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A false start/recall rope is a rope that stretches across the width of competitive racing pools. It stops swimmers who were unaware of a false start. They’re specifically designed to get the attention of swimmers to prevent them from exerting unnecessary energy in the case of a false start. Typically, the rope is made of some sort of polymer plastic to prevent deterioration from the water, and includes two floats and two quick-snap connectors with weights. The rope is typically located about halfway on yard pools and about 50-feet from the starting end on meter pools.

List of officials required is as follows : 

• Referee 1 

• Control room supervisor 1 

• Judges of stroke 4 

• Starters 2 

• Chief inspectors of turns 2 

• Inspectors of turns -(1 at each end of each lane) 

• Chief recorder 1 

• Clerk of course 2 

• False start rope personnel 1 

• Announcer 1

(i) Overthrow: II; a fielder throws the ball and no other fielder is able to stop the throwing ball, the batsman is able to score runs or a boundary. Such runs are termed as overthrow. 

(ii) Duties of Leg Umpire: 

• To check the Run-out,

• To check Stump-out, 

• To check Hit-wicket, 

• To check High bounce ball. 

• To check Stumped -out. 

(iii) Bad-Light: When light is not sufficient to play and it causes danger to player. There is low intensity of light which creates problem to batsman, as they are not able to see the coming ball properly. In this condition Umpire can declare bad-light. Then match is supposed to stop.

(i) They’ are the officials in ground responsible for administrating and imposing the rules and regulations of the game. 

Duties of Umpires: 

• Umpire signals and declares the batsmen out 

• Short-run 

• End of over . 

• Boundary: beginning 

• End of power play : no ball : wide ball ; leg bye. bye :time-out. time-over; 

obstruction: break. 

(ii) 1. Slips 

2. Cover 

3. Long off 

4. Point 

5. Mid off 

(iii) Full-toss : A ball delivered by bowler pitched right up to the batsman.

Wicket-keeping Techniques and skills can be stated as : 

(i) The position of wicket-keeper depends on the type of batsman (right-handed or left-handed) and the type of bowler (pacer or spinner) 

(ii) The wicket-keeper needs to keep an eye on the ball from the moment the bowler starts running and must rise or fall with the direction of the ball 

(iii) The wicket-keeper must be ready to dive to collect the ball and prevent runs.

1. An LBW: If the batsman misses the ball with his bat but has touched any part of his body when it would otherwise have hit the wicket, it is called leg before wicket (LBW). 

2. A Hit-wicket: If, in attempting the ball or taking a run, the batsman touches and breaks the wicket, the act is called hit-wicket. 

3. A Run-out: If the batsman, attempting to take a run or returning to his crease, the fielder breaks his wicket when he is out of the crease, he is said to be funout. 

4. A Stump out: If the wicket-keeper breaks the wicket while gathering the ball and bitting the stunips, when the batsman is out of the crease or trying to take any run, it is called stump out.

(i) Breast Stroke : The breast stroke starts with the swimmer lying in the water, face down, arms extended straight forward and legs extended straight to the back, arm with move in out sweep, in sweep and recovery, the movement start with the out sweep and the leg will move like frog kick in this breathing is usually done during the beginning of the in sweep phase of arm through the mouth. 

(ii) Free Style : In this leg kick should be performed with extended ankles kicks in the legs up and down from the hip with toes turned in and loose knees and arm forward in front of face pull down under the water steadily until the hand leaves the water at high level, little figure upper most bend and left the elbow to clear the water and swing the arm forward. Then repeat and turn the head side ways breath only as needed.

A false starts is a movement by a participant before (or in some cases after) being signaled or otherwise permitted by the rules to start. Depending on the sport and the event, a false start can result in a penalty against the athlete’s or team’s field position, a warning that a subsequent false start will result in disqualification, or immediate disqualification of the athlete from further competition. 

Generally, the athletes use three types of finishing techniques which are mention below : 

1. Run through : This technique is generally adopted by novice athletes. In this technique, the finishing line is crossed with the full speed by the athletes. 

2. Lunging : In this technique, the athlete bends his ‘torso’ towards the finishing line in the last stride. This technique is adopted by experienced or well experienced athletes. 

3. Shoulder shrug : An athlete tends to bend his one shoulder and the complete action is performed in the last stride near the finishing line by the extraordinary athletes.

1. Three duties of leg umpire are: 

1. Gives decisions on leg before wicket. 

2. Gives decisions on stumping. 

3. Gives decisions on run-outs at one end. 

4. Gives decisions on events when the other umpire is not sure of his decisions. 

2. Three variations of pace bowling are: 

1. Swing bowling. 

2. Seam bowling. 

3. Mixture of fast, swinging, seaming and also cutting balls. 

3. Bad-light includes bad conditions of the environment which makes it too dark for the match to continue. Usually the match is either postponed or cancelled.

Low dribble is a technique used when the offensive in the ball is being guarded closely. This is a controlled dribble. The ball is protected while putting the body between ball and defensive player.

Footwork : Footwork is the most significant thing for a wicketkeeper. If our feet are right, all things moves with it. Many say that poor wicket keepers have to dive a lot. This must mean that a keeper having good footwork probably don’t have to dive very often. Taking the ball efficiently means right footwork so that the head is behind the ball on impact. Footwork of keeper consists of frequent, small, precise adjustments just like a dancer’s or a tennis player’s which are made in response to the trajectory and movement of the cricket ball so that the head remains in the optimum position. 

Catching the Ball : For a wicket keeping, catching the ball is the key point. Judge the position where the elevation of the ball begins to decrease, that would be the ideal place for a keeper to stand. After positioning according to the speed of the bowler, one should be ready to catch the ball. When the ball reaches, catch the ball with relaxed but firm hands. Keep a steady head with eyes on the ball all the way into the gloves.

  Diving : Diving often compensates for bad footwork so diving a lot should remind us to move our feet. However, diving becomes essential for the keeper when the ball is extremely out of his standing range. A thick edge on the ball would make ball go away from the keeper so he has to dive to take the ball. When keeper is standing up from the crouch position, weight equally distributed, it permit him to execute a dive easily.

(i) Low dribble: It is a defensive dribble to keep the control over the ball (when opponent is close). The ball is bounced at low’ height up to knee and body shields the opponent, body is slightly crouched. 

(ii) Man to man marking : It is defensive skill where each player checks or guards or screens the opponent player (during opponent ball possession). 

(iii) Duties of Scorer: 

• He shall make chronological running summary of points scored and shall record the field goals or basket scored made along with free-throws. 

• He shall record the personal and technical fouls of each player. 

• He shall indicate the number of fouls committed by each player by using number marker. 

• He shall record the team fouls and raise free-throw flag in case of more than four fouls in each quarter.

 Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide positive influence on the lives and behaviours of others. The leader should possess qualities that are sought for and admired by followers. A leader must initiate an activity, under the groups needs, and carry the acitivty to completion.

The leadership quality in physical education is as below:

1. Energetic 

2. Friendliness and Affection 

3. Decisiveness 

4. Technically skilled 

5. Intelligent 

6. Teaching skill 

7. Creative 

8. Interest in research 

9. Good health 

10.Dedication and Determination 

11.High motor capacity 

12.Respect for other People 

13.Social 

14.Logical and Decision-maker 

15.Morality and Loyalty 

16.Good communicator.

It is an act of restricting one's food intake to maintain a controlled weight. The person who undergoes dieting is more likely to have eating disorder. We usually resort to dieting because we believe that being thinner will make us look slim, trim and smart. So dieting is restricting what and smart. So dieting is restricting what we eat or how much we eat in order to lose weight.

Disability etiquettes are- 

• Always consider that he/she is a person, not a disable. 
• Language to be used must be very nice and humble. 
• Always offer for shake hand even if they have artificial arm. 
• Always look at and speak directly to the person. 
• Never be rude as every living being has feelings and emotions. 
• Always be polite and humble towards the person whom you are addressing.

(i) No Ball: When the bowler commits some non-legal action to bowl. 

1. When bowler crosses the popping/ bowling crease during bowling.

2. When ball is released from side and not over the head by bowler. 

3. When the bowler’s back foot is touching or outside the return crease.

4. A full toss – a ball which does not bounce – from a seam bowler reaches the batsman at waist height. 

5. If the bowler changes the arm with which he bowls without notifying the umpire. 

(ii) Stump out: If a batsman misses the ball and the wicketkeeper breaks the wicket when he outside the crease. 

(iii) Sweep : In this, the batsman hits the ball to deep angle while kneeling down. 

Lofted Hit : A hit by the batsman, on which ball is lifted up in air. 

Drive : It is hitting the ball in front field. Hook-Shot : It is hitting the high raised ball with force towards the leg side. 

Pull-Shot : It is hitting the ball forcefully with good back lift and follow-through action of bat goes towards the on side of field.

Conditions in which Umpire can change the Ball are: 

1. If ball is lost or becoming unfit for play. If during play, the ball cannot be found or recovered or the umpires agree that it has become unfit for play through normal use, the ” umpires shall replace it with a ball which has had wear comparable with that which the previous ball had received before the need for its replacement. When the ball is replaced, the umpire shall inform the batsmen and the fielding captain. 

2. If the umpires together agree that the condition of the ball has been unfairly changed by a member or members of the fielding side, the batsman at the wicket shall choose the replacement ball from a selection of six other balls of various degrees of usage (including a new ball) and of the same brand as the ball in use prior to the breaking. 

3. If the umpires together agree that the condition of the ball has been unfairly changed by a member or members of the batting side, the umpires shall select and bring into use immediately, a ball which shall have wear comparable to that of the previous ball immediately prior to the breaking.

Five duties of service umpire : 

• He will see that the server delivers a correct service. 

• He approves hand signals for each low. 

• To see undue delay to the delivery of the service. 

• To see feet not in the service court. 

• He may arrange with the service Judge any extra duties to be undertaken, provided that the players are also advised.

(i) Sledging : It is a term used to describe the practice by which some players seek to gain an advantage by insulting or verbally intimid¬ating the opposing player. The purpose is to try to weaken the opponent’s concentration and thereby making the opponent to make mistakes or underperform. It can be effective because the batsman stands within hearing range of the bowler and certain close fielders and vice versa. The insults may be direct or feature in conversations among fielders designed to be overheard. 

(ii) IPL : Indian Premier League is a professional Twenty-20 cricket league in India contested generally during April and May of every year by teams representing Indian cities. The league was founded by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 2007, and is regarded as the brainchild of Lalit Modi, the founder and former commissioner of the league. The IPL is the most-attended cricket league in the world and in 2014 ranked sixth by average attendance among all sports leagues. In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event in the world to be broadcast live on YouTube.

(i) Low dribble: It is a defensive dribble to keep the control over the ball (when opponent is close). The ball is bounced at low’ height up to knee and body shields the opponent, body is slightly crouched.

(ii) Man to man marking : It is defensive skill where each player checks or guards or screens the opponent player (during opponent ball possession). 

(iii) Duties of Scorer: 

• He shall make chronological running summary of points scored and shall record the field goals or basket scored made along with free-throws.

• He shall record the personal and technical fouls of each player. 

• He shall indicate the number of fouls committed by each player by using number marker.

• He shall record the team fouls and raise free-throw flag in case of more than four fouls in each quarter.

Heredity, physical diseases, mental factors, accident, social factors.

Micro elements are needed in our body in very small amount for survival. Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K and minerals such as iron ,sodium, calcium, copper, magnese, etc. are generally referred to as micro-elements of our diet.

Proteins are constituents of all the body cells most important substance that regulate metabolic processes. The basic structure of proteins is a chain of amino acids that contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. They are essential for growth and repair of muscles and other body tissues. 

The daily requirement of protein to our body is about is about 20 g.

Sources: The best sources are egg, milk, meat, poultry, beef and milk products. Grains, fruits and vegetables are the sources of incomplete proteins.

Functions:

(i) The cells of muscles, tendons, ligaments are maintained. 

(ii) It is the main component of muscles, organs and glands. 

(iii) It is required for the formation of hormones enzymes and hemoglobin.

(i) The ball becomes dead when: 

• Any field goal or free throw is made. 

• An official blows his whistle while the ball is live. 

• The game clock signal sounds for the end of the period. 

• The shot clock signal sounds while a team is in control of the ball. 

(ii) Write the dimensions of: 

1. The length of the Basketball court: 28 meters 

2. The breadth of the Basketball court: 15 meters 

3. The radius of center circle: 1.80 meters 

4. The diameter of the ring: 45 centimeters

The ball is called dead when;

(i) Free throw has been made

(ii) Whistle is blown by an official

(iii) At a signal of official clock of the game

(iv) At the signal of 24-second device

The game clock is stopped when :

• Time expires at the end of a period, if not stopped automatically by the game clock itself. 

• An official blows his whistle while the ball is live. 

• A Basket is scored against a team which has requested a time-out. 

• A Basket is scored when the game clock shows 2:00 minutes or less in the fourth period and in each extra period. 

• The shot clock signal sounds while a team . is in control of the ball.

Occasions when the Umpire calls or signals for a no ball are : 

1. The Umpire shall call a No ball if the bowler’s front foot lands beyond the popping crease at the time of delivery of ball. The bowler’s front foot must land with some part of the foot, whether grounded or raised, behind the popping crease.

 2. If the bowler delivers the ball directly to the batsman over the waist height, without pitching it on the ground, the umpire shall call it a no-ball. 

3. If the bowler bowls more than the allowable fast short pitch bouncer deliveries, the umpire shall call it a No ball. 

4. If in the opnion of either umpire the ball has been thrown or delivered underarm, the umpire shall call it a No ball. 

5. If there are more than two fielders, another than-the wicket-keeper, behind the popping crease on the on side at the time of delivery of ball, the umpire shall call it a no-ball.

Five occasions when the umpire calls or signals for no ball are : 

(i) Uses an inappropriate arm action. 

(ii) Has a foot outside the return crease at the time of leaving the ball. 

(iii) Oversteps the popping crease. 

(iv) Bowling team’s field setting fails to comply with the field restrictions. 

(v) The ball bounces over the shoulder height of the batsman.

Disability is an injury that restricts the functions or movements of a person. Disorder is an illness that causes disruption to the functions of a person. Disability is the consequence of an impairment caused to a person. Disability can be present in a person since birth. Disabilities can be characterized into various forms such as physical disability, mental disability, sensory disability, olfactory disability, etc. disorder is often used for mental disabilities and ‘impairment’ is used for sensory disabilities such as vision impairment, speech impairment, etc.

sports injuries – injuries during the occurrence of sports 

Types – 

Direct-caused due to impact of external forces e.g. a hockey player receiving a bruise from being struck on the face by a stick during a game. 

Indirect – these injuries typically involve the athlete himself by damaging the soft tissues such as the ligaments, tendons or muscles. 

Preventions – Taking adequate rest, Wearing proper footwear, using protective sports gear, Proper warming up

Water is a nutrient that makes up almost 70% of our body weight. Most of this water is in our cells. Life process cannot occur without water. We lose lot of water every day as we sweet, breight, cry. Normally we need 10-12 glasses of water every day to stay healthy. It maintaining the body temperature.

Function of water:-

(a) It helps in digestion of food. 

(b) It save the bones from becoming brighter and dry. 

(c) It helps the circulation of blood. 

(d) It regulates the body temperature. 

(e) It supplies mineral salt to the body

These are unscientific reasons of thought about food items. These are more of a psychology nature than actual. Wrong information floats around about nutrition and without knowing the logic we start following it or we create our own myth about it without finding the truth.

Diabetes – Disease that affects body ‘s ability to produce or use insulin. 

Yoga- Bhujangasana, paschimottasana, pavan muktasana, ardha matsyendrasana

(i) Abdominal 

(ii) Headache 

(iii) nausea 

(iv) rashes 

(v) fatigue 

(vi) diarrhea 

(vii) Uneasyness 

(viii) constipation 

(ix) acidity 

(x) bloating etc

YOGA HELPS A SPORTS PERSON  

• Yoga helps a sports person to feel and understand the body processes more accurately, thereby learning what the body needs. By understanding this, an athlete can work on areas that need attention with confidence.  

• Yoga is useful for all types of sports to help prevent injuries. One gets extra agility which helps to avoid damage, provides more strength and improves a player's ability to react to a situation.  

• In competitions, athletes at all ability levels tend to have a fear of losing, of other competitors, or of developing mental deterrents to excellent performance. Yoga trains us to be our best every single moment, to hold ourselves at our highest standard and to go beyond our preconceived limitations.  

• Yoga postures work all around a limb and help to knit the muscle fibres thus building resilience to injury. By anticipating areas of the body that are subject to stress, one can use Yoga effectively to pre-strengthen areas of concern.  

• Due to long term sports training, muscular imbalance can develop in the body which can lead to damage and injury. Yoga's practices are ideal in this respect because integration, balance and harmony are keywords of Yoga. These practices correct the one-sided effect of training by promoting general harmonious development of the body and by improving the whole physical system.  

• Yoga practices offer the natural remedy because Asanas are based on the gentle stretching of muscles, which induces relaxation and increases the blood supply. These also release residual tension and speed up regeneration. It is a natural counterbalance to the muscular effort of training and competing.  

• Sports’ training tends to be very intensive over an extended period of time. This again can lead to a form of imbalance where muscles or the body as a whole becomes weak through over exertion. Regeneration is a remedial process for regaining strength and for the prevention of injuries. Yoga regeneration exercises are based on the principle that after contracting for a specific time period in an isometric movement against specific resistance, muscles will release and relax. But all this would be effective only if done consciously.

Correct posture- position in which one holds body upright against gravity while standing, sitting or lying down 

Advantages – effective breathing, improves personality, increases self confidence, improves concentration

1. The occasions when a ball becomes dead during play are: 

(1) Blocking 

(2) Holding 

(3) Double foul 

(4) Disqualification of player. 

2. There are a number of different types of cuts that can be made in addition to making the correct moves in running a specific play or set motion offense, and in addition to setting and cutting around screens. In throw in, the player must not carry the ball onto the court and release it within 5 seconds. By throw in, you cannot basket the ball directly without being touched by anyone on the court. 

3. Generally fouls are related to personal physical contact, while violations are not. Violations are more related to the ball or court. 

Ex: Fouls are hitting, pushing, slapping and holding whereas violation are 3 second rule, 5 second rule, etc.

(a) Common problems of the teeth includes dental caries (tooth decay) and bleeding gums. 

The two rules of dental hygiene are: 

1. The teeth and gums must be cleaned throughly after every meal, or atleast twice a day. Regular brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flushing and massaging the gums are effective ways to prevent decay and disease. 

2. Rinse the mouth nicely after each meals; it possible the gargles should be done with the lukewarm water. 

(b) A genetic disease is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth. Most genetic disease are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable, i.e., passed down from the parents genes. In non-heritable genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA. 

(c) The three diseases spread by bacteria are: 

1. Bacterial meningitis 

2. Toxic shock syndrome 

3. Paratyphoid fever. 

(d) The three points to prevent obesity are: 

1. Appetite: Eat when you are really hungry, avoid eating again and again and eat without feeling hungry. To have proper appetite, it is compulsory to perform some physical activity. 

2. Age Factor: As the age increases, there should be some changes in the eating habits. At childhood eat more proteins and in young age proper amount of carbohydrates, fat and proteins should be consumed and in the old age less and light food should be taken for the easy digestion. 

3. Punctuality: Eat at a proper time and also eat less at night to avoid constipation, do not over eat.

Various substances found in certain foods that provide your body with heat and energy and are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

1. If the batsman gets out without scoring any run, he is said to be out for a duck. 

2. When the batsman has completed 100 runs on his individual part without being out, it is called a century to be completed for that batsman. 

3. When a bowler completes an over without any runs being scored from it, it is termed a maiden.

4. A bye is a run scored by the batting team when striker misses a ball and the wicket-keeper fails to gather it cleanly, the batsman may take runs. These runs are called byes and are scored as extras.

Causes of Hypertension:

• Hypertension is an independent condition which means that it is not triggered by other medical conditions like diabetes, heart-related problems or kidney malfunctioning. 
• Stress is a significant factor that causes hypertension. When you are stressed, your heart beats faster, and your blood vessels contract. 
• Other factors such as adverse lifestyle choices including smoking, drinking, drug abuse also causes harm. 
• If you do not exercise enough or are overweight, you could be heading towards hypertension.

Here are four yoga postures that you can follow to keep a check on diabetes  -

1. Padottanasana  (Wide-Angle Standing Forward Bend): This pose helps in stretching your back and the thighs while your legs are challenged to be strong. Padottanasana is known to calm the mind. It also relieves mild backache by stretching your spine, shoulder and chest. It's therefore no surprise that this asana is often used as a balm for frayed or anxious nerves.

2. Uttanasana  (Standing Forward Bend Pose):  This incredibly beneficial posture is both therapeutic and revitalising. In Uttanasana, your head is below your heart. This allows the unusual occasion for blood to rush to your head (rather than your feet), giving your cells a rejuvenating boost of oxygen. It strengthens the thighs and spine and provides flexibility. Uttanasana activates the abdominal muscle and improves digestion and eases symptoms of menopause, asthma, headaches and insomnia. It may lower high blood pressure and is therapeutic for infertility, osteoporosis, and sinusitis.

3. Trikonasana  (Triangle Pose):  The Triangle Pose is very important for health and wellness. It has the ability to bring stability, strength and stamina in one’s life. Therapeutically, it is good for strengthening the core and legs. Trikosana helps in shedding extra fat from the various parts of the body i.e. stomach, hips, thighs and waist. It also eliminates aches and pains in the back, neck and the entire body. One of the great advantages of this yoga pose is that it can be practiced at any time or at any place.

4. Dandasana  (Staff Pose):  Dandasana is also known as staff pose; it improves and teaches you to sit with correct posture. Practicing this regularly brings more flexibility in your hips and pelvis henceforth strengthening your spine and lower back.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. They provide quick energy to the body and are not stored in body for long. Main source of carbohydrates are bread, rice, potatoes, cereals, etc.

The effects of exercise are well proved fact. The heart hypertrophy takes place.

Long distance runner athlete cardiac hypertrophy is found more and that is also called athlete's heart.

The increase in size of the heart takes place with an increase of left ventricular cavity. It is found more in long-distance runners and swimmers.

In wrestlers, weightlifters and throwers the thickness of left ventricular walls is increased.

(a) Advantages of health education: 

1. It helps the person gain good and healthy habits. 

2. It helps provide defence towards diseases and infections. 

3. It also keeps the environment in complete harmony. 

(b) Scabies and Eczema 

(c) Anti-mosquito measures: 

1. Emptying water from containers around the home, removing unused plastic pools, old tires etc. 

2. Destroying mosquito larvae by non-hazardous natural means such as throwing them in dry places 

3. or feeding them to larvae eating fishes. 

4. Spreading DDT powders in areas suspicious of mosquito larvae. 

(d) Three causes of tuberculosis: 

1. Smoking and Alcoholism. 

2. By droplet infection from the infected person. 

3. Meat products of an infected animal.

(a) Advantages of correct postures: 

1. It improves the personality. 

2. It develops physical fitness and athletic ability. 

3. It gives grace and efficiency of movement. 

4. It prevents disorders and diseases. 

(b) Advantages of recreation: 

1. Recreation helps in reducing mental tension, illness and stress. 

2. Recreation plays an important role in encouraging such things as preservation of natural resources, construction of play grounds etc. 

3. Recreation recognizes the people to become all that they are capable of becoming and contribute to the society. 

4. It plays an important role in the life of children and youth by avoiding them from committing criminal acts. 

(c) Malaria is caused by a sporozoon parasite and carried from man to man by the agency of certain species of female anopheline mosquitoes. 

Symptoms: Body ache and Fever.

 (d) Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. 

Types of Immunity: Basically immunity is divided into two categories: 

1. Innate Immunity: It is the natural resistances with which a person is born. It provides resistances through several physical, chemical and cellular approaches. 

2. Adaptive Immunity: It is further divided in two major types natural and artificial. Naturally acquired immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, whereas artificially acquired-immunity develops only through deliberate actions such as vaccination.

1. Six occasions when a batsman may be declared out are: 

(1) Catch out

(2) Leg Before Wicket (LBW)

(3) Hit the ball twice 

(4) Bowled 

(5) Stumped Out 

(6) Run Out. 

2. The three duties of the umpire are: 

1. He starts the game by coin tossed to decide which team will bat first. 

2. He give decisions throughout the match by giving signals. 

3. He ensures that the game is played fair and there is no sort of partiality.

(a) When the individual’s all the organs are in proper and right alignment, it is called a posture. 

The four advantages of a correct posture are: 

1. Correct postures leads to self confidence and strength. 

2. Correct postures helps in maintaining the body framework erect and balanced. 

3. All the organs of the body function well in cooperation and harmony with one another without any special effort. 

4. Both the shoulders are in straight line. 

(b) The two diseases spread by fungi are: 

1. Ringworm 

2. Thrush. 

(c) The three preventive steps for tuberculosis are: 

1. Separate Utensils: The utensils of a patient should be kept separate and should be washed with hot water and disinfected. 

2. Sputum Examination: The patient’s sputum should be examined. 

3. Vaccination: Arrangements should be made for B.C.G. vaccination especially for small children. 

(d) The three preventive steps of cure Arthritis are: 

1. Sit whenever possible and eliminate unnecessary walking. Consult the specialist doctor. 

2. Wear sensible shoes to reduce the risk of foot deformity. 

3. Rest should be provided to the affected joints.

Causes of Hypertension:

Health conditions that can cause Hypertension( high blood pressure) include:

• kidney disease 
• diabetes 
• long-term kidney infections 
• obstructive sleep apnoea – where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing 
• glomerulonephritis – damage to the tiny filters inside the kidneys 
• narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys 
• hormone problems – such as an underactive thyroid, an overactive thyroid, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, increased levels of the hormone aldosterone (hyperaldosteronism), and phaeochromocytoma 
• lupus – a condition in which the immune system attacks parts of the body, such as the skin, joints and organs 
• scleroderma – a condition that causes thickened skin, and sometimes problems with organs and blood vessels.

The main source of carbohydrates is carbohydrates are providing energy.

Starch - It obtains from wheat, maize, beet, potato, rice, coneflower etc.

Sugar – It obtains from Milk, beet, sugarcane, honey.

Cellulose - It obtains from cereals, vegetables, fruits etc.

(a) Four common sports injuries: 

(i) Sprains 

(ii) Contusion 

(iii) Strains 

(iv) Abrassion. 

(b) NUTRITION: The science which deals with nutritious diet and its importance for the individual is known as Nutrition. 

(c) Factors for healthy hairs: 

1. A good quality shampoo or soap should be used for washing hair. 

2. Use of driers and chemical colours should be avoided. 

3. Hair should be combed everyday. 

(d) PNEUMONIA: 

Pneumonia is a disease of lungs and can attack in any age. Symptoms: 

1. A patient suffer from high fever and feels difficulty in breathing due to the swelling in lungs.

2. Sever cough and cold and sometimes the patient complains of chest pain and feels restlessness.