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The surfaces on which athletes run or play a large role in determining how well they perform and how likely they are to get injured. To understand why this is so, it’s important to realize that running is essentially a series of collisions between your body and the ground. There are different kinds of surfaces on which we play sports, eg. natural grass, wooden flooring, synthetic surface for sport and recreational usage. One of the important aspects of sport surfaces is to imporone athletic performance it has been suffered that the main feature of the sport surface that can affect the athletic performance is to store and return energy have argued that if some of the energy that an athlete requires far each step. Slide jump, landing etc. can be reused, through energy returns from the surface. In other works, one can achieve a given physical activity by using less energy and, there continue or activity during a longer period. The most important characteristic of a sport surface which may be related to performance is to give the maximum output by using less energy. Playing surfaces also play an important role to avoid sports injuries as when the friction is optimum and the hardness of the surface is according to the game the chances to get injured is much less. Playing surface also increase the life of ankles and knees by providing proper shock absorber between the body and surface of playing.

Additional Time : Time allowed at the end of each half for time Tost’ because of substitutions, injuries, disciplinary action, goal celebration etc. 

Extra Time: 

1. A method of trying to decide the outcome of a match involving two equal additional periods of play not exceeding 15 minutes each. 

2. Extra time starts with a kick off. 

3. During extra time, a short drinks break: is permitted at half time of extra time. 

4. Extra time has two equal half with teams changing ends in between. 

5. Extra time is given for deciding the winner by the referee after the end of normal duration of play and additional time. 

Additional Time: 

1. Time allowed at the end of each half for time ‘lost’ because of substitutions, injuries, disciplinary action, goal celebration etc. 

2. Additional time does not start with a kick-off. 

3. There is no drinks break. 

4. Duration of additional time is not fixed and there is no division or change of court during additional time. 

5. Fourth official will indicate the minimum duration of additional time the referee intends to play at the end of each half (including extra time).

Added time is increment in the total time of game play that is of 90 minutes. This is on account of delay in play due to an injury to the player, substitution of player, etc. Extra time is awarded on account of tie breaker.

1. In this area team coach, manager and players (extra) sit together and make the strategies of game. 

2. Only one person at a time is authorized to convey tactical instruction and he must return to his position after the instructions. 

3. The coach and other occupants of the technical area must behave in a responsible manner. 

The technical area extends 1 m on either side of the designated seated area and extends forward upto a distance of 1 m from the touch lines.

An injury or mark where the skin has not been broken but is darker in color, often as a result of being hit by somethinge.

Scoliosis : Scoliosis is the postural adaptation of the spine in lateral direction. It is a medical condition in which a persons spinal axis has a three-dimensional deviation. When viewed from the side, the spine should show a mild roundness in the upper back and shows a degree of swayback (inward curvature) in the lower back. 

Causes of Scoliosis: 

• Hereditary defects. 

• One side paralysis of spinal muscles. 

• Short leg of one side. 

• One side flat foot. 

• One side vision and hearing defects. 

Corrective Measures : This can be cured through voluntary efforts : 

• By hanging oneself from the hands. 

• Using body weight. 

• By developing strength in spinal extensors through corrective exercises. 

• Swim by using backstroke technique.

Prevention from Fire Accidents : 

1. Always keep fire extinguisher ready or water fii’^d bucket. 

2. Wear cotton clothes while working near the wire 

3. Matchstick should be properly extinguished before throwing. 

4. Electric switches should not be switched on when there is leakage of LPG 

5. Rubber tube of gas stove should be checked regularly for leakage.

Bruises : Bruises are injuries caused by the hitting of a foreign agent on the skin without producing external wound. Bmise can be defined as an injury or mark where the skin has not been broken but it is darker in colour, often as a result of being hit by something. 

Five measures taken by an individual to prevent sports related accidents : 

1. Every individual should have pre-participation physical examination. 

2. Sports person should focus on developing muscular strength and endurance as well as cardiovascular fitness and flexibility. 

3. Limit workout and practices to maximum two hours. 

4. All sports persons should use appropriate out fits properly in practices as well as competitions. 

5. Ice should be available on the sidelines of every game and practice to apply to appropriate injuries.

1. Offences committed by a player:

1. Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent. 

2. Pushes an opponent. 

3. Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area.) 

4. Jumps at an opponent. 

2. Circumference of football: 69 to 71 cm. 

Weight of football: 400 to 450 grams.

Obesity means excessive accumulation of fats in the body and tendency of an individual to become fatty due to this. It is a health problem in which the body gains lot of weight, i.e., overweight of body (abnormal). In this problem, the non-consumed (extra) fats of the body get deposited under the skin. This deposition of fats takes place especially in areas like the abdomen, chest, shoulder, buttocks and legs. Sometimes the excess of fats can also be noticed on neck, chin and cheeks. The obesity level can be calculated by the formula of “Body Mass Index” (BMI).

The causes of obesity are: 

• Wrong dietary habits and less physical activity like overeating. 

• Taking lots of fats and fried food. 

• Taking lots of animal flesh; eating lots of sweets; eating junk food. 

• Drinking alcohol.

1. Rotation is in clockwise direction, one position every time you get the ball to serve. This is done continuously until the players play their position. 

2. A collective block is when 2 or three players take part in a block. All the hands should be raised at one time and level. It raises a wide screen over the net. 

3. Screening involves the serving team blocking the opposing team’s view of the server or the trail of the ball. This includes jumping, are waving or moving sideways as the serve is being made. 

4. During international and official competition, two 60 seconds technical timeouts are automatically given when leading team reaches 8th and 16th point in the first to fourth set. In this time out the players are required to go to free zones on their benches. If the game is tied, then no technical time out is given in the deciding set.

(a) The lack of something necessary or desirable for completion or perfection is called defect. It can be physical, social or mental. 

Physical Disorder: Flat foot, rickets, etc. 

Defect to Eyes: Myopia, hypermetropia, etc. 

Defect of Speech: Stammering, etc. 

Social Defects: Hunger, poverty, etc. 

Mental Defects: Feeble minded, etc. 

(b) Two Transmission modes of venereal diseases are: 

1. Sexual activity with infected person. 

2. Bacterial transmission by germs called Gonoecoccus and spirochaete. 

(c) Pathogen is a disease producing agent such as virus, bacterium or other microorganism. 

Examples: 

(1) Diplococcus pneumoniae, 

(2) Tubercle bacilli. 

(d) Six causes of Insomnia are: 

1. Anxiety or depression 

2. Nicotine, caffeine or alcohol 

3. Air travel which causes jet lag 

4. Poor sleep habits 

5. Shift work/overtime 

6. Not being active in the daytime.

(a) Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. 

(b) Two preventive measures to be taken against communicable diseases are: 

1. Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to increase resistance of a person against infectious diseases. 

2. Controlling the Agent: This is the first step to be taken in the prevention of communicable diseases by keeping the atmosphere around you healthy and clean. 

(c) Three symptoms of Rheumatic fever are: 

1. Damaged muscle tissue of the heart. 

2. Central nervous system is also affected. 

3. Low blood pressure. 

(d) Three causes of a sprain injury are: 

1. Accidents that involve fall. 

2. Lifting heavy objects. 

3. Over stressing the muscles.

(i) Collective block: is a block carried out by 2-3 front line players placed close to each other. 

(ii) Assisted hit: is a hit made by player after taking any support either from other teammates or of any object within the playing court. 

(iii) Dead ball: is a ball that is out of bounds or stopped and out of play or declared to be out of play.

(iv) Time out: is the time allowed to each team to stop play during any set for two intervals of 30 seconds each

1. Three rules related to Libero: 

1. Libero cannot serve the ball after a point score. 

2. Libero cannot smash the ball. 

3. Libero will not boost the ball. 

2. Cards are used in game of volleyball which sanction: 

1. Warning: Verbal or hand signal, no card 

2. Penalty: Yellow Card 

3. Expulsion: Red Card 

4. Disqualification: Yellow + Red card (jointly). 

3. Three service techniques are: 

1. Under arm service 

2. Overhead service (Tennis Service) 

3. Round arm service.

1. The players change the court at the end of each game. In the final set it is changed at 8th point. 

2. A penetration fault involves moving a backrow setter into the front court in order to perform a set. A front court setter can then act as a third smasher.

(i) Difference between Service Zone and Substitution Zone: 

Service Zone : The service zone is a 9 m wide area behind each end line. It is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the side lines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth, the service zone extends to the end of the free zone. Substitution Zone: This is the part of the free zone through which substitutions are carried out. The substitution zone is limited by the extension of both attack lines up to the scorer’s table. 

(ii) Difference between Positional Fault and Rotational Fault: 

Positional Fault : The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in his/her correct position at the moment the ball is hit by the server. When a player is on court through illegal substitution, and play restarts, this is counted as a positional fault with the consequences of an illegal substitution. 

Rotational Fault : A rotational fault is committed when the service is not made according to the rotational order. It leads to the scorer stops play by the buzzer; the opponent gains a point and next service;

1. A Spiker: A player who hits the ball hard or smashed the ball is a spiker. 

2. Warm up Area: Warm up area is of 3 × 3 mts at both the ends of service zone where a player warms up before substitute. 

3. A ball ‘in’: The ball is in when it touches the floor of the playing court including the boundary lines. 

4. An Assisted Hit: A player takes support from a team-mate or any structure in order to reach the ball within the playing area.

1. Blocking is an action of blocking the ball at the net to enter the team’s court of the defense team. 

2. A misconduct is when a player uses foul means of verbal and non-verbal expressions or violates the rules of the game. 

3. An Assisted Hit: A player when takes the support from teammate or any other structure or object in order to reach the ball within the playing area.

4. If the player hits the ball two times at a go, then it is called consecutive contact.

1. Bird : It is another name for the shuttle cock. It is made of natural and synthetic materials when a ‘let’ occurs, play since the last service shall not count and the player what should last shall serve again. 

2. Let : The stopping of a play owing to any outside interference is called let. 

3. Drive : It is a flat stroke in which the shuttle is sent over the net, just clearing it and parallel to the floor. 

4. Double Hit: When a player hits the shuttle cock twice in row. 

5. Service Fault : In attempting to serve the server misses the shuttle.

1. Assisted Hit: A player takes support from a team mate or any object in order to reach the ball within the playing area. 

2. Penetration Fault : It is permitted for a player to step under the net into the opponents court provided that he does not interfere with the opponent’s play and if it interferes the play of opponents it is a fault.

(i) Intentional disturbance in cricket can be of two types : 

1. Handling the ball : It is a situation when a batsman intentionally uses his hand to prevent the ball from hitting the stumps 

2. Obstructing the field : It is a situation when the batsman intentionally gets in way of the fielder. 

(ii) Timed-out is a situation when the next batsman does not come to the ground within 3 minutes of dismissal of the previous batsman. 

(iii) A stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him. 

 (iv) Maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored.

1. Time out: If the next batsman did not arrive at the wicket or pitch within minutes of the previous one being dismissed, its called time-out.

2. Catch Out: When a batted ball is caught by a fielder before it touches the ground, its called catch out. 

3. Intentional Disturbance: Intentional disturbance means obstructing the field. It is one of the ten methods of dismissing a batsman in cricket. 

4. A double hit is a method of dismissal of the batsman when the ball is in play, it strikes any part of his bat or while guarding his wicket, he hits the ball again.

(i) Side Out : This occurs when the side that is serving loses the serve and becomes the receiving team. 

(ii) Waist Fault : The whole shuttle shall be below the server’s waist at the instant of being hit by the server’s racket. The waist shall be considered an imaginary line round the body, level with the lowest part of the server’s bottom rib. This is an important rule: it’s to prevent the player from smashing as he / she serve !

(i) Intentional Disturbance: If the batsman gets in the way of an opponent trying to catch the ball. 

(ii) Timed-Out: If the batsman does not report to face the bowler or unduly delays the match. 

(iii) Stance: It is a position or posture of a batsman at the crease before facing a delivery. 

(iv) Maiden-Over: The over in which not even a single run is scored.

1. Stance is the position in which a batsman stands in order to have the ball bowled to him. An ideal stance is 40 cm apart from the feet, parallel and astride the crease. 

2. A full-toss is a cricket ball bowled that reaches the batsman without bouncing. 

3. A Run is an approach run taken by bowler during bowling. 

4. A sweep shot is played similar to the pull shot except it is played with the backmost knee on the ground so as to hit balls which bounce low.

(i) Shuttle Grips : 

1. Out of Hand Grip : In this the shuttle cock is held with tip of the thumb and index finger. 

2. Mid Grip : In this the shuttle cock is held with tip of the thumb and two finger at base of the shuttle. 

3. Base Grip : In this the shuttle cock is held with tip of the thumb and fingers around the shuttle at the shafts of its feathers and the cork. 

(ii) The feathered shuttle shall weigh from 4.74 to 5.50 grams and shall have 16 feathers fixed in the base.

Swimmers Starting Stance in Backstroke Event : Prior to the starting signal, the swimmers shall line up in the water facing the starting end, with both hands holding the starting grips. Standing in or on the gutter or bending the toes over the lip of the gutter is prohibited. When using a backstroke ledge at the start, the toes of both feet must be in contact with the end wall or face of the touchpad. Bending the toes over the top of the touchpad is prohibited.

Freestyle events for men are 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 metres Freestyle Relays 4 x 100 and” 4 x 200 metres

(i) Position of Turn Backstroke Indicator : Backstroke turn indicator posts should be installed 5 metres from each end of the pool and backstroke flags should be 1.8 metres to 2.5 metres above the water. 

(ii) Lane for Best Swimmer : Except for 50 metre events in 50 metre pools, assignment of lanes shall be(number 1 lane being on the right side of the pool (0 when using pools with 10 lanes) when facing the course from the starting end) by placing the fastest swimmer or team in the centre lane in pool with an odd number of lanes, or in lane 3 or 4 respectively in pool shaving 6 or 8 lanes. In pools using 10 lanes, the fastest swimmer shall be placed in lane 4. The swimmer having the next fastest time is to be placed on his left, then alternating the others to right and left in accordance with the submitted times. Swimmers with identical times shall be assigned their lane positions by draw within the aforesaid pattern.

Stagger Distance : When the runner runs in lanes around curves then they will run, unequal distance. In order to make the running distance same for all runners we give them staggered start (plus distance reduce from the curve) so that they cover the same distance from start to finish line. 

Stagger for 400 mIs Trace: 

• Lane No. – Distance 

• 1st lane – 00:00 mts 

• 2nd lane – 07:04 mts 

• 3rd lane – 14:71 mts 

• 4th lane – 22:38 mts 

• 5th lane – 30 : 05 mts 

• 6th lane – 37:72mts 

• 7th lane – 45:39 mts 

• 8th lane – 53:06 mts

1. (a) ↑BP

2. (a) Increases

3. (d) All of the above

4. (a) VO₂ max

5. (a) Increases

Abnormal bleeding at times, headaches.

The flow of blood that comes from a woman’s body each month.

Physical yoga posture or position designed to improve physiological functions of the body.

Asana is a physical Yoga posture that is formed to improve physiological functions of the body. Asana are helpful in reducing fatigue, tension and stress. It improves balance, flexibility and strength.

Endurance is the ability of the body to work for a long time without getting fatigue. 

Types of endurance are:-

a- Aerobic endurance(Short -term endurance, Medium -term endurance, long -term endurance)

b- Anaerobic endurance

c- Speed endurance

d- Strength endurance

1. (b) 1900

2. (b) Saina Nehwal

3. (a) Menstrual Disorder

Elimination tournament, losers = eliminated in successive rounds and winners continue to playal

ICC—International Cricket Council. 

BCCI—Board of Control for Cricket in India.

MCC = Marylebone Cricket Club 

ICC = Imperial Cricket Conference, International Cricket Council

Three National tournaments:

• Ranji Trophy 

• C.K. Naidu Trophy 

• Deodhar Trophy.

The Federation International de Natation (FINA) was founded in London July 19, 1908 during the Olympic Games in London (GBR). Eight national federations were responsible for the formation of FINA : Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden. Some of the objectives of FINA are to promote and encourage the development of aquatics in all possible regards throughout the world; to provide fair and drug free sport; to promote and encourage the development of international relations to encourage participation in aquatics disciplines at all levels throughout the world regardless of age, gender or race etc. 

FINA controls the development of the following aquatic events : 

• Swimming : freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, medley, relays, mixed relays. 

• Diving : Springboard (1 m, 3m), platform (10 m), synchronized diving (3 m and 10 m), mixed and team events. 

• High Diving : Men (27 m) and women (20 m). 

• Water Polo : Men and women. 

• Synchronized Swimming : Solo, duet, mixed duet, team and free combination. 

• Open Water Swimming : 5 km, 10 km, 25 km, team event.

Three national tournaments : 

• Youth National Championship 

• Federation Cup 

• National Club Volleyball Championship

Importance of Intramural Competitions : 

• Intramurals are very significant for physical, mental, emotional and social development of students. 

• They instill and inculcate discipline among the students. 

• They provide maximum recreation to the students. 

• They develop healthy competition among the participants. 

• They help in improving the personality of the students. 

Importance of Extramural Competitions : 

• Provide opportunity to schools to show their sports capabilities. . 

• Enhance technical knowledge. 

• Boost personal efficacy and self esteem. 

• Increased level of self confidence. 

Objectives of Intramurals: 

• Provide opportunities for development of positive attitudes. 

• Allow the development of sports and knowledge and strategies through participation in a safe and competitive situation. 

Objective of Extramurals: 

• To improve the standard of sports. 

• To aid in the development of sportsmanship and fraternity.

Five important swimming tournaments are: 

• FINA Swimming World Cup 

• European Masters Swimming 

• Swedish Swimming 

• Australian Swimming. 

• World Open Water Championships.

(i) Control Room Supervisor : The Control Room Supervisor/Chief Recorder has overall responsibility for the efficient operation of the recording room (area) during the meet. The supervisor shall be responsible for the management of all personnel and shall supervise the automatic timing operation including the review of backup timing cameras [if installed]. Control Room Supervisor is responsible for checking the results from computer printouts. 

(ii) Individual Medley : In individual medley events, the swimmer covers the four swimming strokes in the following order : butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle. Each of the strokes must cover one quarter (1/4) of the distance.

• Swimsuit

• Earplugs/Nose Clips 

• Googles 

• Training tooles 

• Swimming cap 

• Fins, Paddles and Boards 

• Stop watch

Five Swimming events are as follows : 

• 100 m Freestyle. 

• 100 m Backstroke 

• 100 m Butterfly 

• 100 m Breast Stroke 

• 4 x 50 Freestyle Relay