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Low income level:

• When the income level of a family is low, the birth-rate of a child is considered to be an asset rather than a burden. Such families believe in the saying of “more the merrier”.
• Members of such families think that child born will also contribute to income of the family in future and hence they should give birth to more children. We see such mindset in people living on roadside and slums.

Better employment opportunities and wages are the reasons for the migration of north Indian laborers to Kerala.

A country is known outside through the people of that country. It is the people who decide the policy of the country and citizens the natural resources. Hence human resources is the real wealth of a nation.

i) 121.06 crores 

ii) 382/sq.km 

iii) Uttar Pradesh 

iv) 17.7%

v) 943 vi) Sikkim (6.07 lakhs) 

vii) By 2028 India will become the most popular country in the world.

A nation is known through its people because the resources are properly utilized and the policies are decided by them. Hence human resources is the real wealth of a nation. So we can say that increase in population is favorable for the nation.

The high density of population in certain places is mainly due to factors like level topography, moderate climate, fertile soil favoring agriculture are availability of fresh water, etc. Other than these, the increasing employment opportunities in the mineral rich and industrial regions and also the attractive infrastructure and services provided by urban areas also cause high density of population in such regions. Now you might have understood the cause for imbalance in population density and also the significant influence of geographical factors on the same.

Population growth in the change in population of any particular place over a particular period.

Birth rate, death rate and migration. As birth rate increases, the population increases and when the death rate increases the population decreases. Migration lead to decrease in population at one place and increases in another place.

Increase in the number of people living in a particular area during a definite period of time is called population growth. It is generally calculated in percentages. The decaded growth rate of population in India is 17.7%.

• For planning the food grain production. 
• To generate employment opportunities. 
• To formulate welfare schemes

Birth-rate:

• The number of children born per every 1000 persons during any given year is known as birth-rate.
• Birth-rate =  \(\frac{ The\, number \,of \,live-births \,in \,a\, given\, year }{ Total \,population } × 1000\)
• Birth-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of rise in population per 1000 persons.
• The birth-rate data helps in deciding the population policy.

Birth-rate in India

Source: Census of India, 2011

Analysis and conclusion:

• In 1951, the birth-rate in India was 39.9. This decreased to 21.8. The difference between these two years is 39.9 – 21.8 =18.1.
• Although the birth-rate has reduced, the reduction is less. The main reasons for this are low level of education, preference for male child, low income levels, etc.

Correct option is (C) 2.5%

• The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels in India and malnutrition afflicts a large % of population. 

• Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only 1/3rd of the rural population. 

Correct option is (b) Sikkim

(a) Per 1000 people per year

.Demography.

Correct option is (B) 27.4

The clusters of permanent or temporary human habitats of different sizes are termed as settlements.

According to Census 2011, the population of India was nearly 121 crore. In India, 0. 52 % of the population are migrants. Thus, according to Census 2011, the actual number of people who have migrated to India is nearly 629,200.

Since the past two centuries, the death rate in India has reduced to a great extent. On the other hand, since the past two centuries, the birth rate in India has reduced negligibly. Therefore, since the past two centuries, the size of family is decreasing. But in spite of this the population of country is increasing.

1. As per the Population Census of 2011, the population of India is. 121 crores.

2. For domestic use, the per capita requirement per day is 50 litres of water. 

3. Taking this into account, the total amount of water requirement in India for domestic purpose only, will be nearly 6050 crores litre.

(d) Migration.

1. The continent which has the least population is Australia. 

2. The continent which has the least land mass and also least population is Australia.

3. The continent which has the most land mass and also most population is Asia. 

4. The continent of Antarctica is missing in population distribution chart, because it has no permanent human settlement.

1. The image shows balance between birth rate and death rate. 

2. Population growth may be less or in some countries there may be negative growth. 

3. When births are more than deaths, then population growth is faster. 

4. When both births and deaths are same, population will be stagnant. This is not possible for any country.

Upper Ganga Valley and Malabar region.

North-eastern states, western Rajasthan, few parts of Gujarat etc.

Sikkim, Lakshadweep are the areas with small population.

Studying the population helps us to understand how it shapes the world in different ways. Controlling the population correctly is an important task for the government. It plays a big role in the development of a country.

1. Population refers to all the people who live in a particular area. 

2. At present, the population of the world stand at 7.35 billion. 

3. Second most populated country in the world is India. 

4. Continent-wise, Asia has the largest population, followed by Africa 

5. India’s most populous city is Mumbai. 

6. Population Density refers to the number of people living in a unit area of space. 

7. In Overpopulation condition, the number of people in a particular area is more than the available resources. 

8. Under population puts less pressure on the environment. 

9. Sex ratio of 940 means there are 940 girls for every 1000 boys. 

10. The sex ratio is usually unfavourable in those countries where gender discrimination is widespread. 

11. The average sex ratio in the world is 982 females to every 1000 males. 

12. Latvia in Europe has the highest sex ratio with 1179 females for every 1000 males.

13. Triangular shaped population pyramid indicates rapid population growth.

14. Not being able to have babies or produce young ones is called infertility.

15. In India 69 % population is rural and 31 % urban.

1. Blue lines indicate birth rate and black lines indicate death rate. 

2. Green part in the graph shows the natural increase of population. 

3. Blue part in the graph shows the natural decrease of population. 

4. In stage 2 and 3 birth rates is more than death rate. 

5. In stage 4 the birth rate is same as the death rate. 

6. In stage 5 the death rate is more than birth rate.

Correct option: (b) slight increase

There are two aspects between population and natural resources. 

1. As population increases, the limited natural resources deplete fast and in the long run it becomes dangerous for the future generations.
2. When unskilled population rises, the natural resources will not be utilized in the best possible, manner which proves to be a barrier for the economic development of a country.

Population explosion in India:

• Our population has continuously increased between the years 1931 and 2011.
• In 1951, population of India was 36.1 crores. This increased to 121.02 crores in 2011. This means that within the span of 60 years India’s population has increased by 85.7 crores with an average growth rate of around 2.5 percent. 4
• In Indian context, a very high population with a quite high growth rate of population especially after 1970 is known as population explosion.

• The world population has crossed 7 billion mark and India’s population has reached 1.25 billion. It becomes the duty of the government of each nation to see that its population gets all the basic necessities and that the country’s economy grows.
• How a country’s resources will be utilized depends largely on its population.
• Over and above other factors the size and structure of population plays a major role in deciding the direction and volume of a country’s economy. For this, the country’s natural resources are most important because only with the help of natural resources, economic development becomes possible.

There are two aspects between population and natural resources. 

1. As population increases, the limited natural resources deplete fast and in the long run it becomes dangerous for the future generations.
2. When unskilled population rises, the natural resources will not be utilized in the best possible manner which proves to be a barrier for the economic development of a country.

As a result, tho study of population in an economy is extremely important because most of the problems in an economy are due to the high level of population.

The main reasons for reduction in death-rate are control over famines, improvement in quality of life, availability of nutritional food, increase and improvement in medical services, increases in education and its spread, improvement in medical science, research in the field of surgery, control of infectious diseases, etc.

The total population is divided into three age groups. They are:

• 0-14 years – Unproductive group
• 15-64 years – Productive group and
• 65 and more – Unproductive group.

‘Beti Bachao’ programme was introduced in the period 2001-2011. This led to encouragement to the birth of girl child and hence female population increased.

To increase female population the government launched ‘Beti Bachao’ programme in 2001. Moreover, it also took steps such as banning unethical and illegal activities such as the process of detecting the sex of the child before its birth, etc.

The number of females in the country per 1000 males is known as gender ratio.

Correct option is (D) 933

Correct option is (A) 51.54%

Low status of women, no attention to nutrition, health, education of daughters, dowry system, early marriages, female foeticide and craze for male child.

• Parents can provide good education and environment to their children to give them a bright future.
• Parents can show them the way to make their children better citizens, to remain away drugs etc.
• Teachers can motivate their students to become good citizens by giving them proper education.
• Social, Religious and Political leaders can motivate their students to move on a right path.