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Thousands of people have migrated from our country to another country in search of employment opportunities. Employment opportunities in the. developed nations is an important reason. For example, there was a surge in migration to the west Asian countries with petroleum mining.

Correct option: (c) India

Correct option is (b) 2.3%.

Almost 2.3 percent of total population of country lives in Punjab.

Correct Answer is: (a) Bheel

(b) Desert Region

1. Meena 

2. 66% 

3. 888 

4. Secular

The population of India was 121 crores in the year 2011.

The population of India was 121 crores in the year 2011.

121 crores was the total population of India in 2011.

Education: One of the basic inputs in human resource development is education. Literacy and numeracy form the foundation on which superstructure of education is built.

1. At the time of independence only 14% of the people were literate. It meant that they could at least read and write names. By 2011 it has slowly risen to 65.58%. In absolute terms the number of the literates has grown to 550 million from 60 million. It is about 11 fold growth. But it is pertinent to note that the number of the illiterate persons has also increased.

2. Our constitution directed the Government to provide education for all children upto the age of fourteen. This was a big task because the bulk of the population was distributed over half a million villages. These villages are separated by considerable distance from one another. Priority was, therefore, given to set up schools in almost every village. As a result there are now half a million primary school in place of two lakhs in 1951. Similarly the middle schools also increased by as much as ten times. Earlier there was one middle school for every 15 primary schools. Now it stands for every four primary schools.

3. Although there has been a marked increase in the number of children getting into formal schools. One of the worries is that out of every 100 children in class I, only 40 manage to complete class V and 25 reach class VIII. Thus three fourths of the pupils drop out on their way.

4. We have also made progress in increasing the number of secondary schools, universities, industrial training as well as other institutions. Still educational facilities are not available to all because of fast growing population.

(i) The people are important to develop the economy and society. The people make and use the resources and are themselves resources with varying quality. 

(ii) It is the point of reference from which all other elements observed and from which they derive significance and meaning. ‘Resources’ , ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. 

(iii) Their numbers, distributions, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment. 

(iv) Human beings are producers and consumers of earth’s resources. Therefore it is very important to know how many people are there in a country, where do they live, how and why are their numbers increasing and what are their characteristics. 

India’s population is growing rapidly, and creating some problems:

1. Low standard of living. Indian people have low standard of living as compared that of Europeans. About 48% people live below poverty line. They do not have full meals. It results in low production capacity.
2. Deforestation. The forests are cleared recklessly to meet the growing needs. It has resulted in problems of soil erosion, floods, pollution and loss of forest-wealth.
3. Lack of pastures. India has only 4% land under pastimes. If this land is used for other purposes, it will result in shortage of fodder for cattle.
4. Pressure on Land. Land is a limited source and cannot be increased. It is leading to pressure of population on land. It will decrease the productivity of the land.
5. Lack of minerals. Industries are developed to meet the growing needs of people. So more minerals are used. These reserves will exhaust soon.
6. Environment. Population growth has an adverse effect on environment. Clear water and air is a problem. Oxygen is also decreasing.

Solutions:

• Family planning should be adopted,
• People should be explained significance of small families by films, songs, plays,
• Illiteracy should be abolished so that people should understand harms of growing population,
• Female education should be increased, marriageable age of girls be increased.

Lack of employment opportunities and the existence of widespread disguised unemployment and under employment.

When migrated person never returns to his original place it is called permanent migration.

In most of the cases migration is seasonal, may be to work as labourer in farm during a particular season or migration of tribal people in search of fodder. This is short term migration.

In case of migration for jobs to city areas or to other countries, people work in migrated areas but visit their original places once or twice in a year. This is long term migration.

Thus, in most of the cases migration may be short term or long term and not permanent.

Birth rate and death rate (high birth rate and low death rate). The difference that arises between the birth-rate and death rate becomes the cause of population increase.

(i) Afghanistan, Brazil, Bangladesh, India and Great Britain have less than 10% migrant population.

(ii) Germany and U.S.A. are the countries with a migrant population of between 10% and 20%.

(iii) Kuwait, Hong Kong, Oman and Saudi Arabia are the countries with a migrant population of more than 20%.

(iv) The reasons behind the migrant population of more than 20% are:

1. Huge stock of mineral oil and other natural resources 

2. Availability of employment opportunities 

3. Great demand for labour in these countries.

(i) ‘B’ City has greater number of newly born children.

(ii) ‘B’ City records greater number of deaths.

(iii) Looking at the figures of in-migration and outmigration, ‘A’ City has received more migrants. .

(iv) The population of ‘A’ City in 2017 is 121, 500 and of ‘B’ City in 2017 is 120, 550.

Correct option is (B) Difficulty in survival of future generations

(i) Kerala state has the highest sex ratio.

(ii) Haryana state has the lowest sex ratio.

(iii) The following changes should take place in Maharashtra to bring about a balanced sex ratio:

1. Sex ratio must get increased by having total control over female infanticide and launching various government schemes for women empowerment, etc. 

2. The sex ratio must get increased by 71 i.e. the number of females per thousand males must get increased from 929 to 1000.

Correct option: (b) 990

1. The number of females per thousand males is called sex ratio. 

2. The sex ratio is calculated with the help of the following formula :

Sex ratio = \(\cfrac{Total\,number\,of\,females}{Total\,number\,of\,males}\) x 1000

3. If the number of females per thousand males is less, the sex ratio is considered to be low. On the other hand, if the number of females per thousand males is more, the sex ratio is considered to be high. 

4. According to Census 2011, the sex ratio was highest (1084) in the state of Kerala. According to Census 2011, the sex ratio was 929 in the state of Maharashtra. 

5. Out-migration of males leads to high sex ratio in a region from where males have out-migrated. Less female birth rate leads to low sex ratio.

Correct option: (d) 18

Correct option: (d) Greece

1. Sub division of population as per age groups is known as age structure. 

2. Age structure is helpful in knowing the proportion of children, adolescents, young, middle aged and old people in population. 

3. It is also helpful in knowing proportion of active population (Population between the ages 16 and 59) and dependent population (Population below 16 years of age and above 60 years of age). 

4. Age structure is helpful to the government in framing various policies.

Correct option: (c) 7

Greece, USA, China, India, Niger

correct option: (b) Greece

Greece, Sweden, USA, India, China

1. Population above the age of seven can be sub divided on the basis of capability of reading and writing.

2. People above the age of seven and are unable to read and write are considered illiterate. On the other hand, people above the age of seven and are able to read and write are considered literate. 

3. High literacy rate is an indicator of social and economic development of society. On the other hand, high illiteracy rate leads to slow economic, social and cultural development of society. 

4. Literacy rate is related to quality of life, the opportunities available and freedom. Thus, it is directly related to development.

Niger, India, China, USA, Greece

Australia, Europe, Antarctica, North America, Asia

China, India, USA, Sweden, Greece

Correct option is (b) Kerala

Antarctica, Australia, South America, North America, Africa, Asia.