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The rate of doing work and using energy is called power. 

 Power = Rate of work done/ time taken to do work .

Biomechanics is the science that study the structure and function of biological system by means of mechanics.

Biomechanics is the study of internal and external forces and their effects on living system or athlete.

1. Presence of opposite sex: Opposite sex plays a vital role in motivation. Usually girls are motivated by the presence of boys, whereas boys are motivated by the presence of girls. This is an innate tendency of human brings. Even girls as well as boys try to be smart and active in the presence of opposite sex. 

2. Spectators: If there is a huge number of spectators, it will have a positive effect on the players. But its effectiveness depends upon the experiences and maturity of athletes. If an inexperienced athlete participates in completion, which is full of spectators, then he will not be able to perform better in comparison to an experienced others. 

3. Hypnotism: The motivation through hypnotism can be effective but, generally, it is discarded by the public. It has its scientific base. Several studies show its positive effects. Simple and direct strength may be improved through hypnotism if it is properly employed by a trained person.

1. To have a positive and optimistic attitude: A positive and optimistic attitude can help individuals to improve body image and self-esteem. So one should try muscles or change in body shape and size can be a healthy choice.

2. To change your life style: Changes in your life style such as adopting a specific diet and with planned exercise programme in order to lose weight, gin muscles or change in body shape and size can be a healthy choice. 

3. To identify all the aspects of your appearance realistically: For improving body image and selfesteem, identify all the aspects of your appearance which you can change realistically and which you can’t change. It is well known fact that human beings are imperfect. 

4. To stop your intrinsic negative comments: When you hear negative comments coming from the core of your heart, stop them immediately if you want to improve your body image and selfesteem. 5. To give compliments about good things done by you: If you want to improve your self-esteem and body image, do some good things everyday and give compliments to yourself that you really have done good things. This act will give you immense pleasure.

The main aim of physical education teachers, trainers, coaches and sports psychologists is to enhance an individual’s performance at optimum level. To achieve this aim, they must consider the effect of anxiety on performance. In fact, anxiety is a psychological and physiological state of an individual.

Management of Anxiety 

1. Establish the winning feeling: Start thinking about the last time you were performing at the top of your game. After that enlist energy detail you might associate with your ‘winning feeling’. Then pick out the eight most important aspects of this positive feeling and write them down. Think those winning feelings. Naturally, it will help to create an optimum competitive mindset. 

2. Stop negative thinking: Stop negative thoughts such as ‘I cannot do better no’ or ‘it is impossible to beat him in the competition’. Instead of these negative thoughts, think positive such as ‘I can do much better’ or ‘I will be the winner’. Even casuistly used to say ‘I am the greatest’.

Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance. It is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics passed by a person that influences his/her cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviours in different types of situations.

Emotional dimension is also an important dimension of personality. Emotional dimension is related to emotional stability. To have emotional stability is essential aspect of one’s personality. It means that one must have proper control over various emotions such as fear, anger, disgust, distress, amusement or happiness etc. in different situations. As a matter of fact, many sportspersons feel elated when they win but start crying, abusing the umpires or referee when they lose. Such situations show one’s emotional status spontaneous outburst of such emotions is not accepted as a sign of good personality.

1.Spectators: If there is a huge number of spectators, it will have a positive effect on the players. But its effectiveness depends upon the experience and maturity of athletes. If an inexperienced athlete participates in competition, which is full of spectators, then he will not be able to perform better in comparison to an in experienced athlete. An inexperienced athlete is usually overpowered by fear. 

2.Hypnotism: The motivation through hypnotism can be effective but, generally, it is discarded by the public, it has its scientific base. Several studies show its positive effect. Performance may be improved through hypnotism if it is properly employed by a trained person.

(a) Hereditary Disease: Disease which is transmitted from parents to their children is called Hereditary disease. 

(b) Two types of heart disease: 

1. Cardiac failure 

2. Hypertension. 

(c) Prescribed Drug: A prescribed drug is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed. It is different from a non-prescribed drug because it can only be bought at a doctor’s prescription. 

(d) Innate immunity: This immunity is present in the body since the birth. 

Acquired immunity: This immunity is acquired by infection or vaccination or by the transfer of antibody.

(a) WHO: World Health Organization. 

CPR: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation. 

(b) Two symptoms of Insomnia: 

1. General tiredness 

2. Irritability. 

(c) Three measures to avoid accidents caused by a fire: 

1. Match boxes, burning stoves, open fire should be kept out of reach of children. 

2. Avoid burning papers or leaves out of door on windy day. 

3. Don’t smoke while in bed. 

(d) Three causes of a bad posture: 

1. Injury 

2. Obesity 

3. Lack of awareness.

Some harmful effects of consuming alcohol :

(i) On muscular system : Muscles become weak, reduction in force that can be applied by muscles, irregular extension and contraction of muscles, reduction in strength of cardiac muscles.

(ii) On excretory system : Organs loose control and efficiency, wastes get deposited in body, kidney failure and lever damage.

(iii) On nervous system : Weakening of brain, impulsive, less or no nerve control, increase in response time, decrease in concentration

(iv) On digestive system : Low production of digestive juice, fattening of organ membranes, incomplete digestion of food and loss of appetite

(v) Other effects : Suicidal tendencies, decrease in decision making power

The common postural deformities are-

1. Knock knees 

2. Flat foot 

3. Round shoulders 

4. Lordosis 

5. Kyphosis 

6. Bow legs 

7. Scoliosis Knock Knees: In this both the knees knock or touch each other in normal standing position .The gap between ankles goes on increasing. Causes: lack of balanced diet especially vitamin “D”, calcium and phosphorous, etc. 

Precautions: Take a balanced diet; babies should not be forced to walk at very early age. 

• Flat Foot: It is found in newly bom babies. Children feel pain in the feet and cannot be efficient sports persons. It becomes a postural deformity if it still persists in the lateral childhood. 

Causes: weak muscles, overweight, etc.

Precautions: avoid obesity; avoid high heeled shoes, etc. 

• Round Shoulders: It is a postural deformity where shoulders become round and sometimes they seem to be bent forward. 

Causes: heredity, lack of proper exercise, etc. 

Precautions: avoid tight -fitting clothes, avoid sitting on improper furniture, etc.

1. Time out is necessary when there is any typical reason like injuries, suspensions or court cleaning. 

2. Goalkeeper my be disqualified: 

1. For fouls which endanger the opponent’s health. 

2. Because of a third suspension to the goalkeeper. 

3. Goal will be counted and yellow card will be shown to player. 

4. A player can hold the ball for a maximum of 3 seconds.

1. Unsportsmanlike conduct: 

1. Pull or hit the ball out of the hand of an opponent. 

2. Block or force away an opponent. 

3. Restrain, push, run or jump into an opponent. 

2. Three goal shooting techniques: 

1. Jump throw 

2. 7 metre throw 

3. Fall away throw.

1. Jump Ball: An official tosses the ball between two players of opposing team to start the game at a common point. 

2. Travelling: Travelling is the illegal movement of one or both feet beyond the limits outlined any direction while holding a live ball on the court. 

3. Foul: A foul is an infraction of the rules concerning illegal personal contact with an opponent. 

4. A Free Throw: A free throw is an opportunity given to a player to score one point, uncontested, from a position behind the free throw line.

1. Height of flag posts placed on hockey field = 1.20 mt to 1.50 mts. 

2. FIH: International Hockey Federation. 

3. Long corner will be awarded if the ball is intentionally hit outside the backline.

4. Back Stick: An illegal shot in which the ball strikes the rounded face of the hockey stick.

Before commencing play the opposing side shall toss, the winner is free to change side or service.

(i) Tie- rule: 

• Overtime is played, following a 5-minute break, if a game is tied at the end of the regular playing time and a winner has to be determined. The overtime period consists of 2 halves of 5 minutes, with a 1 -minute half-time break. 

• If the game is again’tied after a first overtime period, a second period is played after a 5-minute’break. This overtime period also has 2 halves of 5 minutes, with a 1 -minute half-time break. 

• If the game is still tied, the winner will be determined in accordance with the rules for the particular competition. In the case that the decision is to use 7- meter-throwing as tie-breaker to decide a winner, the procedures indicated below shall be followed. 

(ii) Players with possession of ball may throw or pass or dribble or hit or move with the ball or catch the ball with their hands or arms but never with their feet. Both hands (simultaneously) can only be used while catching or while throwing the ball. 

(iii) Passive Play: It is not permitted to keep the ball in the team“s possession without making any recognizable attempt to attack or to shoot on goal. Similarly, it is not allowed to delay repeatedly the execution of a throw-off, free-throw, throw-in, or goalkeeper- throw for one“s own team. This is regarded as passive play, which is to be penalized with a free-throw against the team in possession of the ball unless the passive tendency ceases 

(iv) Throw-in: A throw-in is awarded when the ball has completely crossed the side line, or when a court player on the defending team was the last one to touch the ball before it crossed his teams outer goal line.

The substitution line is the place from where the player substitution takes place and the line for each team extends from the centre line to a point at a distance of 45m from the centre line.

(i) Free zone : An area by the sides of court which can be used during game. It is 3 to 5 meters on all sides of court. 

(ii) Back line: A line at the back of court at 9 m from net. It is also known as service line. 

(iii) Antenna: An extended upright over the net which gives the idea of sideline. It is 80 cm in length whereas 80 cm is above the net. 

(iv) A catch : The ball is caught and/or thrown; it does not rebound from the hit.

When the ball crosses the side line and back line and then touches the ground, the ball is considered out of play.

(i) The free zone is the area surrounding the playing court, in which the ball can be played. The main goal of the free zone is to provide a safe area for players to play the ball – stands for spectators, equipments and so forth should not be in this area except for the volleyball net stands, the referee stand, etc. 

(ii) Back-line is the line going left to right. It is also known as second 10-foot line. 

(iii) Antennae are on the top of the net directly above the sidelines to assist with defining the crossing space of the volleyball over the net. 

(iv) Catching the ball is a situation when the ball is not rebound from the hit and it stays for some time with the player.

A team member who is sanctioned by expulsion shall not play for the rest of the set and must remain seated in the penalty area with no other consequences.

Drive : An offensive shot hit with an extra force. 

Forehand : The stroke hit on the right side of a right-handed player. 

Chip shot : An under-cutting stroke with a forehand or backhand action. 

Top spin : The clockwise rotation of the ball at right angle. 

Volley : When a player strikes the ball without allowing it to touch the ground.

Three contacts are permitted in returning the ball over the net. However, the ball must not be contacted by the same player consecutively.

The five types of passes, in the game of basket ball are as follows : 

• Chest Pass 

• Bounce Pass 

• Baseball Pass 

• Outlet Pass 

• No-look pass

1. No. of time out in a game: Three time-outs. 

2. Duration of time-out: One minute. 

3. Running: When a player holding the ball in the hands moves in any direction without bouncing the ball is called running. 

4. Goal will not be scored and the goalkeeper’s throw will be awarded. 

5. Width of the marking line in the game of Handball – 5 cm.

1. Heading : Heading is an important skill which is used by players. To head a ball accurately, a player should judge the flight of the ball and wait for the proper jump and hit the ball with the head. 

2. Goal Area : A goal area is defined at each end of the field. Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line 5-5 m from the inside of each goal post. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 5-5 m and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.

1. Consecutive Contacts : A player may not hit the ball 2 times consecutively except when blocking, provided the contacts take place simultaneously. However, a player may make consecutive contacts on the teams first team contact, provided the contacts occur during one action. 

2. Four Hits : It’s a violation for a team to hit the ball 4 times before returning it. 

3. Assisted Hit : It’s illegal for a player or any object to assist a teammate in playing the ball. 

4. Catch : It’s illegal to catch or throw the ball. The ball must rebound from the hit. 

5. Ball Crossing the Net Outside the Crossing Space : The ball must cross the net within the crossing space. The ball must cross over the net, between the antennaes and their imaginary extension, and without contacting the ceiling.

The violation in the game of Basketball are: 

1. Walking or Traveling : Taking more than ‘a step and a half without dribbling the ball is traveling. Moving pivot foot once one has stopped dribbling is traveling. 

2. Carrying or palming : When a player dribbles the ball with hand too far to the side of or, sometimes, even under the ball. 

3. Double Dribble : Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

  4. Held ball : Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis. 

5. Goaltending : If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it’s on the way down toward the basket, while it’s on the way up toward the basket after having touched the backboard, or while it’s in the cylinder above the rim, it’s goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by an offensive player, it’s a violation and the ball is awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in. 

6. Backcourt violation : Once the offense has brought the ball across the midcourt line, they cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass inbounds. 

7. Time restrictions : A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If the player does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include the rule that a player cannot have the ball for more than five seconds when being closely guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt a shot within a given time frame.

1. The situations for a free throw are: 

1. The player must have one foot continuously in contact with the court and must throw or pass within 3 seconds else a foul is made and free throw is awarded. 

2. Free throws are taken for any violation not covered by the penalty throw. 

3. If the foul or infringement occurs between the goal line and the free throw line, a free throw is taken just outside the free throw line opposite from where the foul took place. 

4. If no team had the possession of the ball then the team who had the last possession takes the free throw to start the game. 

2. The procedure for substitution during a match is: 

1. Player being substituted comes out of the playing court through the substitution zone/area of this team. 

2. Substitute player the enters the court thorugh the substitution zone-area.

(i) Privilege to Goalkeeper : 

• Only Goalkeeper is permitted inside the own Goal area. 

• Goalkeeper can touch the ball with any body part inside the Goal area. 

• Only Goalkeeper is permitted to leave the Goal area without permission. 

(ii) A goal is scored when the entire ball has completely crossed the goal line, provided that no violation of the rules has been committed by the thrower, a teammate or a team official before or dining the throw. The goal line referee confirms with two short whistle signals and hand signal that a goal has been scored. 

(iii) All the court players on a team must wear identical uniforms. The combinations of colors and design for the two teams must be clearly distinguishable from each other. All players used in the goalkeeper position on a team must wear the same color, a color that distinguishes them from the court players of both teams and the goalkeeper(s) of the opposing team. The players must wear visible numbers that are at least 20 cm high in the back of the shirt and at least 10cm in the front. The numbers used shall be from 1 to 99.

A throw-in is awarded when ball goes out of bounds on the sideline or when the ball is last touched by a defensive player (excluding the goal line) and goes out of bounds over the endline. The throw-in is taken from the spot where the ball crossed the sideline, or if it crossed the endline, from the nearest corner. The thrower must place one foot on the sideline to execute the throw. All opposing players must stay 3 m away from the ball.

Power play is the name for the fielding restrictions in limited-over and Twenty- 20 matches in cricket. It is of 30 yard circle in the centre of field. 

Restrictions imposed on the players during the power play: 

• Mandatory powers play (1-10 overs) : Only two fielders are allowed outside the 30- yard circle. 

• Between over 11 and 40, a maximum of four fielders are allowed outside the 30-yard circle. 

• In the final 10 overs (41-50), a maximum of five fielders will be allowed to field outside the restricted area.

Ball Tampering : 

Unlawful alteration of the surface or seam of a ball on the field to effect its motion is known as Ball Tampering. 

The two ways by which a ball is tampered are : 

• Rubbing the ball on the ground. 

• Picking the threads of the main seam.

1. Three Restrictions on Goalkeeper: 

1. He cannot touch the ball when it is rolling or stationary outside the goal area. 

2. He will not re-enter the goal area from the playing area with the ball. 

3. Endanger the opponent while in the act of defence. 

2. Goalkeeper throw: 

1. A player of the opposing team has entered the goal area in violation. 

2. When the ball goes out from the end lines (goal line). 

3. When the player of opposing team touches the ball when it is rolling or stationary in the goal area. 

3. Types of passes in the Game: 

1. Bounce pass. 

2. Chest pass, Hook pass, Overhead pass, Jump pass, Side arm pass, Shoulder pass.

1. (a) vajrasana

2. (a) Obesity

3. (a) 120/80mm

4. a) Knee pains

5. (a) slower

1. (b) Fartlek

2. (c) Endurance

3. (b) Fartlek

4. (a) Self-discipline

5. (a) Holmer

Passive play is to keep the ball in a team's possession without making a recognisable attempt to attack and to try to score. It is illegal for a team to stall and free-throw is awarded to the other team.

1. (b) Praise

2. (b) Extrinsic

3. (d) Ambivert

4. (a) Neuroticism

5. (c) Ambivert

(i) 1. Direct Free Kick: It is given when Referee shows the warning card to the player. In this foul has been committed outside the penalty area like intentional delay, intentional hit to the player, intentional handling the ball, charging, dangerous play, holding opponent from behind, violent play, kicking the opponent. While taking direct kick the opposing player should be at least. 10 yards away from the ball (unless same member is nearby). Goal can be scored from this direct kick. 

2. Through-Pass: In this, the ball is passed between two or more defenders and the own teammate collects the ball and moves further. 

(ii) Penalty-Kick: A penalty kick is awarded when a foul is committed by a defender in the penalty area or technical area. The ball is placed on the penalty spot and the attacking player tries to kick it directly into the goal and goalkeeper only defends it. 

The offences are like: 

• Intentional hit to the player 

• Intentional handling the ball 

• Charging opponent 

• Holding opponent from behind.

(i) Duties of Assistant Referee : There are two Assistant Referees or lines-men. 

They assist or help the Match Referee during the game. 

They are equipped with flags. Their duties are to indicate Match Referee by various signals like : 

• Ball is out of play . 

• Which team to get comer-kick 

• Throw-in 

• Goal-kick 

• Off-side. 

(ii) A goal kick is a method of restarting play. A goal kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, The ball is kicked from any point within the goal area by a player of the defending team. Opponents remain outside the penalty area until the ball is in play. The kicker must not play the ball again until it has touched another player. The ball is in play when it is kicked directly out of the penalty area. 

(iii) An indirect free kick is awarded to the opponent if a goalkeeper commits any of the following offences inside his own penalty area: 

• Takes more than four steps while controlling the ball with his hands, before releasing it from his possession. 

• Touches the ball again with his hands after it has been released from his possession without touching another player. 

• Touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a teammate. 

• Touches the ball with his hand after he has received it directly from a throw-in by a teammate.

(i) Free-Throw: It is also known as 9-mt throw. If defensive team commits fault or violation then opponent is awarded with 9 meter free-throw. Defensive player must be 3 meters away from the opponent players. 

(ii) Goalpost: It is wooden/ metallic post made with inner dimensions of 2 m height and 3 m length. The wooden log must be 8 cm thick in cubical shape log. It should be painted in black and white with dimension of 20 cm X 8 cm with alternate colour. 

(iii) A Suspension: If player intentionally obstructs the opponent, he remains out for two minutes. The team has to play with less number of player till he gains comes-in. 

(iv) Line Cut: During attempt for goal if a player cuts or crosses the goal line, this is a violation.

1. (b) knockout

2. (b) N-1

3. (c) both (a)and (b)

4. (a) eliminated

5. (b) bye

(i) In soft ball, a catch occurs when a fielder gains secure possession of a batted ball in flight, and maintains possession until he voluntarily releases the ball. The process of gaining possession of ball in this manner is called catching.

(ii) Strike Zone is the official area over home plate, the upper limit of which is horizontal line and lower level is a line at the hallow beneath the knee cap. 

(iii) Interference is a situation in which a person illegally changes the course of the play from what is expected. 

(iv) An overthrow is a situation when a fielder returns the ball to the fielders at the pitch but does not get collected there and crosses the pitch area.

Double play is a play used by the defence in which two offensive players are legally put as a result of continuous action.

1. A double touch occurs when the ball touches two parts of a player’s body in successive or when a player touches the ball twice in a row. 

2. A ball is out of play once a fault has occurred and is whistled by a referee. 

3. A team member who is disqualified shall not play for the rest of the set and must remain seated in the penalty area with no other consequences. 

4. Service is the act to putting the ball into play. This is done in order to send the ball over the net into the opponent’s court.

Goal kick is awarded when the football crosses the goal line outside the goal posts after being kicked by any player of the attacking team. When a goal kick is awarded, the ball is kicked from the goal area of the defending team. All the players of the attacking team are required to be outside the penalty area of the defending team.

Corner kick is awarded when the football crosses the goal line outside the goal posts after being kicked by any player of the defending team. When a corner kick is awarded, the ball is kicked from the nearest corner flag post. All the players of the defending team are required to be at a distance of at least 10 yards from the concerned corner flag post.

The time-keeper has the main responsibility for keeping track of the playing time, the time-outs, and the suspension time of suspended players. Only the time-keeper should interrupt the game when it becomes necessary.