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In high jump an athlete has to jump unaided and take off from one foot over a four-meter-long horizontal bar. High jumper seek to clear the greatest height without knocking the bar to the ground. An athlete has three attempts per height, although athlete can elect to ‘pass’, i.e., advance to a greater height despite not having cleared the current one. Three consecutive failures at the same height, or combination of heights, cause an athlete’s elimination.

High jump technique can be mainly divided into three Approach (Running towards the high jump bar) Take-off (Movement of lifting the body up in air and flight (what is done in air to landing on mat). 

Major high jump techniques are: 

• Scissor Jump : Legs are lifted over the bar in alteration one after the other. 

• Eastern Cut-off : Athlete rotates the trunk into a horizontal position at the peak of the jump. 

• Western Roll : In the athlete clears the bar on his/her side, with the take-off leg tucked under the rest of the body. 

• Straddle Jump: The athlete cleared the bar face-down, with the body stretched along the bar. 

Fosbury-flop: The athlete runs up in a curve, jumps by taking off from his outer foot and twists his body to clear the bar with his back. He finishes the movement by lifting his legs over the bar and landing on a mattress.

Steps for Taking Forehand Shot are: 

As with most strokes in tennis the forehand is hit on the move using a variety of different spins. 

1. As the ball approaches stay in open stance position. 

2. Rotates hips, shoulders and arms as part of the take back. 

3. Now start unwinding body with dominant arm dropping down (to help generate topspin) as it trails the rest of the body forward towards the ball. 

4. Continue rotating and swing the racket up, over and through the ball and make contact. 

5. The front of the body and head should be facing the net. 

6. Follow through by continuing the arms extension forward then across the body towards the non-dominant side. 

7. Finally, complete the stroke with the weight shifted to the left leg (if right handed) and the racket head hovering around the left shoulder.

Duties of Coach in Tennis are : 

1. Learn how each student learns best : Some students are visual learners, since they emulate what they see. Other students are auditory learners who understand by listening. Some are kinesthetic learners, in that they need to perform a movement to understand it best. Make an assessment of the students’ learning style and adjust the message accordingly. 

2. Separate the performance from the performer : One of the most important things coaches can do is build every player’s selfesteem, no matter what their skill level is Make sure every comment is constructive, sandwiched between compliments and correction. 

3. Be demanding and disciplined, never demeaning : The coaches style must be based on the laws of learning. If screaming, yelling, or putting down a player was the best way to teach, then all teachers in school classrooms would be using that method. Coaches must make sure they are teaching, not taking out their frustrations or setting unrealistic expectations. Coaches should never be demeaning to their athletes. 

4. Coach smarter, not harder : Experience is a great teacher, but attending coaching clinics and learning from other coaches is essential. Sharing and bouncing ideas off other coaches will lead to greater coaching wisdom. 

5. Be innovative, not imitative : This is hard to do, but it’s best to not just copy other successful coaches. For instance, don’t just copy practice plans. 

6. Put the needs of the player first : The experience of coaching is first and foremost about providing a secure, productive, healthy and motivating environment for players to learn, develop and grow. It is not about satisfying the coaches or parents’ needs. Do not exploit your players. 

7. Be a role model : A coach should emphasise the importance of hard work, perseverance attentiveness, determination health and fitness. The greatest impact however, is when coach personally embody and repeatedly display these attributes. “Do as I say” is not as powerful a message as “Do as I do!”

Five Types of Strokes in Tennis are: 

1. Serve : The essentials of this stroke include fluid motion and rotation of the entire body into the shot. Turn to predominant side at the baseline with the front foot angled towards the net post. Bring the racquet back while tossing the ball in the air slightly toward the other shoulder with free hand. Keeping eyes on the ball, quickly coil up at the waist and knees and release into an overhand motion that drives the ball at the opposite server box. 

2. Forehand : This is usually the strongest shot, but requires footwork and focus. Remain in ready position with the knees and torso bent. Keep eyes on the ball as you reach back with the racquet. However, too much backs wing may result in a late stroke that lacks power or direction. How much control one has over the return swing will depend on playing strategy and timing. Concentration, balance and practice will help to develop more control. 

3. Backhand : It takes good footwork and timing to get into position for the backhand. Fluid body rotation is important. Beginning players tend to use a short backswing and lack follow-through, making their backhand shot weaker. Backhands can be delivered with one or both hands. The one-handed style will give more reach while the two-handed technique provides better power and control. 

4. Volley : A volley occurs when one approach the net and hit the ball in the air. A half-volley is volleying after a bounce, not in the air. Making a strong volley involves a short backswing and hitting the ball when it’s directly in front. 

5. Overhead : An overhead stroke is any shot besides the hit that the ball hits the racket’s long axis close to vertical. The point of contact between the ball and racket with this stroke is typically above the players head. An overhead stroke can be used to hit off an opposing player’s lob stroke.

(1) Synchronized Swimming : Synchronized swimming is a hybrid of swimming performing a synchronized routine of elaborate move in the water accompanied by music. It demands advanced water skills and required great strength,- endurance etc. Synchronized swimming is both an individual and team sport. 

(2) Marathon Swimming : Marathon swimming is a continuous open water swimming of at least 10 km. This distance was chosen for its equivalence in time-to- completion to a 26-2 mile marathon run.

The tennis scoring system is the standard system by which tennis matches and tournaments are generally operated and scored. A tennis tournament is organized into matches between players (for singles tournaments) or teams of two players (for doubles tournaments). The matches of the . tournaments are grouped into rounds. In round all players (or teams) are paired and play against each other in matches. The losers are said to leave, or be out. They no longer compete in the tournament (this is single elimination). The winner of the final round will go further for the other matches of the tournament. A tennis match is composed of points, games, and sets. Traditionally, matches are either a best of three sets or best of five sets format. The best of five set format is typically only played in the men’s singles or doubles matches at Majors and Davis Cup matches.

1. Games and sports help not only in physical fitness but also the psychological. A combination of physical and psychological fitness leads to an overall development of an individual. 

2. Games and sports help an individual to maintain a good shape and size of the body. 

3. They also help in the improvement of the physiological capacities of the various systems of the body. Games and sports affect not only the physical and physiological aspects of the body but also the psychological fitness. 

4. They help to improve perception, emotional stability, motivation and intelligence of an individual. 

5. They help the individual to bear stress and tension better. Therefore, we can see that games and sports helps in the overall development of an individual.

(i) Baton : A stick or a cylindrical substance passed from one athlete to another in a relay.

(ii) Marathon : A long distance foot race of around 42 km. This race was started in Greek Olympics 1896. The race got its name from Greek history where a soldier upon winning the battle by the army, ran all the way from a place called Marathon to the capital city, Athens.

(iii) Hurdling : The act of running and jumping over an obstacle at speed.

(iv) Take-off area : The area on the track after the starting point from where the athlete propels his or her body into air while taking the jump.

(v) Approach run : The runway from starting line to the take-off in high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault events.

1. Referee shall have authority to warn or exclude from competition. any athlete guilty of acting in an unsporting or improper manner. 

2. The referee shall not act as a judge or umpire but may take any action or decision according to the rules based on his own observations and may overrule a decision of a judge. 

3. The appropriate referee shaLl check all final results. 

4. If, in the opinion of the appropriate referee, circumstances arise at any competition such that justice demands that any event or any part of an event should he contested again, he shall have authority to declare the event or any part of an event void and that it shall be held again, either on the same day or on some future occasion, as he shall decide. 

5. The referee may reconsider a decision (whether made in the first instance or in considering a protest) on the basis of any available evidence, provided the new decision is still applicable.

• Set: A set consists of 6 games; a player that win 6 games with at least a twogame advantage wins the set. 

• Ace : When a serve is not returned by the receiving tennis player, resulting in a point for the player who served. 

• Slice : A type of shot with underspin. 

• Down the Line : A ball that is hit straight along the side-line of the tennis court. 

• Drive: It is a Fairly a hard hit. Two major types of drives are forehand and backhand drive. 

• Flat drive is hit hard and fairly low. 

Slice drive is a hit lower than flat and much lower than topspin. Top spin drive is hit hard and relatively low, but has more margin of clearance than flat.

Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored. A rally is won when a shuttle is hit over the net and onto the floor of the opponent’s court. A rally is lost if the shuttle is hit into the net, or over the net but outside of the opponent’s court. A rally is also lost if the shuttle touches the player’s clothing or body, or if it is hit before it crosses over the net. The side winning a rally adds a point to its score. In Badminton World Federation statutes book 2018-19 it is written that it is permissible to play by prior arrangement, either. 

• One game of 21 points. 

• The best of 3 games of 15 points. 

• The best of five games of 11 points.

1. Baton : A short light stick that one member of a team in a relay race passes to the next person to run. 

2. Marathon : A long running race of 42.195 km. 

3. Hurdling : In hurdling a runner races over a series of obstacles called hurdles, which are set at a fixed distance apart. 

4. Take off Area : The area marked on the ground from where the jumper takes off for a jump. 

5. Approach Run : The approach run is a buildup run by the athlete before moving the stage of taking off for a jump.

There are two scoring methods in Volleyball: 

1. Rally Scoring : In rally scoring team scores a point when the other team fails to return the ball over the net and hit the ball out of bounds commits an infraction or makes a service error. 

2. Side out Scoring : In side out scoring the service team scores a point when the opponents fail to return the ball over the net hit the ball out of bounds. 

Ways of delays in game : 

• Delaying a substitution. 

• Request for an illegal substitution. 

• Repeating an improper request. 

• Delaying the game by a team member.

• Advantage : A player, who scores a point after a deuce is said to have gained an advantage. 

• Ace : When a receiver fails to control the ball while receiving a service the server is said to have served an ace.

1. FIVB—Federation International de Volleyball. 

2. VFI—Volleyball Federation of India. 

3. AVF—Asian Volleyball Federation. 

4. UVA —United Volleyball Association. 

5. JVA—Japan Volleyball Association.

Expand the following : 

• ATP—Association of Tennis Professionals 

• AITA—All India Tennis Association 

• ITF—International Tennis Federation

Refers to the below link

https://bit.ly/2TDki1Y

(a) They are group fitness workouts. 

(b) Yes, they are effective forms of exercise because of variety of punches, kicks that involve the whole body movement. 

(c) (i) Self defence. 

(ii) Confidence and courage.

Types of Personality

Type-A- They have high sense of time and always try to complete their task in time. They are always found busy. They can be easily aroused to anger.

Type-B- They are extrovert in nature. They complete their work steadily. They enjoy their achievement and always focus on game not on winning or losing. They try to do at the last movement.

Type-C- They are not so assertive and always suppress their emotions and desires. They are very susceptible to depression as compared to other types of personalities. They are introvert in nature. They try to spend maximum time on finding about how the thing work.

Type-D- They resist any form of change and prefer the monotony of routine. They are not adventuresome and avoid responsibility. They are always having a fear of rejection. The individuals are the depressed ones; they live a very poor and short span of life.

Impact of high altitude training

• Training at high altitude produce additional RBC
• At high altitude the reduced air pressure, O₂ diffuses into RWC slowly.
• To remunerate decrease in O₂, one of the body hormones, starts the production of more RBC to help in
• oxygen delivery to the muscles.
• Increase in lungs size
• More capillarization takes place
• Lactic acid tolerance in the body increases
• Increase in erythropoietin hormone

(A) If the scheduled time and expenditure for the conduct of the tournament is insufficient as per the no. of participating teams.

(B) If the no. of participating is more in proportion to the scheduled time and expenditure.

(C) If the no. Of official is insufficient

Sudden or violent twist or wrench of a joint with stretching or tearing of ligaments.

Prevention from poisoning: 

• Keeping medicines, disinfectants, household cleaners, etc., out of the reach of children.

• Bottles containing harmful substances and poison should be labelled with red pen and block letters. 

• While purchasing and consuming medicines, the expiry date should be checked. 

• Drugs should be poured from the opposite side of label to prevent the destruction of label. 

• Harmful and dangerous drugs should be kept under lock and key.

Causes of flat foot: It occurs due to the loss of tone in muscles supporting the foot which results in flattening of arch. This defect is mostly caused by- 

(a) Faulty posture. 

(b) Standing for a long time. 

(c) Use of local footwear. 

(d) Overweight. 

Preventive exercises: 

(a) Walk on heels and toes. 

(b) Pick up marbles with toes. 

(c) Write alphabet on sand with toes. 

(d) Stretching toes down in long sitting position. 

(c) Walk with feet parallel to each other.

Preventive and treatment steps: 

1. Inhalation of moist steam is the best treatment. 

2. Penicillin or some other antibiotic medicine. 

3. Taking cough syrup/drops or medicine to relieve cough. 

4. Hot pack over chest or hot water gargles also relieve cough. 

5. If cough continues for long duration then consult a doctor.

Preventive and treatment steps: 

1. Immediate Treatment: Recently new medicines and researches have been made for the treatment of heart attack such as Clot Buster, Streptokinase and Urokinase, etc. These medicines dissolve the abnormal clot within coronary arteries/veins. Aspirin is also helpful. 

2. Permanent Treatment: Regular exercises with low to medium intensity pace for half to one hour. Slow jogging or brisk walk is also other alternative. Practicing yogic asana and pranayama is also very helpful for heart victims. Diet is important part for heart patients. It should be low in fats with lot of fibrous food.

Non-prescribed drugs are known as Drug Abuse. These drugs are not recommended by physician or doctor. They are not taken for curing certain disease. They are self-taken for their addictive effect. Person takes these drugs as a habit under the influence of bad company; to remove tensions, loneliness, etc. But once a person starts taking drugs, he or she cannot stop using it, thus becoming slave to drugs.

(i) Addictive Effects: Most of these substances have addictive effects, thus create physical and psychological dependence. Its regular use becomes the need of athletes to perform well in physical activity. ‘ 

(ii) Cardiac Problems : Doping has adverse effect over heart and causes many types of cardiac problems like varied heartbeat, high blood pressure, hypertension, cardiac arrest, heart attack, etc.’ 

(iii) Affects Kidney and Liver : Doping substance is strong chemical, thus it adversely affects kidney and liver. It leads to non-functioning or partial damage or failure of these important organs. Many times it is also the cause of cancer in the body. 

(iv) Unbalanced Psychological Behaviour: These substances, usually lead to unbalanced psychological behaviour like aggression, loss of concentration, dizziness, headache, loss of neuromuscular responses, nausea feeling, nervousness, high anxiety, insomnia, depression etc. 

(v) Musculature Body: Anabolic steroid causes strong muscles, thus affects the feminine look of females like musculature body of females, loss of hair (baldness), male voice, causes beard or moustaches on face, etc., thus personality is affected.

Purpose: The main purpose of this test is to assess or measure the upper body strength and endurance which is required for performing household and other activities enduring lifting and carrying things. 

Equipments required: 5 pound weight for women and 8 pound for men, a chair without arms and a stopwatch.

Procedure: To do the maximum number of arms curls that can be completed in 30 seconds is its aim. Arm curl is performed with the dominant are side. The participant sits on the chair, hold the weight in the hand using a suitcase grip. It means the palms should be facing towards the body. The arm should be in a vertically downward position. The upper arm should not move but lower arm should move freely. Curl the arm up through a complete range of motion gradually turning the palm up. When the arm is lowered through the complete range of motion, gradually return to the starting position. The arm should be completely best and then completely straightened at the elbow. This complete action should be repeated by the participant as many as times as possible with 30 seconds.

Yoga is associated with the culture and heritage of India. In Sanskrit, yoga means ‘to unite’ and describes a way to live a healthy life. In yoga, the mind is disciplined through meditation and the body is aligned and strengthened. It is believed that yoga originated in India about 5,000 years ago. The ancient seers used yoga as a means to explore the exterior and interior world and ultimately achieve the knowledge and wisdom of Vedas, Shastras and Upnishads which have been passed down to the world. Yoga was evolved by the ancient Indian Rishis as a practical method for complete physical, mental and spiritual transformation of an individual. 

Different periods of Indian history can tell the origin of Yoga. 

(a) Pre-Vedic period : The excavation of Mohanjodaro and Harappa in Indus Valley reveals that yoga was practised in some forms during that period.

(b) Vedic period : Vedas refer to the oldest portion of the sacred canon of Hinduism. They are four: RIG, ATHARVA, SAMA and YAJUR. The word ‘Yunjate’ used in Rigveda gives the idea of the yoga for sense control. Some concepts of yoga are partially developed from Vedas. 

(c) Upnishads period: It is the upnishads, from which the later parts of Vedas provide the main foundation of Yoga teaching and philosophy known as Vedanta i.e., ‘absolute reality’ or consciousness. 

(d) Epic period: Various types of yogic practices were used during this period. Bhagavad Gita is perhaps the best known of all yogic scriptures. 

(e) Sutra’s period: The backbone is furnished by Patanjali Yoga Sutra. He was rightly called the father of Yoga, who around 200 B.C, compiled, sythesized, modified, systematised and refined yoga in a metaphysical whole. 

(f) Smriti Period: Smrities were written till about 1000 A.D., Pranayam and other purification techniques used to occupy a significant place in every ritual of people. 

(g) Medieval Period: The literature of Natha and Bhakti cult shows that yoga was very popular in these cults. Hathayoga was evolved and became very famous in the Natha cult. The saints of these periods used to do various yogic practices.

(h) Modern period: Swami Vivekananda made Yoga very popular and continued to spread its knowledge outside India also. Modern men have adopted this oldest science of life as a tool for keeping the systems of the body and mind in good health. 

The seeds of yoga were sowed and developed in India and now, it is spreading all over the world by Swami Ramdev ji.

Sports environment is the condition & circumstance under which a sports person indulge in sports activity. It includes areas like grounds, indoor stadium, sports complex, health clubs, indoor play field, indoor halls, gymnasiums, podiums, courts, parks etc. 

Various essential elements of sports environment are: 

(a) Infrastructural set up. 

(b) Equipment facilities and its maintenance. 

(c) Duties of players, expert staff and organisation. It is needed for physical activities like training, playing games, practicing fitness work and physical recreational activities.

(d) Good sports environment provides opportunity for growth and development of individuals. 

(e) It helps to improve the efficiency of a person and motivates to perform in physical activities. 

(f) This helps in preventing from various health problems and keeping a person fit. 

(g) It provides place for organizing various competitions.

(h) It is a socially interactive place and serves as mass collective place where people could gather and perform physical activities.

Thus, a good sports environment helps in overall health maintenance, social interaction and building competitive environment in the society.

Playgrounds are essential to create the right environment for the development of physical activities. Physical activities and sports promote good health and well being. Playgrounds are considered as labs for nurturing the talents of young individuals.

(i) Adventure sports activities create awareness among public to conserve and protect wildlife. 

(ii) Adventure sports activities create the sense of proper use of forest resources and to avoid deforestation.

(iii) Adventure activities make concrete effort to minimize pollution factors and uplift natural environment. 

(iv) These sports allow and encourage creativity in the innovation of new maneuvers and in the stylish execution of existing techniques. 

(v) These sports are helpful in developing mental and physical fitness. Such sports involve fitness skills. 

(vi) Adventure sports provide the participants a positive and healthy channelization for their abundant energy and enthusiasm.

Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider riding on the forward or deep face of a moving wave which is usually carrying the surfer towards the sea shore.

(a) Water

(b) Roughage

(c) Artificial sweeteners

(d) Preservatives

(e) Plant products

(a) For promoting mass participation.

(b) To explore the hidden talent of the student.

There are two types of league or round robin tournaments-

i) Single League Tournament : In a single league, every team plays with every other team once.  

Number of matches = N(N-1)/2  

Where, N = Number of teams.  

ii) Double League Tournament : In double league, every team plays with every other team twice.  

Number of matches = N(N-1)  

Where, N = Number of teams.

IOC (International Olympic Committee) is the governing body of the Olympic movement. It is a non-profit, non governmental organisation based in Switzerland. Whereas,IOA (Indian Olympic Association) is a governmental organisation of India which regulate the activity of India and Indian players in Olympic.

Functions of I.O.C. :

(i) To encourage and support the promotion of ethics in sports as well as education of youth through sports and to dedicate its efforts in ensuring that, in sport, the spirit of fair play prevails and violence is banned.

(ii) To act against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement.

(iii) To lead the fight against doping in sports.

(iv) To take action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the Olympic movement.

(v) To encourage and support the efforts of sports organizations and public authorities to provide for social and professional future of athletes.

Indian Olympic Association : It plays a key role in the selection and participation of Indian sportspersons in the Olympic Games as well as Commonwealth Games and Asian Games. Sir Dorabji Tata along with YMCA India Director Dr. A.G. Noehren, played a pivotal role in fostering the Olympic ; movement in India as well as in the formation of I.O.A. In 1927, the I.O.A. was constituted with Sir Dorabji Tata as its first president and Dr. Noehren as secretary. In the same year, the International Olympic Committee officially recognised I.O.A. as India’s National Olympic Organization.

Functions of I.O.A.:

(i) To develop and protect the Olympic movement and amateur sports.

(ii) To enforce and defend the exclusive rights of the Association to the use of Olympic flag and Olympic insignia.

(iii) To enforce all rules and regulations of the I.O.C. To certify the amateur status of the competitors from India for international competitions.

(iv) In co-operation with national sports, federations/Associations organize and control selection, training, coaching of the teams that will represent india.

(v) To undertake with assistance of the National Sports Federations (NSFs), the financial management transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India taking part in Olympic games and other games, under the patronages of the I.O.C.

(i) Playing Time: The playing time period is of 40 minute duration which is extended into four quarters. The rest period in-between I to II and III to IV quarters is 2 minute whereas, in half (between II to in quarter) it is 5 minute to 10 minute, i.e., 10 -2; 10 – 5/ 10; 10 – 2; 10. The game clock starts when the ball reaches the highest point on a toss, . during a jump ball is tapped by the first player. 

(ii) The main fouls are: 

Personal Foul’: It is a player’s foul which involves illegal contact with the opposing player whether the ball is live or dead. A player is eliminated from the match if he commits 5 personal fouls. They are further penalized with throw-in or free-throws if their team has committed more than four fouls in each quarter. These fouls are charging, illegal blocking, guarding from behind, holding or pushing opponent, illegalscreening, etc. 

Unsportsmanlike Foul: This foul is also known as intentional foul. It is a personal foul of a player, with or without the ball. It has been deliberately committed against opponent like intentionally hitting the opponent player who is going for scoring basket. This is a serious foul in which opponent gets two freethrows along side pass from centre-line. 

Technical Foul: When a player or coach performs unsportsmanlike act or misconduct or violent act deliberately. In this foul opponent gets two free-throws along with throw- in from centre. 

Multiple Foul: When two players are involved in the foul at almost the same time. Throw in taken from sideline is taken in alternate manner. 

Team Fouls: These are total fouls of team. If the team fouls exceed more than four fouls in each quarter then opponent team is awarded with two free-throws on each foul.

(i) Charged Timeout: It is an interruption of game requested by coach. It lasts not more than one minute. It can be taken one time in I, II and III quarters; and two times in IV quarter. 

(ii) Pivot-Foot: It is a restricted motion with ball. A player rotates around keeping one foot stationary. It is changing the direction of body while one foot maintains the contact with floor. 

(iii) Passing : Chest-pass, bounce-pass, long-pass, one-hand pass, one-hand sidepass and underhand pass. 

Dribbling : Low-dribble, high-dribble, behind the back-dribble, under the leg-dribble. 

Shooting : Jump-shot, set-shot, hook-shot, lay-up-shot, dunk-shot and tip-in shot. 

Defence : Zone defence, man-to-man defence, match-up defence (blocking, screening), press defence. 

(iv) Duties of Timekeeper: 

• He shall note when each quarter is to start and notify this to Referee more than three minutes before this time. 

• He shall keep record of play and stoppage of time. 

• He shall indicate with bell the expiry of playing time in each quarter or extra time. 

• Timekeeper shall start timeout watch for charged timeout.

1. The responsibilities of the linesman during the match are: 

1. They have a red flag to indicate that the ball is in the court or not. 

2. They judge if the player crossed the line when serving the ball. 

3. They help the referee to make signals and decisions about the ball’s position. 

4. They also check whether the ball is touching the antennae or not. 

2. The four responsibilities of the coach of the team are: 

1. The coach of the team trains the player without focusing more on the outcome. 

2. He decides which player will be on the court to play based on the palyer’s performance. 

3. He decides when the substitution is to be made during the match. 

4. He also takes the time-out to guide his/her team for the rest of the game.

A pitcher shall be charged with loss when his team is left behind in score and therefter fails to tie the score.

Chopped ball is an illegal shot in which the ball is deliberately hit hard downwards so that it bounces into the air in an attempt to avoid being caught.

1. If a batted ball bounces off a fielder (in the fair territory) and goes over the fence in foul territory, or if it goes over the fence at a location that is closer than the official distance, the batter is entitled for next base and first base runner is entitled for second base. 

2. Interference is called when a batter or runner obstructs a defender from making a play on the ball or when a defensive player impedes a runner in the baseline. 

3. A foul tip is when the pitched ball hits the bat and goes directly and sharply to the catcher, who catches it.

• Length 38 inches width 4-25 inches. 

• Circumference-22-4 to 22-9 cms and Weight: 155-9 gms to 163 gms. 

• 28 inches.

1. Weight of the ball = 260 to 280 gms 

2. Circumference of the ball = 65 to 67 gms 

3. Air pressure of the ball = 0.3 – 0.325 kgf/cm₂

(i) Jump Ball: Ajump ball is a technique of starting the game in the beginning, from the circles. It takes place when official tosses the ball between the two opposing players with new rules only one time the jump ball is done and next time it is done with throw in. 

(ii) Player with ball can advance with ball in an attempt to score by High/ Low Dribble. It is an offensive dribble. The bounce is high at twist height to provide fast running movement. Hands perform the pumping action over the ball by pressing it. 

(iii) Officials : 

1 Referee, 2 Umpire, 1 Scorer. 1 Assistant Scorer. 1 Timekeeper, one 24-Second Operator, 1 Table Commissioner.

(i) Illegal Screening : It is illegal attempt to delay or prevent opponent player who does not control the ball from reaching desired position. 

(ii) Live-Ball: During jump-ball if ball is legally tapped or officials place the ball for play or at the disposal of free throw or throw -in. 

(iii) Dead-Ball: Ball lands out of bounds, official blow s the w histle, in case of violation, fouls etc. It is temporarily stopping of game. 

(iv) Lay-Up-Shot: A shot executed by a player w hile moving two steps with the ball and attempting a shot

(a) 

1. Carrying the ball means that the ball is in the possession of the player for a long time which is a foul. 

2. A setter is a player who touches the second ball to set it up for the third touch or spike. They are the most important player of the team for offence. 

3. The free zone area surrounds the court with a minimum width of 2m. It is the area where the players rest during the time-outs. 

(b) 

1. When the ball is hit hard or is smashed, it is called spiking. It is performed by taking a proper jump before attempting to smash the ball. The player while in jump, turns his hand with turn of wrist to the direction of the smash. Turning may be right or left. It can be made from any position and then ball is tried to land on the opponent’s court. 

2. The three different skills in the game of volleyball are: 

1. The net recovery 

2. The attack or smash 

3. Serving the ball 

(c) 

1. Floating service is the service which changes its direction and course all of a sudden. The floating movement depends upon the value of ball, it float in the opposite direction of the value of a ball. The serve is taken similar to over head service except the last movement of the wrist is directed towards the flight of the ball and the use of force according to distance from the baseline. 

2. An antennae is a flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter, made of fiber glass or similar material. The top 80 cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of contrasting colour, preferably red and white. The antenna are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space. 

3. A Libero is a specialised defensive player who must be recorded on the scoresheet before the match in the special line reserved for this. He/she can be neither team captain nor game captain. 

4. An ace is when one team serves the ball and the opposing team is not able to return the serve. It can be touched by the players but not returned.