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• Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. 
• This information is an important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time. 
• The sex ratio in the country has always remained unfavorable to females. 

It is necessary to study the structure of the population of a country due to :

1. We need different components of population such as age structure, sex ratio, occupational structure for the economic and social planning of a country.

2. The different aspects of population have a close relationship with developoment on the one hand. These are affected by population and on the other hand these affect population and development. For example, if the percentage of children and old age people is high in age structure, a country has to spend more on education and health facilities. On the other hand, a high percentage of working age group encourages the economic development of a country.

These are the advantages of study of age structure of population:

1. By determining the 0-14 age group the govt, knows that there is need of expenditure on education, health and social services. So new schools, health centres and community centres are opened.
2. We know the number of eligible voters in the country which is vital for a democracy. There should be 58% voters per age group, but actually there are 60% of voters in the country.

Age-wise population of India:

• The classification of Indian population into various age groups is called age- wise population of India.
• The total population is divided into three age groups. They are:
  1. 0-14 years,
  2. 15-64 years and
  3. 65 and more
• The study of age-wise population helps in understanding aspects like productive and unproductive age groups and hence, working and non-working population.
• Changes in death-rate and fertility rate affects the age-wise classification of population. This in turn affects in future affect the family size and the labour market.

When there is an increase in population, it is called positive growth of population. There are situations where the population of a place declines. This is termed as negative growth of population.

1. Human Development Index is calculated by taking into account the values of economic, health and education parameters.

2. Thus, Human Development Index is calculated on the basis of Gross National Product, life expectancy and literacy rate. 

3. Human Development Index indicates the standard of living, economic and social welfare, quality of life, opportunities available and freedom. Therefore, the real progress of a country is understood with the help of the Human Development Index.

Correct option: (b) Asia

Correct option: (c) Australia

Correct option: (d) Africa

Correct option is (iv) migration

4. All of these

2. fewer taxpayers

3. Constant population

Correct option is (iv) 16 to 59

Population composition or demographic structure: Refers to the physical, sociocultural and economic attributes of the population such as age and sex, place of residence, language, religion, martial status, literacy, etc. Significance: The characteristics of population composition are measurable and help in distinguishing one group from another. 

Two Characteristics of a population are : 

1. Rural and Urban Composition: This is on the basis of where a person resides. Rural refers to villages and urban refers to cities and towns. 

2. Age and sex Composition : It refers to the percentage of people in different age groups in a given population and sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males in a population).

1. Population size and distribution. 

2. Population growth and purposes of population change. 

3. Characteristics or qualities of the population.

• The productivity of the country depends upon working and nonworking population in the country.
• If more people are working and fewer people are non-working, then resources are invested in other areas, so there is a boost to the country’s economic development.
• Due to boost in economy per capita income increases.
• Thus, there is economic benefit to the country which is dividend and it benefits all in the country.

The % of children below the age of 15 and the aged above 59 years affect the dependency ratio because these groups are not producers. These are the dependant groups. 

Birth-rate:

• The number of children born per every 1000 persons during any given year is known as birth-rate.
• Birth-rate =  The number of live-births in a given year / Total population  × 1000
• Birth-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of rise in population per 1000 persons.

Correct option: (b) Sub-Saharan Africa

1. India’s population as on March 2001 stood at 1.028 million, which account for 16.7% of the world’s population. 

2. These 1.02 billion people are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28 million sq. km, which accounts for 3.28% of the world’s area. 

3. The 2001 census data reveals that Uttar Pradesh with a population of 166 million people is the most populous state of India. UP accounts for 16% of the country’s population. On the other hand, Sikkim has a population of just 0.5 million and Lakshadweep has only 60 thousand people. 

4. The population density of India in the year 2001 was 324 persons per sq. km. Densities vary from 904 persons per sq. km. in West Bengal to only 13 persons per sq.km in Arunachal Pradesh. 

Population trends refer to acquiring data and interpreting important aspects of population like, size of population, population growth rate, birth-rate, death- rate, rural-urban population, proportion of female to male population, etc.

Correct option is (B) Swaminathan

The number of persons per every 1000 persons during any given year is known as death-rate.

Death-rate =  No. of people died in a given year / Total population  × 1000

Death-rate is not measured on the basis of percentage but on the basis of number of deaths per 1000 persons.

All those children and old age persons come in dependent population who cannot earn and are dependent on working population.

The number of persons per sq. km is called density of population. 

• Children (below 15 yrs) : They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care. They are called depended population. 
• Working Age (15-59 yrs) : They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population. 
• Aged (59 yrs n above) : They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment. They too are called depended population.

Population policy:

• A population policy is a policy framed by a country in order to take its population to a level that it feels is optimal.
• India was the first county in the world to introduce population policy to control population.
• India framed its National Population Policy in 2000 under the chairmanship of Dr. M.S Swamipathan.
• Under this policy India made various changes in its programme related to family planning.

Working population is that population which is engaged in different occupation to earn money.

An average number of people living in square kilometres is known as density of population.

Correct option is (C) 1970

Population explosion:

• A rapid increase in the size of population due to factors like decline in infant mortality, increase in life expectancy, etc. is known as population explosion.
• In case of India, its death-rate has fallen rapidly whereas birth-rate has not fallen to that extent. This has resulted in population explosion.
• Population rise is the most important and biggest reason for the various problems faced by the world. The world has never ever witnessed such a fast rate of growth of population as in the present period and India is not an exception.

Population explosion in India:

• Our population has continuously increased between the years 1931 and 2011.
• In 1951, the population of India was 36.1 crores. This increased to 121.02 crores in 2011. This means that within the span of 60 years India’s population has increased by 85.7 crores with an average growth rate of around 2.5 percent. 4
• In Indian context, a very high population with a quite high growth rate of population especially after 1970 is known as population explosion.

India’s death rate has fallen, rapidly and as against it, birth rate has not fallen to that extent which has resulted in rise in net population which is – known as population explosion.

When the death rate falls at a slower rate compared to the birth rate it leads rise in population or say population explosion.

• Population above 5,000 
• Density of population above 400 per sq.km 
• 75% or more of the population should be engaged in non-agricultures activities.

Population size refers to total population in a country during different years.

Preference for a male child: The Indian society is dominated by males.

Indians give more importance to sons than daughters for the following three reasons:

• People believe that male child can make the family tree grow further.
• People believe male child will support them financially during old age.
• Due to these reasons people keep on trying for a male child unless they get one. This mad rush increases the family size and hence the birth-rate.

A list of advantageous factors affecting population distribution is as follows:

1. Availability of sufficient sunlight, clean air and water. 

2. Region with low altitude 

3. Moderate rainfall and temperature 

4. Fertile soil 

5. Deposits of minerals 

6. Industrialisation 

7. Urbanisation 

8. Availability of transportation facilities 

9. Availability of market 

10. Political stability 

11. International peace 

12. Favourable government policies 

13. Favourable social customs and traditions.

A list of disadvantageous factors affecting population distribution is as follows: 

1. Shortage of sufficient sunlight, clean air and water. 

2. Region with high altitude 

3. Extremely less or more rainfall and temperature 

4. Infertile soil 

5. Scarcity of minerals 

6. Low industrialisation 

7. Lack of urbanisation 

8. Non-availability of transportation facilities 

9. Non-availability of market 

10. Political instability 

11. International disputes 

12. Unfavourable government policies 

13. Evil social customs and traditions.

The following are the aspects considered in the structure of the population:

1. Sex ratio/structure: Sex ratio/structure is a structure that considers the sub division of population on the basis of gender. 

2. Age structure: Age structure is a structure that considers the sub division of population as per age groups. 

3. Occupational structure: Occupational structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of dependency and workability. 

4. Rural – urban structure: Rural – Urban structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of area of residence. 

5. Literacy structure: Literacy structure is a structure that considers sub division of population on the basis of capability of reading and writing

(i) Incorrect. 

Correct sentence: The population density of a region can be understood from its area and the total volume of population living in it.

(ii) Correct.

(iii) Correct.

(iv) Incorrect. 

Correct sentence: Greater economic prosperity as well as higher standards of living, higher quality of life, availability of opportunities, freedom, etc, indicate the development of region.

(v) Incorrect. 

Correct sentence: Developing countries have and HDI of 0.50 to 0.60.

1. Health. Health is considered as one of the important aspect of population structure which affects the development process of a country. Due to continuous government efforts, people’s health is continuely improving. In 1951, death rate was 25 per 1000 but in 201 h, it reduced to 7.9 per thousand. In the same way average age in 1951 was 36.7 years which also increased to 65.2 years in 2011.

This important change came due to many factors such as health of people, security from many diseases, using modern facilities etc. Government has opened up thousands of hospitals, dispensaries, health centres to provide better health services to the people. Even then health is a major cause of concern for us. Per capita calorie consumption is still quite less. A large portion of our population is still unable to get nutritious food. Clean drinking water and basic health facilities are still a distinct reality for large number of people. To remove such problems, a proper population policy is required.

2. Occupation. The percentage of working population in economy is an important indicator of development. Division of population on the basis of different occupations is called occupational structure. People are actually engaged in different occupations which are divided in three parts—primary, secondary and tertiary.
(а) Primary occupations. It includes agriculture, pastoralism, fishing, mining etc.
(b) Secondary occupations. It includes industries, construction etc.
(c) Tertiary occupations. It includes those people who give their services to the people such as administration, banking, insurance sectors etc.

The proportion of people engaged in different occupations is different in developed and developing countries. In developed countries, more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors. But in developing countries, more people are engaged in primary sector. In India, 53% people are engaged in primary sector, 13% in secondary sector and 20% in tertiary sector. During recent times, this number has witnessed a continues change due to development of industrialization and urbanization.

(i) Incorrect. 

Correct sentence: The state of Maharashtra has imbalanced population.

(ii) Correct.

(iii) Correct.

(iv) Incorrect. 

Correct sentence: Most of people in rural areas are engaged in primary activities.