physical education programme is according to the needs and capacities of students.
• The equipment, facilities, rules and instructions of an adapted physical education programme should be modified according to the need.
• The adapted physical education programme should be physically as well as psychologically sound.
• The teacher of physical education should note the anomalies, but should not try to treat the anomalies that need the attention of a medical specialist.
• The activities of adapted physical education should be decided after close coordination with medical staff.

1. (a) Law of inertia

2. (a) Directly proportional

3. (c) The law of acceleration

A tournament conducted for different groups or zones basis by combination of minimum two types of tournaments is known as combination tournament. The examples are 1. Knock-out cum knock-out basis, 2. League cum league basis 3. Knock-out cum league basis and 4. League cum knock-out basis.

A process to place the stronger team/teams at appropriate places in the fixture and to avoid the elimation of such teams in the first round, and give them a chance to participate in quarter-final or semi final is known as special seeding.

1. Three passing techniques are: 

1. Chest pass. 

2. Bounce pass. 

3. Overhead pass. 

2. Three types of basked scared with points are: 

1. Lay-up shot: 2 Points 

2. Free throw: 1 Point 

3. Dunk shot: 2 Points 

3. Low Dribble: Low Dribbling is used when the offensive in the ball is being guarded closely. Low dribble is controlled dribble.

A. (b) Defensive

B. (b) Antibodies, immunity

C. (b) B Complex

1. (d) Carbohydrates

2. (b) 2-3 litres

3. (a) Protective food

1. (a) Diarrhoea

2. (b) BMI18.5-24.9

3. (a) Stone in the kidney

(a) 

1. There is a safety zone surrounding the playing court with a width of metre atleast along the side lines and 2 metres behind the goal lines. 

2. All court players wear identical uniforms. The goal keepers of each team wears same colour, but different from court players of both team and opposing goal keeper. The players must wear numbers that are atleast 20 cm high in the back of the shirt and atleast 10 cm in the front. The numbers used should be from 1 to 20. The players must also wear sports shoes. 

3. If a game is tied after regular time and a clear winner is necessary, it would proceed to two 5-minutes periods of overtime with a 1 minute break before each. 

(b) 

1. The six occasions when the clock is stopped during the game are: 

1. During the half break of the game. 

2. When the timed-out is requested by the team. 

3. When any substitution or disqualification has been made. 

4. When the time-keeper or the technical delegate deliberately stops the clock by a whistle signal. 

5. When the game is tied and a break is given. 

6. Between two consecutive overtime periods’ halves.

2. A player advances with the ball either bouncing it, rolling it on the floor or dribbling it towards the opponent’s goal. 

(c) 1. The four throws used in the game are: 

(1) The goalkeeper-throw

(2) Free throw 

(3) Throw-off 

(4) Throw-in 

2. After the ball has been controlled, the ball cannot be touched by the opposing player if the ball has not touched the floor or the goal in the meantime. The opposing players cannot pull or hit the ball out of the hands, arms or legs. They cannot even block or force away with arms, hands or legs.

(a) 

1. Substitution is allowed at any time except during the penalty corner. The players can be substituted due to injury or as per the wish but not allowed for suspended players. At the time of penalty corner, only the player who is hurt or the defending goalkeeper can be substituted. 

2. If the ball goes over a back line, the game is restarted again by keeping the ball on the side line. 

3. A free hit is awarded to the team when: 

1. A defender commits an offence between 23 metres areas. 

2. An attacker commits an offence within 23 metres area from where their opponents are defending.

(b) The six “Do nots” that players are to avoid during a game are: 

1. Players must not use the stick in a dangerous way. 

2. They must not touch, handle or interfere with other players or their sticks or clothing. 

3. They must not intentionally raise the ball from a hit except for a shot at goal. 

4. Players must not delay the game to gain benefit by time wasting. 

5. Players must not tackle unless in a position to play the ball without body contact. 

6. They must not play the ball with the back of the stick.

(a)  There is a safety zone surrounding the playing court with a width of metre atleast along the side lines and 2 metres behind the goal lines.

(b) If the attacking team does not make sufficient progress, the referee can call passive play, turning control over to the other team. Thus it is not allowed to keep the ball in possession without making any attempt to attack or to shoot on the goal.

(i) Substitution Procedure: Replacement of one or more players from the listed substitution apart from libero. The coach of the team requests for substitution to the assistant Referee. An area 3 meters away towards sideline (substitution area) is allowed to move for substitution. When Referee signals for substitution the player should move out and substitute player should enter. 

(ii) Duties of First Referee : 1. He is responsible for the conduct of match under rules and regulations from the start until the end. 

2. He is the final authority as far as the decision of match is concerned. 

3. He can replace other officials who are not performing duty properly. 

4. Referee controls all the situations of the match under rules. Referee performs toss before the start of match. 

5. He whistles for service. 

6. He can overrule the decisions of other officials if required. 

7. He gives fault, warning,

 Types of soft tissue injuries include: 

- Bruises (haematoma) 

- Sprains (Ligaments) 

- Strains (tendons) 

- Lacerations (skin) 

- Dislocations (joints) 

- Tendonitis (tendons) 

 A soft tissue injury is the damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons throughout the body.

The International Federation of Sports Medicine. 

A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break. Fracture caused by a direct blow to the bone either in a fall or a kick.

 A dislocation is an injury to a joint – a place where two or more of your bones come together – in which the ends of your bones are forced from their normal positions. 

Laceration is a more severe injuries of tearing or ripping of the layers of skin and the fatty tissues and muscles below the wound. 

1. High impact sports injuries 

2. Traumatic, forceful and unnatural movements 

3. To recover from the injury and regain maximum body functioning after an accident. 

4. Advance preparation to protect athlete from physical injury occurred during play, practice or competition in a match.

The Aims of sports medicine are :- 

1. To prevent to damage to the human system caused mostly by inactivity due to sedentary habits and lack of physical exercise. 

2. To concentrate on the causes of injury 

3. To recover from the injury and regain maximum body functioning after an accident. 

4. Advance preparation to protect athlete from physical injury occurred during play, practice or competition in a match.

The modern concept of sports medicine are :- 

1. The psychological aspect of performance 

2. Exercise in cardio-vascular disease prevention & rehabilitation. 

3. Bio-mechanics related to sports 

4. Cardiac-respiratory function in relation to performance. 

5. Nutrition & metabolism in relation to competitive performance. 

6. Effect of altitude on endurance performance Recommendations of FISM at world level. 

Five duties of referee : 

1. Enforces the laws of the game. 

2. Control the match in co-operation with the assistant referees. 

3. Acts as time keeper and keep a record of the match. 

4. Restart the match after it has been stopped. 

5. Takes disciplinary action against player, guilty of cautionable and sending-off offenses.

A throw-in is a method of restarting the play. A throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball when the whole of the ball passes over the touchline, either on the ground or in the air. 

A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in : 

• If the ball enters the opponents’ goal – a goal kick is awarded. 

• If the ball enters the thrower’s goal – a comer kick is awarded. 

The procedure of Throw-in: 

At the moment of delivering the ball, the thrower must: 

• Face the field of play. 

• Have part of each foot on the touchline or on the ground outside the touchline. 

• Throw the ball with both hands from behind and over the head from the point where it left the field of play.

It is not a deep injury of skin or mucous membranes due to scrapping or rubbing. The cause of this injury may be due to fall on a hard rough surface. This type of injury may not be serious but can be serious if some foreign material like small stone or a stick gets struck in it. Abrasion takes place in sports like cricket, hockey, athletics and combating zanies etc.

A sprain is sudden stretching of this ligaments of a joint and is associated with pain and usually discoloration which appears early from hemorrhage into the tissues. The ligaments sometimes become tense and get injured was the weak joints and bones. Sprain may occur at joints like knee, ankle, elbow joints etc.

A direct hit or blow anywhere on the body, causing bleeding from ruptured small capillaries below the skin, without any breaking of skin is called contusion. In such cases, the outer skin remains unbroken and there is slight bleeding into muscular tissue. Contusion may take place in the sports like cricket, hockey, gymnastic and polo etc. 

1. Making aware of the injuries. 

2. Concentrate on the cause of the injury. 

3. Provision of medical help immediately 

4. Injuries the player might suffer.

The concept of sports medicine has been accepted by all the world level countries including India. Sports science is related not only with the medicines in developed countries like India but also with high performance sports medicine. It has extended its scope and area in a great measure.

1. Proper coaching 

 2. Proper use of equipment 

 3. Proper conditioning 

 4. Proper warming up and cooling down 

 5. Protective sport equipment and gear 

 6. Avoid dehydration 

 7. Balanced diet 

 8. Use of right techniques 

 9. Proper knowledge of sports skills 

 10. Avoid overdoing training 

 11. Avoid working when muscle is weak because of fatigue  

12. Appropriate sports environment 

 13. Injury management

Injury is very common almost in every sport. Injury occurs in sports as it does in day to day life. The only difference is that in general life the injuries are not avoidable but the sports injuries are avoidable. Injuries occur to the sports persons mostly due to lack of knowledge. It is also known that most of the sports persons are not aware how to prevent common sports injuries and what kind of first aid can be given to the sportsman and what kind of treatment can be given particular injury. Injury prevention begins with the physical evaluation of sports before taking up a sport. Much is known now about the hazards of each individual sport and physical deficiencies can be spotted at the beginning of the training season and rectified. 

Prevention of Sports Injury 

The risk of injury accompanies participation in almost all sporting activities. As the number of participants in both competitive and recreational sports has increased, there has been a corresponding increase in the number of injuries. Sports injuries can have profound, long lasting effects on sports person, injuries particularly those not properly cared for, may develop into conditions that can last a lifetime. Some of these conditions are chronic for example Tennis Elbow, Runner’s knee or osteoarthritis. 

Most sports injuries are caused by one or more of the following factors: 

1. Lack of pre-participation medical check up. 

2. Poor coaching or coaching error. 

3. Lack of conditioning. 

4. Improper use of equipment. 

5. Inadequate or poorly maintained facilities. 

6. Sports person’s psychological condition. 

7. Inadequate rehabilitation. 

8. Inadequate first aid care. 

9. Premature return to participation after injury. 

Except for unforeseen circumstances such as injuries that occur from high forces generated in sports/athletics (broken bones, dislocated joints), the athlete/sports person or those responsible for the sports person’s health training can reduce the risk of injury from any of these factors.

The physical performance and stamina of every sports person totally depends on the physical factors which he uses in his daily routine and during the practice and training of the sport. These factors help the athlete in achieving dexterity and skill in particular sport. The athlete face a lot many problems in his daily routine and sports practice and has to seek the help of sports medicine in order to resolve those problems. Reduction of any one of the physical efficiency and stamina factors such as muscle power, pace, coordinating energy, tolerance etc. increases the chance of the athlete’s getting injuries or falling ill, such problems are remedied by the physician with the help of sports medicine. 

Bone injuries are usually caused by a direct blow to the bone either in a fall or a kick or a similar injury. There are many bones in our body. They all are attached to one or the other to make the skeletal. Each and every bone is important to our body. Each bone has its own movements and function. Some bones are smaller but some are big. 

Bones may be injured in one way or the other. Some of the bone injuries of the body are discussed here. 

1. Fracture of a collarbone: Fractured collarbone is caused by direct blow to the collarbone or by blow to the shoulder by some external body. There are some sports where chances of bone injuries are more, i.e., rugby, karate, judo or motorcycling. There is a lot of pain felt over the bone itself and the ends of the bone may be clearly visible under the skin. 

2. Fracture of a radius bone: When radius bone is fractured, it breaks one of the bones in the forearm which makes up part of the wrist joint. This is sometimes is also called colles fracture. It usually occurs in a fall on overstretched wrist eg. skating on road or ice skating. It is common in almost all sports. After a few hours of injury one feels pain on all movements of the wrist with swelling and bruising. 

3. Scaphoid Fracture: Scaphoid fracture is a very similar mechanism of injury to radius fracture caused by a fall on outstretched hand. There is pain in “smuff box” depression on outer side of wrist. There may be swelling although not always. Pushing of wrist backwards is especially painful. It hurts when it moves.

A sprain is a sudden stretching of the ligaments of a joint and is associated with pain and usually discoloration, which appears early from hemorrhage into the tissue. The ligaments sometimes become tense and get injured near the weak joints and bones. Sprain may occur joints like knee, ankle, elbow joints etc. 

The sprain may be classified into. 

(a) Mild Sprain: In this type of sprain there is slight tearing of some of the ligament fibres and there is no loss of function of joint. 

(b) Moderate Sprain: In this type of sprain there is some rupture of ligaments and ther is some loss of function. 

(c) Severe sprain: In this type of sprain there is total rapture of ligament and they are also separated from bone and total loss of any movement.