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Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is 20%.

(d) Chloride shift

The length of human trachea is about 12 cm.

When a person travels quickly from sea level to elevations above 8000 ft, where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen are lowered, the individual responds with symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS)- headache, shortness of breath, nausea and dizziness due to poor binding of O₂ with haemoglobin. When the person moves on a long-term basis to mountains from sea level his body begins to make respiratory and haematopoietic adjustments.

To overcome this situation kidneys accelerate production of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. When a person descends deep into the sea, the pressure in the surrounding water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume.

This decrease in volume increases the partial pressure of the gases within the lungs. This effect can be beneficial, because it tends to drive additional oxygen into the circulation, but this benefit also has a risk, the increased pressure can also drive nitrogen gas into the circulation.

This increase in blood nitrogen content can lead to a condition called nitrogen narcosis. When the diver ascends to the surface too quickly a condition called ‘bends’ or decompression sickness occurs and nitrogen comes out of solution while still in the blood forming bubbles. Small bubbles in the blood are not harmful, but large bubbles can lodge in small capillaries, blocking blood flow or can press on nerve endings.

Decompression sickness is associated with pain in joints and muscles and neurological problems including stroke. The risk of nitrogen narcosis and bends is common in scuba divers. During carbondioxide poisoning, the demand for oxygen increases. As the 02 level in the blood decreases it leads to suffocation and the skin turns bluish black.

(d) CO₂ and H⁺

(C) Nasal cavity

(D) Diaphragm

The structural and functional units of the Lung are alveoli

A) The diaphragm contracts – volume of chest cavity increased

1. Pharynx is the common passage of both air and food. 

2. From here air enters into trachea and food enters into oesophagus. 

3. Pharynx is connected to larynx through glottis a slit like opening. 

4. A cartilagenous flap called EPIGLOTTIS act as a lid over glottis and prevents food from entering into trachea during swallowing.

5. Any food particles enters the trachea it causes chocking. 

6. Sometimes the food particles are forced back by cough.

The rate of breathing increases while walking uphill at a normal pace in the mountains. 

1. It is because as we go up the hill above sea level the concentration of oxygen is greatly reduced. So we have to breathe more to get required amount of oxygen. 

2. While walking uphill a lot of oxygen is used by our body to release energy from glucose. 

3. This leads to lack of oxygen in the cells.

4. We take in oxygen when we breathe. 

5. Hence to increase the amount of oxygen intake there is an increase in breathing rate during walking uphill.

Answer is (B) 1 and 2

(B) mitochondria

B) When we send yeast cells into sugar solution in absence of O₂ ethanol is formed.

(C) expiration

The membrane that protects the lungs Pleura

(B) Aerobic respiration

Orchid: A plant that has flowers with three parts, the middle one being like a lip.

Glucose and fatty acids are used for the production of energy in all living organisms.

Gradient: The rate at which oxygen changes, or increases and decreases between one region and another region.

The expulsion of air from the lungs to the atmosphere is known as Expiration.

Ventilation/breathing.

There are two types of respiration.

They are : 

1. Aerobic respiration and 

2. Anaerobic respiration.

Marsh: An area of low flat land that is always wet and soft.

D) Metabolic activities

(D) all the above

1. The lungs cannot draw in air or push it out by themselves. The chest wall muscles and the diaphragm helps the lungs in moving air into and out of them.

2. If diaphragm is not there in the body, we would not be able to breathe. 

3. The diaphragm is the major muscle in the process of respiration. 

4. It separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 

5. In the absence of diaphragm, the relaxation and contraction of the chest wall muscles do not take place and thereby inspiration and expiration become difficult that leads to death of the person.

If I have a chance to meet pulmonologist, I would like to ask the following questions: 

1. What is pulmonary respiration? 

2. What is the organ involved in pulmonary respiration? 

3. What is the name of blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood to lungs? 

4. What is the name of the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? 

5. Out of the two lungs which one is larger than the other? 

6. What type of diagnostic test will be performed to assess the function of lungs? 

7. What is pulmonary edema? How does it occur? 

8. Can all the diseases of the lungs be cured permanently?

1. Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organism alive.

2. The energy that is obtained from respiration is used to build the organism by way of cell growth, reproduction and cell repair, etc. 

3. All systems in living beings need energy to survive. 

4. Respiration helps to expel out the toxic carbon dioxide out of the cells. This CO₂ will be utilised by the plants to produce food materials through the process of photosynthesis. 

5. The respiratory system goes into operation from the movement of our birth and works without ever stopping as long as we live our breath continues. 

6. During exhalation, the vocal cords in the larynx vibrate to produce sounds and help in speaking as we like.

Lactic acid.

Anaerobic respiration : 

1. Respiration that occurs without oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration. 

2. It is present in primitive organisms and muscular cells in higher animals. 

3. Alcohol, CO₂ and H₂O are end products in this process.

4. C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅+6O₂+ 6H₂O +56 KCal 

Merits: 

1. In the absence of oxygen it is good process. 

2. Mechanism is simple. 

3. Suitable to microorganisms 

Demerits:

1. Provides less energy 

2. Not suitable to higher animals