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Correct option: (b) Asia

Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica

1. Relief is one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of population.

2. Generally, mountains are thinly populated, plains are thickly populated and plateaus are moderately populated.

3. The mountains and hilly areas are less populated because of limited means of livelihood; agriculture is poorly developed and transportation facilities are limited. 

For example, north eastern states of India have less population due to hilly and mountainous relief.

4. On the other hand, plains are densely populated because of fertile soil and well developed agriculture. Due to plain relief, it is easy to construct roads and develop industries. Better employment facilities attract people in these areas. 

For example, Ganga plains are thickly populated.

5. In short, we can say plains are densely populated and mountains and plateaus are sparsely populated.

• Climate is the most important factor of all the factors influencing the distribution of population.
• Areas of extreme climate like too hot, too cold, too humid, too dry and region of very heavy rainfall are not comfortable for inhabitation of people. Such areas are sparsely populated.
• For example, polar regions where Eskimo and Lapps live are sparsely populated due to extreme cold climate. Sahara Desert is sparsely populated due to extreme hot climate.
• On the other hand, areas with equable climate, that is climate with not much seasonal variation attract people. People feel comfortable to stay in these areas.
• For example, coastal areas have dense population because of equable climate and wide scope for the development of agriculture, industries and trade.

Correct option: (a) Ukraine

1. World density of population is shown in the map.

2. North America and South America have the same density and population.

3. Bangladesh and Japan are two countries having more than 500 persons per sq. km.

4. Density of population in China is 200-250 persons per sq. km.

• Minerals are important raw materials in the development of industries.
• Therefore, industries develop where good quality minerals are available. Mining and industries generate employment for large number of people and hence skilled and semiskilled labourers attract to such regions and mining areas become densely populated.
• For example, Richest mineralised zone of India – Chota Nagpur region, Ruhr region of Germany (due to coal and iron mines) are densely populated.
• In some country’s valuable minerals like gold, silver, copper are mined. In such areas in spite of adverse climate and relief minerals are extracted. Also, the region around the mines are densely populated.
• For example, gold producing areas in Africa, mineral oil mines in the deserts of south-west Asia.

(i) Measures to utilise man power properly:

• Good education, health and training facilities are the basic requirements to improve human resources.
• The focus of education should not just be to chum out jobseekers but also to chum out job creators.
• The young population should be encouraged to be entrepreneurs.

(ii) Measures to improve sex ratio:

• Build an environment to save and protect the girl child.
• Ban sex determination test.

(iii) Measures to control population growth:

• Family planning measures to be encouraged through media.
• Spread of education among illiterate masses, especially about the benefits of having a small family.
• Child marriage should be strictly prohibited.

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

(i) After considering all the points, ‘A’ City has recorded more growth of population in one year. .

(ii) The total number of births are given. This figure would be 20 per thousand. The term for this is ‘Birth rate’.

(iii) The number of deaths per thousand would be 25. The term used for this is ‘Death rate’.

• Stage 5 in Demographic Transition Theory is the last stage.
• In this stage the birth rate is very low and death rate is high. Therefore, the growth of population is slow or negative growth of population is seen.
• Due to large number of old people the death rate is high and due to a smaller number of young people birth rate is low.
• Tertiary activities are more developed and they contribute more to the economy.
• The standard of living of people is high, economic condition of the country is good.
• In this stage government provides high quality educational and medical facilities.
• Overall people are happy due to healthy environment and comfortable life.
• For example, Norway, Sweden, Finland are in this stage.

1. Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Theory is the stage of expanding population.

2. From second stage to this stage, death rates are decreasing. Birth rates are also decreasing. Decrease in both birth rates and death rates, reduces the rate of growth of population. But actually, population is growing because the birth rates are higher than death rates.

3. In this stage, since the country is making progress, the income of the people is above the subsistence level and there is an improvement in the standard of living of the people. Poverty is also reducing.

4. There is development of technology as a result secondary and tertiary activities develop.

5. Due to increase in education level, people understand the importance of family planning so size of family reduces.

6. In short in stage 3 countries are moving from developing stage to developed stage.

Correct option: (c) Construction

• Generally, retirement age is 60 years in most of the countries. People of this age come under non-productive or dependent age group.
• In most of the countries life expectancy of population is increasing so old age population is increasing.
• Due to high number of old age population government has to spend more on pension, retirement benefits, medical facilities etc.
• Due to high life expectancy people can work for longer than just 60 years of age.
• Therefore, many countries are considering to increase retirement age.

• In India, since there is a decrease in the birth rates and death rates, the growth rate of population is also decreasing.
• Due to the development in the country, income of the people has reached above subsistence level, standard of living is improved, poverty is decreasing, technology is developing.
• Number of people engaged in secondary and tertiary activities are increasing.
• Due to increase in the literacy rate, people have understood the importance of family planning. Therefore, there is a decrease in the size of family.
• Hence, India is passing through Stage 3 of demographic transition.

Correct option: (b) Fishing

• The economic development of the country depends upon number of people in young age, adult age and old age groups.
• The population in young age group i.e., 0-15, are non-working and dependent population.
• The population in old age group i.e., 60+, are also non-working and dependent population.
• Larger percentage of old age population means more expenses on medical facilities.
• The population in adult age group i.e., 16-59, are working population and there is more economic development of the country.
• A greater proportion of young and old age group compared to adult age group leads to less economic development of the country.

India is passing through stage 3 right now.

1. It is believed that there is a hell named ‘poo’ and a son’s birth can stop them from
   reaching this hell,
2. To take forward the family tree and
3. To support them financially during old days.

The population of the world and of India.

• World: 7 billion
• India: 1.25 billion,

(i) 1000 to 1600 population increase 2 times in 6 hundred years. 

(ii) 1600 to 1900 population increased 3 times in 3 hundred years. 

(iii) 1900 to 1960 population increased 2 times in 6 hundred years. 

(iv) 1960 to 2000 population increased 2 times in 4 hundred years.

Despite laws banning child marriage still it happens in many parts of our country. Since they get married very early, their fertility rate is very high and also very lengthy. This results in the birth of more – number of children.

As population increases, the natural resources deplete at a fast rate. The future generation may then not be able to use the resources.

1. Last two decades there is highly centralised military rule in Brazil so there was demand for local autonomy. Brazil sought to decentralised government authority and promote citizen participation to establish democracy.

2. Brazil became decentralised federation when it undertook transformation of governance. 

3. As result authoritarian military regime came to an end.

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Expanding medical services and its effectiveness:

• In India death-rate has come down but it is still higher than some of the developed countries. Advancement in medical science has increased the services and facilities for child birth and health of the new born.
• Efforts should be made to see that vaccination facilities are available easily and everywhere. Awareness regarding communicable and sexual diseases like AIDS, various infections, etc. should be increased. This can help to reduce death-rate and infant mortality rate.
• India was the first county in the world to introduce population policy to control population. A committee was set up to frame New Population Policy of 2000 under the Chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.

In 1871 the first population census conducted in India.

The causes of this normal growth are epidemics, wars and famines which increase death rate.

Causes of population increase:

Two factors affect population increase. 

1. Birth-rate and
2. Death- rate.

• The difference that arises between the birth-rate and death-rate becomes the cause of population increase. In other words, we can say that high birth-rate and low death-rate leads to population increase.
• Based on the difference we can study the causes of the difference and take measures to control population.

• In 1901, rural population was 21.2 crores (89.1%) which increased to 83.02 crores (68%) in 2011. In terms of number, the rural population has increased but while looking at the percentage we can see that there is a fall in rural population. Majority of this decrease is due to migration of rural people into cities.
• Lack of employment opportunities and the existence of widespread disguised unemployment and under employment are among the chief reasons for decrease in rural population.
• There are large scale employment opportunities in urban areas which force rural population to migrate to urban areas.

• Birth rate and death rate are the important components of population change.
• Birth rate is the number of live births in a year per thousand population.
• Death rate is the number of deaths in a year per thousand population.
• Population growth depends upon birth rate and death rate in a year.
• Population growth occurs not only by increasing birth rate but also because of decreasing death rate.
• When birth rate is more than death rate, population increases.
• When birth rate is less than death rate, population decreases.
• If both, birth rate and death rate is same then population is said to remain stable. However, the birth rate and death rate being same is only a hypothetical situation.

Correct option is (C) Infant mortality rate

Two advantages of small family are:

(a) Parents can give more attention to their children. 

(b) Small family helps every country in controlling the growth of population.

(a) Illiteracy:

Most of the rural population which forms the bulk of our society is still illiterate, ignorant and superstitious.

They also do not know the functioning of the human reproductive system.

(b) Traditional Beliefs:

Among the people from lower strata of the society, children are regarded as a gift of God and a sign of prosperity.

Therefore, they make no effort to avoid pregnancy.

Population growth is not the only threat humanity is facing, but it will be a major contributor to the crises that await us and the planet in the coming century. Overpopulating the planet puts us all at risk of extreme environmental and social consequences that we are beginning to witness today. The extreme growth in human population is mortally taxing the Earth and its resources. Each individual person has a unique impact on the planet's environment. Some people may be relatively less damaging than others, but no living individual is without an ecological footprint. In other words, each person needs basic resources and almost all people aspire to utilize significantly more resources than are required by their basic needs. As a result, the Earth is attempting to impose its own checks on human population. We can witness these "checks" in the form of widespread disease and the emergence of new disease strains, food and water shortages, poor harvests and violent and destructive weather caused by climate change. While it should be obvious that the Earth is a finite sphere and cannot endure infinite growth by any single species, we should also remember that Earth's current web-of-life is the result of billions of years of complex evolution. It is irreplaceable. When we look forward to the next 40 years, the most significant population increases will take place in the areas of our world where natural resources and the infrastructure of modernity are already the scarcest. 95% of the human population growth is occurring in countries already struggling with poverty, illiteracy and civil unrest. It will further stress, the already strained ecological systems and worsen poverty in much of the developing world, thus aggravating threats to international security.

Thus, the statement made by an author 'some great author has said that a population explosion is far more dangerous than an atomic explosion' is true.

Permanent or temporary shifting of residence of people from one place to another is called migration.

Migration across international boundaries is called international migration. The inward movement of people to a country is called immigration and the outward migration of people from one country to another is called emigration.

Migration within the country from one state to another state is called interstate migration. When people migrate from within the state is called intrastate migration. Migration from one district to another district is called inter-district migration. This type of migration are of four types.

1. From village to another village

2. From town another town.

3. From village to town

4. From town to village

Correct option is (D) 170 lakh

Correct option is (B) Second

(i) Population The total number of people living in a country at a given point of time. 

(ii) Census Process of collection ,compilation and publication of information relating to different aspects of people living in a country at a specific point of time. 

(iii) Birth rate The number of live births per thousand persons in a year. 

(iv) Death rate Number of death per thousand in a year 

(v) Million plus cities / Mega Cities Cities with a population of one million and above. There are 35 million plus cities in India .eg. Delhi,Chennai,Mumbai,Bangalore. 

(vi) Urban Agglomeration ( Not required) Around the core of each town or city, cluster of urban settlements have developed which are linked to the economy of the country .They are known as urban agglomeration. They are extension of cities but are not covered by defined municipal limits. 

(vii) Sex Ratio Number of females per thousand males in the population. 

(viii) Age composition Population can be divided according to categories of people of various age groups. Age composition of people is usually expressed in terms of three broad age groups: children below the working age,(below 15 years),persons in working age ,(15-59 years) and old persons above working age( above 59 years).Anyone who is engaged in productive work and has the ability to do so is a part of the working population. The dependent population is in the age group below 15 and above 59 years.

The number of children born out of every 1000 females belonging to the age group of 15-49 years is known as fertility rate.

High fertility rate:

Fertility rate refers to the number of children born out of every 1000 females belonging to the age group of 15-49 years.

• High fertility is an important characteristic of Indian population.
• In 1961, on an average a women belonging to this age group used to give birth to 6 children. This fell to 3 children in 2011. Still the number is quite high.

Reason for this characteristic are:

• Early marriage leads to longer fertility period for women.
• A very less number of women belonging to this fertile group are unmarried.

The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age-old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

High infant mortality rate:

• Out of every 1000 children born in a given year, the number of children that die within one year of age is known as infant mortality rate.
• Infant mortality rate is quite high in India in comparison to developed countries.
• The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age-old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.