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Some common causes of sports accidents are :

(i) Absence of adequate sports gear or use of low quality gear

(ii) Extreme climatic conditions

(iii) Excessive fatigue

(iv) Over training

(v) Inadequate cooling down

(vi) Inadequate warming up

(vii) Inadequate conditioning

(a) 

1. BMI: Body mass index is a measure for human body shape based on an individual’s mass and height. Thus this method determines whether the person is obese or not.

BMI = Mass (kg)/Height (m)²

2. BCG: It is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated live bovine tuberculosis bacillus. It can be anywhere from 0 to 80% effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years. 

(b) 

1. CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure for manually preserving brain function until further measures to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. 

2. ABC: Airway, Breathing and Circulation. This means that when providing first air, the airway of the injured person must be checked first, then the breathing and after that, the circulation, to see that the heart is beating or not. 

(c) Three injuries to skin are: 

1. Bruises when the skin drags to the surface. 

2. Cuts and wounds when there is a major accident. 

3. Bums by any means of hot bodies. 

(d) Three symptoms of bone injury are: 

1. When the body part is not moving and there is extreme pain. 

2. The area has swollen from the usual shape. 

3. If forced to move that area, cracking sound occurs between the bones.

Size of bails = 11.1 cm 

Size of sight screen = 10ft – 12ft in width and 10ft – 14ft in height.

Jung's classification of personality:

(a) Judging - Extraversion and Introversion represent the source and cause of an individual every expression.

(b) Sensing-Intuition sensing is a way in which an individual believes and understands the information made or female obtain directly from outside sources.

(c) Thinking- Feeling - Thinking is talking a step in which an individual makes a decision mainly through judgment and logic. A decision based on feelings and emotions.

(d) Judging-Perceiving – It is a way in which a person categorizes and decide the events of life and follows the plans defined by him.

Causes of Sports Injuries. 

(i) Proper Warming-up : Proper warming-up (general and specific) is a must for player before participating in any physical activity. It tones-up body muscles and prepares the player psychologically for the coming activity. Thus, it prevents them from accidents or injuries. 

(ii) Medical Check before Activity : Player should be properly medically checked up before physical activity related to previous injury disease, physical fitness level, etc. They must be fit to participate in the activity. 

(iii) Proper Concentration: Player should play with full alertness and proper concentration over the activity. Player should not have any stress or tension; moreover, must be mentally ready for the activity. 

(iv) Safety Guards and Check Equipments : Player should check his equipments and their condition. Player should use good quality equipments along with safety guards. Player should wear proper dress or kit along with proper shoes (according to surface as per activity needs). 

(v) Regular Conditioning and Proper Skill : Regular conditioning improves various abilities of player like proper skill action, develops specific physical components, strengthens weak muscles and joints, etc.

(a) RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. It is a treatment method for soft tissue injuries. When used appropriately, recovery duration is usually shortended and discomfort minimised. It is considered a first-aid treatment rather than a cure for soft tissue injuries. The aim is to manage discomfort and internal bleeding. 

(b) Four causes of sports injury are: 

1. When players are practicing for long periods without break. 

2. When a muscle gets pulled or there is a sprain because connective tissues are torn. 

3. When the ground of the field or court is hard and during the play, there meet with an accident.

4. When there are exercising without taking water or depletion sodium salts in their bodies. 

(c) The three preventive steps are: 

1. Keep the appliances away from water. 

2. Do not step or twist or bend them. 

3. Use wooden seat or platform or wear rubber soles when repairing any electrical appliances. 

(d) 1. Chicken pox—Virus 

2. Typhoid—Salmonella typhi 

3. Scabies—mites.

Types of sports injuries

Different sports injuries produce different symptoms and complications. The most common types of sports injuries include:

Sprains.

Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain. Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect two bones to one another in a joint.

Strains.

Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons results in a sprain. Tendons are thick, fibrous cords of tissue that connect bone to muscle. Strains are commonly mistaken for sprains. Here’s how tell them apart.

Knee injuries.

Any injury that interferes with how the knee joint moves could be a sports injury. It could range from an overstretch to a tear in the muscles or tissues in the knee.

Swollen muscles.

Swelling is a natural reaction to an injury. Swollen muscles may also be painful and weak.

Achilles tendon rupture.

The Achilles tendon is a thin, powerful tendon at the back of your ankle. During sports, this tendon can break or rupture. When it does, you may experience sudden, severe pain and difficulty walking.

Fractures.

Bone fractures are also known as broken bones.

Dislocations.

Sports injuries may dislocate a bone in your body. When that happens, a bone is forced out of its socket. This can be painful and lead to swelling and weakness.

Rotator cuff injury.

Four pieces of muscle work together to form the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff keeps your shoulder moving in all directions. A tear in any of these muscles can weaken the rotator cuff.

Cross Motor Skills - Involved the large muscles of the body that enable such functions – walking, kicking, sitting, lifting and throwing etc.

Fine Motor Skills - Involves the muscles of the body such as finger and hands for activities like writing, gripping, and holding etc.

Sports injuries are very common in this competitive world. They can be categorized as: 

1. Classification due to cause – It can be further classified into 

• Direct –It is caused due to impact of external forces e.g. a hockey player receiving a bruise from being struck on the face by a stick during a game.
• Indirect – These injuries typically involve the athlete himself by damaging the soft tissues such as the ligaments, tendons or muscles. 
• Overuse – It is caused due to the overuse of body parts, e.g., tennis elbow in javelin throwers. 

2. Classification due to types of tissues – it can be further classified into- 

(a) Soft tissue – like sprain, strain, abrasion etc 

(b) Hard tissue – These occur in bones and cartilages, e.g., fracture. 

3. Abrasion – It is an injury to the surface of skin. It exposes the blood vessels and the superficial layer of skin is scraped off. Most common site of abrasion is knees, palms and elbows. 

4. Contusion – It is an injury in which the skin is not broken but often produces bruise. It is caused due to hitting of blunt object. 

5. Laceration/Incision – It is a tear in any tissue in the body; it may be external or internal. A lacerated wound is often caused by a cut from a sharp object such as knife. 

6. Sprain – It is an injury to a joint in which some of the ligaments are stretched or tom. The symptoms consist of pain, swelling and tenderness. 

7. Strain – Strain is injury of muscle; generally known as ‘muscle puli’. This injuiy causes tearing or overstretching of muscle fibers. The symptoms of a strain are an acute pain at the time of injury. 

8. Bone and joint dislocation – A dislocation is an injury to a joint. Due to over twisting the ends of bones are forced away from their normal positions. It is common in the shoulders and fingers. 

9. Fractures – Fracture is broken or cracked bone caused accidently by a wrenching force.

Projectile - Any object that can be thrown, pitched, tossed, Flung, heard, fired in the air with some velocity and then allowed to be acted upon by the forces of gravity and possible drag.

Sarcolemma plays an important role in the muscle contraction process. It is a specialized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells.

Sometimes called the myeloma, the sarcolemma is similar to a typical plasma membrane but has specialized functions for the muscle cell.

Classification due to cause:

1. Direct injuries due to impact of external forces.

2. Indirect injuries.

3. Overuse.

Classification due to type of tissues

Soft tissues - Sprain, strain, abrasion, laceration etc.

Hard Tissue - Hard tissue injuries occurs in joints, bones &Cartilage (fracture).

Benefits:

1. It enhances blood circulation in the hip joints and removes tension in the lower back.

2. It helps in better digestion and releases the gas.

3. It strengthens the intestine and other body internal organs in the abdomen.

4. It helps in strengthening the back and abdominal muscles.

One must avoid practise in case of arthritis, knee and ankle problems, severe cardiac problems, pepatic ulcer, hernia and other serious illnesses.

One must avoid the practise of pavanmuktasana in case cf abdominal injuries and hernia, during pregnancy and sciatica or severe back pain.

(a) The main aim is to perform the duty with perfection without expectations of result. 

(b) 

(i) Disciplined life. 

(ii) Tolerance, patience. 

(iii) Self control 

(iv) Take decision with calmness 

(v) Surrender to God. 

(vi) hope and will power. 

(c) Skilfulness is a perfection technique of getting success in life and dexterity action means awareness in action, especially with hands.

(a) The main purpose of Pranayam is to gain control over autonomous nervous system and through it to influence mental functions. 

(b) Puraka: slow and deep inhalation. 

Kumtrhaka: holding the breath. 

Rechaka: complete expiration. 

(c) (i) Calm Mind 

(ii) Good health and harmony 

(iii) Control vital energies 

(iv) Oxygen level increases in blood.

Volume of blood pumped from left ventricle per beat.

Maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

Medical condition where there is damage in the continuity of the bone.

Crouch Start : As per rules of competition in the sprint race the crouch start with starting blocks is compulsory while taking start sprinter drives against the starting block, the block push back against the feet. Jo avoid the risk of slippage the starting blocks must be fixed firmly. 

Crouch start is of three types : 

• Bunch start. 

• Medium start. 

• Elongated start.

It is the most common Coronary Artery Disease and named as Heart Attack. Heart attack is actually a defect in which there is reduction in functional ability of the heart. Heart attack does not mean heart has been hit. It is actually failure of heart to continue activity. It is one of the most serious health problems as this is the cause of 30% of mortality rate in adults. This is mostly common with those who have sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits.

SAI stands for Sports Authority of India. It is a registered society which was constituted by the Government of India in 1984 with the following objectives :

(a) Grant sports scholarship : There is a provision to give scholarships to sportspersons, according to their ability. The merit list of sports achievements at national level is prepared for awarding scholarships. 

(b) Search new sports talent : There are a number of sports talented children in rural areas in India who cannot continue their career in sports due to lack of guidance, resource and finance. SAI takes care of this thing and helps in bringing such talent to the front. 

(c) Organise National Sports Talent Competition : SAI organises sports talent competitions at national level in which good talented sportspersons are selected. 

(d) Run National Physical Health Scheme : Under this scheme, the focus is on health care of all the people. To accomplish this, SAI conducts National Physical Health Function on pan India basis. 

(e) Create awareness about sports nutrition : SAI organises nutrition camps to create awareness about nutritional needs of various age groups and organises events to create and spread awareness about importance of a wellbalanced nutritious diet. 

(f) Encourage indigenous games and martial arts : SAI has taken firm determination to popularize the indigenous games and martial arts. Due to this, these games are organised in the north-eastern states of India. As a result, these games still exist in those parts of the country.

SAI has prepared various schemes for promotions of games and sports at all levels

Curved path described by a moving object.

Physical education includes all forms of physical activities, games and sports, which promote the development of body and mind. There are various dimensions or aspects of personality like physical, social, mental and emotional developments. All these dimensions of personality are developed through various programmes of physical education. Some of the personal qualities that are promoted through physical education are:

(a) Attitude building : Attitude is the mental and physical state through which one’s life is affected. Physical education helps in development of attitudes like sympathetic, winning, fitness, obedience and discipline. 

 (b) Helpfulness : Helping each other, especially when during a match, a player meets an accident or suffers an injury, then all the players of both the teams come forward to extend help to the injured fellow player. 

(c) Patience : Patience plays an important role in sports. There are situations when a player needs to keep his mind cool. A player needs to keep patience even while the team is losing. This is because only a mind in patience can take thoughtful decisions. The players can think of a strategy that can be planned to win the game. Physical education teaches a player to develop patience. 

(d) Tolerance : There are situations in games when an umpire or referee gives a wrong decision. At such times, a player has to tolerate such decisions. Tolerance is a virtue of patience. Hence, physical education develops tolerance in an individual.

(e) Team spirit : A single player cannot take over an entire opponent team. To win, the individuals have to work in a co-ordinated and planned manner in synchronization with other players of the team. Physical education develops the sense and importance of team spirit in an individual. 

(f) Discipline : Discipline is a must for excellence in sports. Through the sports, the sportspersons learn to obey rules and regulations. Playing in accordance with the rules and regulations develops discipline in the players. 

(g) Unity : All the players of the team play as one, irrespective of their class, colour, religion, creed, background, etc. This develops the spirit of unity and national integration amongst the players as well as the spectators watching the players play.

Commands for sprint start: 

• On your marks 

• Set 

• Go or Pistol fire.

1. Technical Foul : An infraction by a player or a coach that is deemed unsportsman like conduct is called Technical Foul. The penalty for’ this infraction is one free throw for the opposing team and possession. 

2. Pivoting : The action a player will use while in possession of the ball to make in any direction while still keeping one foot in contact with the floor is called pivoting. It is very useful for getting rid of an opponent.

Personal Foul: A personal foul is committed by the contact foul with an opponent, whether the ball is live or dead. 

Foul: A foul is an infraction of the rules more serious than a violation.

The order of events in decathlon competition is 100 m, long jump, short put, high jump, 400 m, 110 m hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw and 1,500 m. The order of events in Heptathlon competition is 100 m hurdles, high jump, short put, 200 m, long jump, javelin throw and 800 m.

The interval training method was introduced by Finn coach Bikita in 1920. It is a training for heart through endurance training. This method is based on the principle of ‘effort and recovery’. In this method, instead of running along distance of say 10 km daily, the athletes are made to run 400 m, 20 times a day with interval periods in between for recovery. The load can be increased by reducing recovery period or by increasing the workout. 

 An example of this method can be : 

(a) 400 m race with 80% speed 

(b) Sprinting for 60 seconds and then walking or jogging. 

(c) Run up the stairs as fast as possible and then run down the stairs.

This process is repeated, according to the capability of the athlete. The interval training method is very useful because : 

(a) Workout is increased in less duration 

 (b) Performance can be easily measured 

 (c) It develops patience in the athlete 

 (d) It is beneficial for respiratory and circulatory systems 

However, this method suffers from certain limitations as : 

(a) There are more chances of injury 

(b) It can develop heart problems 

(c) There is an increased risk of over-training 

(d) It can also cause pain sometimes

Involves a series of low to high intensity workouts interspersed with rest or relief periods.

(i) Butterfly Stroke : The arms are at shoulders width apart and pulled back together under the body elbow slightly bent in almost a double free style arm action. The arms leave the water at hip level and are thrown side ways forward through the air in a flying action to the entry position. The first is like the ordinary breast stroke leg kick but is not so wide after the hands entered the water. The head can be either forward or turned side ways to breathe. 

(ii) Temperature of pool during competition min. 24°C max. 26°C. 

(iii) FINA : Federation International de Nation Amateur.

Block Clearance : As the athlete drives from the blocks the rear leg is pulled through fast the front leg fully extends the arms drive vigorously in a short arm action while the head remains in a natural line with the trunk.

The body that governs the Olympic Games is the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This is a non-governmental organization that was created on June 23rd 1894, Paris, France based in Lausanne Switzerland, by Baron Pierre De Coubertin. IOC is the governing body of Modem Olympic Games. 

Main Role-Functions of International Olympic Committee (IOC) : As IOC being the governing body, it has various roles and functions. 

The roles and functions are as follows : 

1. To boost support and promote ethics in games and sports. 

2. To encourage and support the organization, its progress, coordination of sports and sporting competition. 

3. To act in contradiction of any form of discrimination that disturbs the Olympic Movement. 

4. To execute the principle of equality between men and women by encouraging and supporting in elevating the women in sports at all level. 

5. To fight against illegal practices by atheletes (doping) in sport.

Technical Foul: An official warning is given to a player for an action or behaviour which, if repeated, may lead to a technical foul. That warning shall also be communicated to the head coach of that team and shall apply to any member of that team for any similar actions for the remainder of the game. An official warning shall be given only when the ball becomes dead and the game clock is stopped. 

Multiple Foul : A multiple foul occurs when 2 or more teammates commit personal fouls against the same opponent at approximately the same time. For all double, multiple and simultaneous fouls the clock must be stopped between fouls.

Setter : A person raising the ball for spike/smash.

(1) Isotonic Exercise : Isotonic exercise is done against resistance. A muscle contracts and shortens under a constant load throughout the entire joint range. Isotonic exercises improve the strength, endurance and develop muscle hypertrophy. In Isotonic exercise the weight that can be lifted 10 consecutive times but not more than 10. This is called 10 repetitions maximum. The exercise is done in 3 sets of 10 repetitions each. The advantage of isotonic exercise is the fast recovery of muscle fatigue.

  (ii) Fartlek Training Method : Fartlek is a Swedish term which means speed play and has been used by distance runners for years. Fartlek is a form of road running or cross country running in which the runner, usually changes the pace significantly during the run. An advantage of Fartlek is that the athlete can concentrate on feeling the pace and their physical response to it. Fartlek is also beneficial for the average runner.

 • Javelin for men = weight – 800 gm 

• Discus for men = weight – 2-00 kg 

• Shot put for men = weight – 7-260 kg 

• Diameter 110 mm – 130 mm 

• Hammer for men = weight – 7-260 kg

• Hammer for women = weight – 4-00 kg

Interval Training Method : This training is useful for the development of endurance. There are repeated sessions or interval of relatively intense exercise. Each interval is followed by a period of incomplete recovery. If one is running 400m intervals on a track and it takes approximately 90 seconds to complete each run then the recovery period between the intervals should be at least 90 seconds. This training develops cardiorespiratory endurance. In high-intensity interval training there is a risk of athlete getting injury. During the interval period the heart rate may reach to 180 beats/minutes followed by a recovery period. When the heart rate in recovery period comes down to 120 beats/minute then the next interval period should start. 

Variables which decides the effect of interval method are : 

• Speed of work 

• Duration of work 

• Duration of recovery 

• Number of repetition 

• Nature of recovery 

Interval method is of two type : 

1. Intensive Interval Method: When the intensity of the activity is 80-90% of the maximum speed at which an individual can run then it is called intensive interval method. 

2. Extensive Interval Method: When the intensity of the activity is 70-80% of the maximum speed at which an individual can run then it is called extensive interval method. 

On the basis of duration interval training may be classified into three types : 

Short interval method, medium interval method and long interval method.

Method of Conducting Interval Method : 

1. Before starting interval method one should have undergone a period of continuous running. 

2. Maximum heart rate of the individual doing interval training should be noted. Generally maximum heart rate is found by the formulae 220 minus age. Maximum heart rate will help to find the target heart rate that the individual has to run during the interval. 

3. Number of repetition of intervals should be decided after taking into account the athletes age and level of practice. 

4. Improvement in performance can be done by changing the variable. It would be better to change one variable at a time. 

5. See that the surface of running is flat. 

6. Warm-up and cooling down should be done properly before starting interval training. 

7. If the heart rate does not come back to 120 beats/minutes within a period of time it is expected i.e., around 90 seconds then it should be understood that workload is difficult for the individual and the workload should be adjusted. 

8. Have a heart rate monitor as it will help in increasing and decreasing intensity according to heart rate, depending on which interval one is. 

9. Do not over exert while training.

Chakrasana – Chakra = Wheels 

Procedure – Lie down on yoga mat looking upward, Legs -fold, below hips. Make sure sole of the feet touches the floor, Hands- beneath shoulders, Deep breaths, hands and legs – floor, slowly raise hips, shoulder and the head from the floor, Bend – back as far as possible , 1 minute. 

Benefits – Reduces stress and tension , Reduces fat in abdomen area.

Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles. It utilizes the force of gravity in the form of weighted bars, dumbbells or weight stacks in order to oppose the force generated by muscle through concentric or eccentric contraction. Weight training uses a variety of specialized equipment to target specific muscle groups and types of movement. 

(1) Bodybuilding : Bodybuilders train in a specific manner to achieve a specific goal making their muscles bigger. They tend to lift in the eight- to 12-rep range and only train one muscle group per day, per week. This type of training is the best for making your muscles larger but not necessarily stronger. 

(2) Power Lifting : Power lifting is the best type of training for maximal strength what many people would consider “brute” strength. A power lifter’s goal isn’t appearance, it’s strength. Power lifters focus on lifting an extremely heavy amount of weight for only a few repetitions. 

(3) Circuit Weight Training : Circuit weight training is when you do a number of exercises in quick succession, usually lifting a light amount of weight for a high number of repetitions. For example, doing 20 bench presses, 20 squats and shoulder presses with little or no rest in between. This type of training is ideal for burning fat, increasing endurance and making some gains in strength. 

(4) Isometric Weight Training : Isometric weight training is when you hold a weight up in one position for a given amount of time without going through a range of motion. For example, holding a dumbbell straight in front of you for 30 seconds. This type of training increases your stamina and makes you stronger in the positions you hold. 

(5) High-Volume Training : High volume training is similar to body building in the sense that you only work your muscle groups once a week. This type of training places a strong emphasis on increasing muscular endurance one exercise at a time. Not only does it make your muscles larger, it also makes them better at keeping up a certain amount of resistance for a long period of time. It is done is by performing one exercise at a time, lifting the same amount of weight 10 times for 10 sets. Each week, you try to increase the amount of weight slightly. 

(6) Resistance Bands : With resistance bands you can strengthen and tone all the major muscle groups. The advantage of resistance bands is that you can adjust the resistance, using less resistance when needed or increasing the resistance to increase the challenge. 

(7) Pull-Ups : A pull-up is when your hands are facing away from you. This will work your back and biceps. 

(8) Back Squat: This is the squat movement where the biggest amount of weight is moved. This is the one and original squat movement which has been around for as long as people have been lifting weights.

The Duties of Volleyball Coach are : 

1. Duties of a volleyball coach involve focusing on the process. 

2. Help every player on the team : Give every player equal attention, regardless of skill level. More skillful players often are given more opportunities to play, so pay closer attention to less-skilled players during practice. 

3. Separate the performance from the performer : One of the most important things coaches can do is build every player’s selfesteem no matter what their skill level is. Make sure every comment is constructive, sandwiched between compliments and correction. 

4. Be demanding and disciplined, never demeaning : The coaches style must be based on the laws of learning. If screaming, yelling, or putting down a player was the best way to teach, then all teachers in school classrooms would be using that method. 

5. Coaches must make sure they are teaching, not taking out their frustrations or setting unrealistic expectations. Coaches should never be demeaning to their athletes.

6. Coach smarter, not harder : Experience is a great teacher, but attending coaching clinics and learning from other coaches is essential. Sharing and bouncing ideas off other coaches will lead to greater coaching wisdom. 

7. Be innovative, not imitative : This is hard to do, but it’s best to not just copy other successful coaches. For instance, don’t just copy volleyball practice plans.

(i) If only two line judges are used, they stand at the comers of the court closest to the right hand of each referee, diagonally at 1 to 2 meter from the comer. 

Duties of line judge : 

1. The ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball lands near their line(s), 

2. The touches of “out” balls by the team receiving the ball, 

3. The ball touching the antenna, the serv ed ball crossing the net outside the crossing space, etc.

4. The foot faults of the server, 

5. Any contact with the antenna on their side of the court by any player during his/ her action of playing the ball or interfering with the play,

(ii) The scorer performs his/her functions seated at the scorer’s table on the opposite side of the court facing the first referee. 

1. He/She keeps the score sheet according to the rales, co-operating with the second referee. 

2. Registers the data of the match and teams, including the name and number of the Libero player, according to the procedures in force, and obtains the signatures of the captains and the coaches ; 

3. Records the starting line-up of each team from the line-up sheet; 

(iii) Duties of coach: Throughout the match, the coach conducts the play of his/her team from outside the playing court. 

1. He/She selects the starting line-ups. 

2. Coach requests for timeouts. 

3. Requests for substitution. 

4. The coach records or checks the names and numbers of his/her players on the score sheet, and then signs it.

Duties of a Coach : 

• Encourage the player while playing. 

• To guide the player at the time out. 

• Tell them about the attacker team play. 

• Make substitution if required.

Three types of strokes : 

• Breast stroke. 

• Back stroke. 

• Butterfly stroke.

National integration means unity of nation. Physical Education plays an important role in building it. National integration includes feeling of brotherhood, friendship and oneness. When the people of different countries participate in games and sports and visit another district/state/country they come across the different ways of living, customs, religion, traditions, languages, eating habits, beliefs, etc. In sports camp players come from different states, live together, practice to participate in one game by living and working together and exchange ideas, habits etc. 

Games and sports attract people from all over the world or nation. Social qualities such as patience, co-operation, sympathy etc. are developed. It satisfies the basic needs such as recognition, and self-respect. Sports is a universal language. At its best it can bring people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious beliefs or economic status. 

Physical Education provides a common platform where they forget all their differences. It plays very important role in bringing about national unity.

Double Fault and Chip Shot 

1. Double Fault : Two missed serves in a row. The server will lose the point. The server has two attempts to get the ball in. If the ball lands outside the service box or does not clear the net or the net post, it is known as a ‘fault’. After one fault the server may try again. If both tries result in faults, a ‘double fault’ is called and the opponent wins the point. 

2. Chip Shot : A chip is an under-spin blocking motion used to hit a tennis ball. In other words blocking a shot with backspin, creating a low trajectory. The aim of a chip is to put the opponent under pressure.

1. Let : A serve is called a let when the ball hits the net cord but still lands in the service court. Such a serve is not considered a fault and the server may repeat the service attempt. A ball that hits the net cord but lands outside the service box is still a fault. 

2. Foot Fault : Foot faults occurs when the player is serving and he steps on or over the line before making contact with the ball.

The five duties of a referee : 

1. A referee settles disputes when two players disagree. 

2. A referee gives the final verdict on whether the court is good for playing tennis. This includes making sure the playing surface is safe, the net is of the correct height, the lighting is adequate, the court is dry or that the temperature is not too cold or hot. 

3. A referee enforces match start times, issuing penalties and disqualifications for late starts. 

4. Referees should wear clothing that identifies them as officials. They should introduce themselves to players. 

5. Referee should not yell instructions or warnings to players.

Five duties of a physiotherapist in athletics : 

• Protecting the injury to prevent further damage. 

• Provide proper exercise to the injured part. 

• Return functional movement and use by restoring flexibility and strength in and around the injured area. 

• Pain management is also a part of sports physiotherapist ’ s responsibility. 

• Deciding when you are ready to return to sports.