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In some areas, it is difficult to get means of livelihood. These have a harsh climate. The soils are sandy or hilly. Agriculture is not possible. There is absence of irrigation and the production is low. Industries can not be developed in such areas. Therefore low density of population is found in Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh.

(i) The family planning programme helped in increasing the awareness about the benefits of smaller family size. This helped in reducing the rate of population growth in India since 1981.
(ii) Birth rate, death rate and migration are the major components of population growth. A higher birth rate; coupled with a lower death rate leads to population growth. International migration can lead to population growth of more number of people are coming from other countries than the number of people going outside the country.
(iii) Age Structure: Relative percentage of various age groups in the population is called age structure of the population. Age group is generally divided into children (up to 14 years), working age (15 – 59 years) and aged (60 years and above).
Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1000 persons is called death rate. 

Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1000 persons is called birth rate.
(iv) Migration within the country is called internal migration, while that between two countries is called international migration. Internal migration has no change on population size but it changes the population composition of a particular area. International migration can lead to a growth or degrowth in population; depending on the degree of immigration and emigration.

Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area. Population density is not the same throughout India. 

1. The population density of India varies from 904 persons per sq km in West Bengal to only 13 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh. 

2. The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

Primary activities are related to extraction of raw materials from nature. It includes agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying etc. 

Secondary activities include industries that transform raw materials into finished goods. It includes manufacturing industry, building and construction work etc. 

Tertiary activities include the services like transportation, communication, commerce, administration, etc.

• In all countries working population is engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities for their livelihood.
• The percentage of people engaged in these activities is called occupational structure.
• In developing counties percentage of people engaged in primary occupations is high compared to people engaged in secondary, tertiary or quaternary activities.
• In developed countries, percentage of people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities is more compared to people engaged in primary activities.
• Trade and infrastructure are advanced. So, more people are required in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
• More people engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities more the country has been developed.
• Thus, occupation structure of the country is an indicator of the level of economic development of the country.

• Developed nations have a high proportion of people in secondary and tertiary activities because it is more productive and profitable. 

• Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in primary activities because these are not as productive and profitable as the other sectors. 

• In India, about 64% of the population is engaged only in agriculture. The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary sectors is about 13 to 20% respectively. 

Two thirds of our population still lives on agriculture. Only 10% of the working population is engaged in industry. The rest one fourth of population is in the tertiary or service sector. This makes clear that a small proportion of our population is engaged in secondary sector of economy. The secondary sector includes manufacturing by which we can increase our national income by producing useful products. So there are not more people employed in manufacturing. So our occupational structure is lop sided.

• Developed nations have a high proportion of people in secondary and tertiary activities because it is more productive and profitable. 

• Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in primary activities because these are not as productive and profitable as the other sectors. 

• In India, about 64% of the population is engaged only in agriculture. The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary sectors is about 13 to 20% respectively.

Population growth refers to the natural increase in the population plus any net gain from migration. 

Two key factors for declining growth rate of population since 1981 are: 

(i) Improved medical facilities 

(ii) Rise in literacy levels

(1) Since 1981 the rate of growth of population started declining gradually. During this period, birth rates decline rapidly. 

(2) The declining trend of the growth rate is indeed a positive indicator of the efforts of birth control. 

They are generally classified into primary, secondary and tertiary activities. 

• Primary activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying etc. 

• Secondary activities include manufacturing industry, building and construction work etc. 

• Tertiary activities include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other services. 

Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Punjab and that’s why most of the population is engaged in agriculture or related acitvities. Out of total workers of Punjab, 35.5% are engaged in agriculture or related activities 3.9% people are engaged in household industries. Rest of the 60.5% people are engaged in other activities. In the districts of Sri Muktsar Sahib and Mansa, most of the workers are engaged in agriculture but in Ludhiana and Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, very few people are engaged in agriculture but rest are busy in industrial and service sector. A number of Punjabi’s have migrated to other countries in search of employment.

1. People want to have a boy child and they never hesitate to abort the female foetus. It leads to decline in sex ratio.

2. Sex ratio declines with increase in female foeticide.

3. Sex ratio declines with the custom of killing new born girls i.e. female infanticide.

4. Emigration of males from one place to another also leads to decline in sex ratio.

5. In traditional societies birth of girl is considered as a curse because of which boys are preferred over girls. It also leads to decline in sex ratio.

• Declining Sex ratio leads to increase in violence against women.
• The custom of polyandry encouragement with declining sex ratio.
• Declining sex ratio leads to lower social status of women.
• Health of women deteriorates with it.
• Trade of women also takes place with declining sex ratio.

Due to green revolution we could increase our supply of food grains considerably after 1966. Food grains can be easily transported from abundant areas to scarce areas and thus we can now prevent deaths related to starvation in drought hit areas.

The four characteristics of population census are distribution of population, density of population, literacy, the age-sex ratio.

2011 was last census held in India.

Following are the factors responsible for the decrease in rural and urban sex ratio:

1. Social factors Indian society is patriarchal and male centric thoughts force. One family to have male child with old beliefs such as nomination process.
2. Technological Factors. Ultrasoniography is the advent of science has made it possible for antenatal detection of sex.
3. Economifcal factors. Social Evils such as dowry, etc. also considered economic burden for family. So people prefer male child.
4. Lack of awareness. Because there is low contribution on female education, so they are not considered as important as males.
5. Security issue. Also considered a major problem in the country.

Indian government conducts counting of population after every ten years which is called census survey. In this, information is collected about the age, sex, house, literacy rate etc. First census in India was held in 1872 and after this, census is held in the first year of each decade. The census of 2011 was 15th census survey in which? 2200 crore were spent and 27 lakh officer conducted this survey.

The main workers of India are those people who have done work for six months ih the last year (or 183 days) in any economic activity.

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal etc.

To earn money by working in industries and in agricultural fields.

According to work, the population was divided into working Arid non-working population in the year 1961.

The percentage of labourers in the rural areas is 40%.

The total urban population in India is 37.47%.

1. Main workers, Marginal workers.
2. Non-workers.

When unskilled population rises, the natural resources will npt be utilized in the best possible manner. This proves to be a barrier for the economic development of a country.

Importance of Economic Structure of Population:

1. We come to know the percentage of people engaged in productive work.
2. It shows the cultural composition of population which determines the stage of development of a country.
3. It marks the backward areas of the country so that proper planning can be done.

The are various factors that affect the population of a place such as birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration, influx of refugees, agricultural development, urbanization, education, topography and climate of a place, employment opportunities, etc, In developed countries, due to improvements in medical facilities, the death rates have reduced and the lifespan of the people have increased resulting in increase in population.

Population in India is not evenly distributed many factors are responsible for this.

1. Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.
2. Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.
3. Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial the density of population will be high. In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always there is an epidemic form.
4. Developed means of transportation. With the development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.

Correct option: (c) Coastal regions

Correct option is (d) 131 crore

1. False

2. False

3. True.

4. True.

5. True.

Correct option is (a) Second.

1. Population

2. second

3. 131

4. 77

5. rural

It is approximately 7 billion.

(a) True 

(b) False