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Some ways of maintaining personal cleanliness are :

(i) Keeping nails neat and clean

(ii) Regular cleaning of nose and mucus

(iii) Avoid nose picking

(iv) Brushing teeth at least twice a day

(v) Washing hands with soap and water, before and after meals and after using toilets

(i) Short Service Line : It is a line 6ft 6in from the net, which the serve must reach to be legal. This line marks the non- volley zone or fore- court of the playing area. 

(ii) Back Gallery : It is that area of the court which lies between the two boundary lines at the end of the court. 

(iii) Foot-fault : A situation when the foot of any of the player is placed on the ground in an illegal position. 

(iv) Love all : It is a score at which all badminton games begin which is 0–0 for both the players /pairs. 

(v) Rotation : It is the system of play in doubles game in which the players keep on changing their positions during the play

(i) Thomas Cup : The Thomas Cup or World Men’s Team Championships was first staged in 1948-49. Thomas Cup is named after Sir George Alan Thomas from England. The . Thomas Cup was played every three years in the start. Since 1982, the Tournament has been held every two years with a format of 3 singles and 2 doubles. Since 1984 Uber Cup and Thomas cup are held together. 

(ii) Uber Cup : Uber Cup or Women’s World Team Championships was added for the first time in 1956-57. Uber Cup is named after Mrs. H.S. Uber from England. The Uber Cup was played every three years in the start. Since 1984 the tournament has been held every two years with the format of three singles and two doubles. Since 1984 Uber Cup and Thomas cup are held together.

(i) Thomas Cup : It is the international men’s championship. This championship was started in 1948. It was held after every 3 years till 1982. After that it is being held after every 2 years. 

(ii) Uber Cup : It is the international women’s championship. This championship was started in 1956. It was held after every three years till 1984. After that it is being held after every two years.

The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Knock knees includes the 3 symptoms listed below: 

• Knees that touch 
• Inwardly curved legs 
• Feet too far apart

1. (c) Children

2. (b) Neurological Disorder

3. (b) Brain

1. (a)  70-75%

2. (a) 18

3. (a) Impairment of cognitive

Physical education means to provide the knowledge to an individual regarding staying physically fit.

The statement means that mind and body are not two separate identities. All the internal forces in man i.e., spiritual, social, mental and physical work in coordination. It is their joint venture which steers smoothly the wheels of life.

The aim of physical education is wholesome development of man i.e., to make everyone physically, mentally and emotionally fit.

According to A.R. Wayman, physical education is that part of the education which has to do with the development and training of the whole individual through physical activities.

Correct Answer is: (b) Virtues

Correct Answer is: (c) Tolerance

(d) Wholesome personality

(d) Marketing ability

The concept of physical education has its roots since ancient period. The people of Rome and Greece adopted this concept in the form of physical activities, as they thought it is essential to survive. The people of Greece mainly emphasised on the physical education and practised music and gymnastics as the means of development of man. Even in ancient India, physical activities were the essential part of man’s life. Our ancient Rishi-Munis, Vedas and Puranas laid a great stress on physical training in terms of yogic exercises for mental relaxation and physical development.

Importance of physical education is described as follows: 

1. In this machine age which has made the man work like a machine and muscles are not put to any use, physical exercises are must to keep the body fit. 

2. The urbanised life has brought all the pleasures of life at the doors of youth thus, physical education is essential for them to prevent laziness and other physical inertness. 

3. Inclusion of physical education in school curriculum is necessary to make children physically and mentally fit. 

4. It is the source of proper utilisation of leisure time. 

5. It helps in mental and emotional development. 

6. It creates community spirit by promoting sense of discipline, tolerance and communal amity.

Physical education helps in the total development of man by fulfilling the following four objectives:

1. Physical development objectives: By taking active part in games like running, weight lifting, catching, jumping, climbing up and down etc. which make the body strong, healthy and attractive. 

2. Mental development objectives: Children are trained to think properly and enable them to solve many intricate problems. They learn to face difficult situations, develop confidence and take independent decision. 

3. Motor development objectives: The activities provide better neuro-muscular coordination which help in making efficient movements. 

4. Social development objectives: The activities develop qualities like leadership, tolerance, cooperation, fair play, courtesy, boldness, discipline, sportsmanship etc.

(i). Intramural competition is being discussed for children. 

(ii). The various committees required for organisation of the competitions are – technical committee, finance committee, publicity committee, ceremony committee. 

(iii). The benefits of organising such sports competition are – talent finding, mass participation, socialization.

According to Baron and Richardson, “Aggression is defined as any form of behavior directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” Generally, it is considered negative psychological characteristic. Aggression is at times important also, as a rugby player uses it to tackle his opponent to win the ball. 

Types of aggression are: 

Hostile – main aim is to harm the opponent. Example, in cricket when a bowler throws a bouncer to intentionally disturb the attentiveness of a bowler. 

Instrumental – main aim is to accomplish the goal by using aggression. It is used mostly by athletes.

The term aggression refers to a type of behaviour that can result in both physical and psychological harm to one self/others or any object in the environment.

                     OR

Aggression is an assertive behaviour where a player plays within the rules of sports at very high intensity but has no intention to harm an opponent.

Effects of Stressors. These stressors occurs as a result of an individuals perception of an event. Along with the perception of an event, the effect of stress also depends on the intensity of stressor. In the same situation. one individual may interpet a stressor as a non-stressor, another individual as a moderate stressor and yet another individual as a major stressor.

Teams in upper half will be = n+1/2 = 25+1/2 = 26/2 = 13

Team in lower half will be = n-1/2 = 25-1/2 = 24/2 = 12

Number of Byes = 32 - 25 = 7

Linear movement: The movement along a straight line is called linear movement' It is also known as rectilinear translation, e.g.,100 m sprint. In the linear movement an athlete travels the shortest distance from start to finish in a straight line.

Physiological fitness can be defined as fitness relating to the physical aspects of the human body. Other than psychological and emotional fitness assessments, physiological fitness assessments involve testing a client’s cardio-vascular fitness, muscular strength, flexibility, gait, and others.

Physiological fitness in a way means :

• Proper growth and development of body organs.
• Possession of proper strength to do required activities without undue strip.
• Speed or capacity to move a limb or body part with the greatest possible velocity 3.
• Existence of proper neuro-muscular co-ordination and skills.
• Stamina to meet needs of strenuous activities. 

1. (a) Micro

2. (b) Iodine

3. (c) Iron

4. (b) Exercise along with proper nutrition is required

5. (c) Both (a)&(b)

Disability is a restriction or lack (resulting from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. 

The scope of rehabilitation of disabled in India covers Medical check-up, Use of artificial limbs, Use of crutches, Surgery, Nerve therapy, Exercises, Hospitalisation, Psychiatric analysis and Occupational rehabilitation. 

The various organisations providing services for rehabilitation of disabled in India are :

(a) Tuberculosis Association of India : Formed in 1939, this association offers expert advice and serves as a co-ordinating agency in standardising methods, promoting considerations and conferences. 

 (b) Indian Red Cross Society : Formed in 1920, it takes care of disabled servicemen, programmes for promotion of health and prevention of diseases. 

(c) All India Blind Relief Society : Formed in 1946, it co-ordinates various institutions working for blind person and organises eye donation camps. 

(d) Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation : Formed in Kanpur, it has been providing artificial and additional limbs to disabled persons. 

(e) Bharat Sewak Samaj : Formed in 1952, it helps people to achieve health by making them health conscious. 

(f) Indian Medical Association : It is a registered body of doctors which suggests various schemes for development of health of people. 

(g) Asha Niketan Rehabilitation Centre : Formed in 1960, it is an institution for deaf and mentally retarded children and has established many hospitals and physiotherapy centres across India.

Meaning of Rehabilitation : Rehabilitation is the process of providing relief help to disabled, deformed, disfigured or injured people to come back to normalcy and lead a respectable and independent life again. Rehabilitation is an integral part of medical care. In other words giving every possible facility to disabled or handicapped person and making an effort to enable him to lead an honourable life is called rehabilitation.

Disability : Disability means an inability to do work. It is a state of an individual when he/she is not able to work efficiently. It may be present from birth, or occur during a person’s lifetime. It may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, or combination of these. Disabilities cover impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement with the life situations. Thus, disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and the environment of the society where he or she lives.

Various services available for the rehabilitation of the disabled India :

1. Rehabilitation Council of India, New Delhi : Regulation of training policies and programs in Person with disability (PWD) rehabilitation. 

2. National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research, Cuttack, Odisha: coordinates training for rehabilitation personnel, service delivery programs for rehabilitation, vocational training, placement and rehabilitation of persons with mobility disability. 

3. Society for Rehabilitation and Research of the Handicapped, New Delhi : A organization of Person with disability (PWD) rehabilitation, Co-education school for age group 16-30 with hearing impairment. 

4. Association for Advancement and Rehabilitation of Handicapped, New Delhi: A organization of Person with disability (PWD) rehabilitation, Social awareness and occupational center for persons with intellectual disability. 

5. Amar Joyti Research and Rehabilitation Center, New Delhi formed in 1981: A organization for Person with disability. 

6. Indian Red Cross Society established in 1920. It has around 400 branches all over India. 

7. All India Blind Relief Society formed in 1946 coordinates with various institutions of blind. It works for the welfare of blind. 

8. Artificial limb Manufacturing Corporation in Kanpur provides artificial limbs to disabled. 

9. Kamayani School for Mentally Handicapped, Pune, formed in 1964 provides work and training for handicapped persons. 

10.National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad, provides training and rehabilitation for persons with learning disability.

1. Food material and cooking utensils

2. Clothing

3. First Aid Box

4. Sleeping Bags

5. Pair of Shoes and Socks

6. Rope

7. Windcheater in Rainy Season

8. Candle or Flash Light

9. Matchbox

10. Chalk

11. Soap

12. Paper Dishes, Safety Pins

13. Tent

14. Mattress

15. Stove

A tournament where every team plays with every other team once and the no. of matches is determine with the help of N(N-1)where N stands for no. of tems participating in the tournament.

Involved in movement and coordination of the arms, legs and other large body parts and movements.

Arthritis is technically called as Osteoarthritis. It is inevitable as people grow older. This is the problem in which there is stiffness of joints. It happens when cartilage caps of bone rub each other. 

Cause: It is due to Rheumatic fever (which is ignored earlier). The joints lubricant (synovial fluid) is reduced and causes stiffness in joints. 

Symptoms : Pain, swelling and stiffness of joints. Joint produces sound or creaks when movement is performed especially early in the morning. 

Preventive and Treatment Steps : 

• Regular gentle exercises or long walk is the best way to erne arthritis. It removes stiffness and pain by strengthening the supporting muscles of the joints. 

• Avoid jerky actions in old age. 

• Warming up by passive agents relieves the stiffness and pain.

Personal Health : Personal health is also termed as Hygiene. The word ‘Hygiene’ comes from Greek word ‘Hygiea’ the Greek goddess of beauty. She was the symbol of cleanliness, healthy habits, good structural figure and in all, a symbol of good health. For this the importance of personal health must be realised as taking care of one’s own body is called personal hygiene. 

It includes : 

• Personal cleanliness (a) Care of Skin (b) Care of Hands and Nails (c) Care of Hair (d) Care of Teeth and Gums (e) Care of Eyes (f) Care of Ears (g) Care of Feet. 

• Rest, sleep and relaxation. 

• Healthy habits.

(i) Lack of Fitness : Lack or less of physical fitness may cause injury or accident. 

(ii) Not Performing Warming-up : Not performing proper warming-up before the activity is the main cause of injuries during sports. 

(iii) Faulty Skill Actions: Player performing faulty skill actions or unbalanced movements while playing or uncoordinated movement causes injury. 

(iv) Aggression or Violence : Aggression or violence during game is also the cause of accident or injuries. 

(v) Poor Playfield: Poor maintenance of playfield or playfield not as per rules of the game can cause injury. 

(vi) Not Considering Safety Means : During game if we do not consider the safety means we may get injured.

The revival of the Olympic Games began with Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France. Coubertin was greatly interested in education, and he firmly believed that the best way to develop the minds of young people was to develop their bodies as well; learning and athletics should go together. After he visited the ruins of ancient Olympia, it occurred to Coubertin that perhaps the best way to generate widespread acceptance of his theory was to resurrect the Olympic Games. He hoped the new Games would bring back the ideals of physical, mental, and spiritual excellence displayed in the ancient Games, as well as build courage, endurance, and a sense of fair play in all who participated. In addition, he hoped the Games would turn the tide he saw worldwide of the growing commercialism of sports.

In 1892, Coubertin first introduced the idea of starting the Olympic Games again. Few people were ready to accept his idea. But in 1894 Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and began planning the first modern Olympiad.

The first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens, Greece — a fitting place to rekindle the spirit of the early Greek Games. Coubertin remained president of the International Olympic Committee until 1925. In this office he directed the course the Games were to take. He wrote the Olympic Charter, protocol, and athletes' oath, and he also planned the ceremonies.

Although the modern Olympic Games are patterned after the ancient Greek Games, there are important differences. Unlike ancient Greece, modern nations have not stopped wars for peaceful athletic competition. Because of World War I, Games were not held in 1916. Nor were they held in 1940 and 1944, during World War II.

The original Olympics were always held at Olympia. Almost every modern Olympiad is celebrated in or near a different city of the world. The earlier Games were open only to Greek citizens and athletes from other Mediterranean countries. The modern Games encourage all nations to compete. A person may enter if his or her country has a National Olympic Committee (NOC) that is recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Events for women have become a major interest in the modern Games, and the winners receive honors equal to those given the male winners.

The ancient Greeks furthered culture by giving honors for cultural achievements at the Olympic Games. The modern Olympics hold an arts festival, where the culture of the host country is showcased in various art forms.

Later in June 1894 in the International Conference of Amateur Sports at Paris, passed the resolution to create International Olympic Committee (IOC), to observe the conduct of Modern Olympic Games. Coubertin planned to propose the site of first Modern Olympic Games in 1900 at Paris. But the zeal of the delegates was so much that they insisted the first games to be held in 1896 at Athens. Since then these games were held after every four years. The honour of holding the Modern Olympic Games is entrusted to city and not to a country or region. The choice of city for the celebration is with IOC.

Indian Olympic Association: It plays a key role in the selection and participation of Indian sports persons in the Olympic Games as well as Commonwealth Games and Asian Games. Sir Dorabji Tata along with YMCA India Director Dr. A.G. Noehren, played a pivotal role in fostering the Olympic movement in India as well as the formation of I.O.A. In 1927, The I. O. A. was constituted with Sir Dorabji Tata as its first president and Dr. Noehren as secretary. In the same year the International Olympic Committee officially recognised I.O.A. as India’s national Olympic organization.

In addition to the national federations for each sport, there are State Olympic Associations in various states in the country. The Indian Olympic Association is entrusted with the overall responsibility for India’s participation in the Olympic Games. Besides the world events, I.O.A also decides the organization of National games.

Role of I.O.A. :

1. To develop and protect the Olympic movement and amateur sports.
2. To enforce and defend the exclusive rights of the Association to the use of Olympic flag and Olympic insignia.
3. To enforce all rules and regulations of the 1.0. C.
4. To certify the amateur status of competitors from India for international competitions.
5. In co-orperation with national sports federations/Associations organize and control selection, training, coaching of the teams that will represent india.
6. To undertake with assistance of the National Sports Federations (NSFs) the financial management transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India taking part in Olympic games and other games under the patronages of the I.O.C.
7. To promote and encourage physical, moral, cultural education of youth of the nation for the development of character, good health and good citizenship.
8. To take disciplinary action against any federation for misbehaviour or any other undesirable activity bringing discredit to the country.

Eating disorder – It is the major problem in female athletes. It occurs in players who want to improve their appearance in sports like diving, gymnastics, ballet, etc. It can lead to serious eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Many sports have weight categories like in judo, boxing, wrestling, etc. so athletes try to lose weight. It can show following symptoms- 

• Physical symptoms – accumulation of fatigue, fluctuation in body weight, frequent vomiting, sensitivity to cold, etc. 
• Psychological symptoms – mood swing, anxiety, low self-esteem, obsession with body weight, shape and appearance etc. 
• Behavioural symptoms – eating slowly, hesitation in social gatherings, isolation from friends, frequent trips to washroom shortly after meals, etc. 

Eating disorders can be caused when a person is going through emotional or psychological problems or even due to the peer pressure of the society. Certain people may have genes that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Osteoporosis is the weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and improper bone formation. This condition can ruin athlete’s career because it may lead to stress fractures and other injuries. It remains unnoticed as it takes long time to develop. 

Its symptoms can be back pain, bone fracture or even bad posture. Imbalance of thyroxin hormone can cause bone loss. Hyperthyroidism causes osteoporosis. It can also be caused ‘ due to improper diet leading towards low calcium intake and weakness. It is found mostly in women because of menopause. The estrogen hormone is essential for healthy bones and after menopause level it falls leading to rapid decrease in bone density.

Bulimia is an eating disorder in which an athlete/ person eats excessive amount of food and then vomits in order not to gain body weight.

Health runs, sports day, run for fun, run for cause, run for unity..

Fear or nervousness about what might happen. 

Management-Yoga, regular exercise, stay calm, eat healthy..

Isotonic exercises are used to increase muscular strength, power and endurance based on lifting a constant amount of weight at variable speeds through a range of motion.

It is the amount/volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute.

Anxiety is the worry, nervousness, uneasiness about certain thing or due to its result.

Laceration is an irregular cut on the skin with a sharp object or sharp edged sports equipment.

The distance covered by an object per unit time is called its velocity.

When a projectile through the air, it is slow down by the air resistance.

Gravity is the force of attraction exerted by the earth towards its center on a body or an object.

Works refers to an activity involving force and the movement in the direction of force. It can be also defined as the work done by a constant force as the product of force and the distance moved in the direction of force. 

Work done = constant force x distance moved in the direction of force.