Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

1. Internal sovereignty. 

2. External sovereignty.

1. Democratic government. 

2. Dictatorial government.

Society was there before the State. It is prior to the State. Society has got variety purposes whereas the State only one object.

Membership of the State is Compulsory. It is Voluntary or Optional in the case of association. A Person can be a Citizen of only one State at a time. On the other hand, he can become a member of many associations at the same time.

Associations are a group of people united together to realize some common goals. They are Social institutions. The State is one among associations. Ex. Lions club.

The four Elements of the State are:

1. Population 

2. Territory 

3. Government 

4. Sovereignty

State is called as ‘The association of associations.

The Teutonic term ‘Status’ may be regarded as the root word of the term State in Political Science.

Rousseau says the population of the state should be 10,000.

Kautilya is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’.

Romans says ‘‘civitas’’ and Italians say ‘statio’.

The hight population state in the world is China.

The welfare of the people is the main purpose of a state.

The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

State means an assembly of people occupying a definite territory, having an organized government and subject to no outside control. (Sovereignty)

State is the most essential human organisation.

Nationalism is a force that binds the people to a sense of integrity and loyalty to their country. It is a spirit of oneness or common consciousness that binds a community together. Nationalism is a sense of political identity and emotional attachment to one’s ‘homeland’.

The forms of Nationalism from a political perspective are:

• Liberal Nationalism: Its origins are in the ideals of the French Revolution.
• President Woodrow Wilson linked the concept of a nation to the right to self determination and sovereignty.
• Conservative Nationalism: It views a nation as a closely linked society with great importance to patriotism and the concept of ‘motherland’.
• Expansionist Nationalism: It is aggressive nationalism, which leads to imperialism, conquest, and colonialism. It has been seen in European imperialism by countries like England, Italy, Spain, France, etc.
• Anticolonial Nationalism: It refers to liberation struggles for independence from colonial rule, e.g., Indonesian freedom struggle from Dutch colonial rule.

(a) Sovereignty: It signifies the supreme power of the State internally as well as externally. It means an independent nation with its own constitution.

(b) Government: This refers to the agency through which the will of the state is expressed. Modern governments have three organs viz. legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government must be independent. Institutions of the State are ‘public’ institutions and have the legitimacy to act on behalf of the State. These institutions are responsible for making and implementing laws to promote the general welfare of the people. There are various kinds of government based on their creation or style of function for e.g., democracy or dictatorship, republic or monarchy, presidential or parliamentary system, etc.

(c) Population: A State is an association of human beings. The progress of a State depends on the quality of the population. Some states viz. China, India, etc., have a large population while some States have a small population viz. Monaco, Belgium, etc. The population may be homogeneous e.g., Israel or diverse e.g. erstwhile USSR comprised of many nationalities like Russians, Ukrainians, Latvians, etc. Thus a ‘State’ may comprise of many ‘nations’.

(d) Territory: A State is recognized by its territory. This includes the land area within its boundaries, the airspace above the area, and surrounding territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles). The area within which the State has the authority to govern is called its jurisdiction. Some states have a small territory e.g., Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, etc., while other States e.g., Brazil, Russia, India, and Australia have a large territory. Most States have compact territory e.g., India, while some states which exist as islands have scattered territory e.g., Indonesia.

This statement is True.

• Sovereignty refers to the supreme power of the state internally as well as externally.
• The State is free from external control and also legally sovereign with its own independent constitution.

The supreme power of the state is called Sovereignty. It can not be questioned by any person in the state. The two aspects of Soverignity are as follows

Internal sovereignty means the supremacy of the state overall individuals and associations within its territory. Every independent state has some person, assembly or group which has the final legal power to command and enforce the authority on behalf of the state. It issues all the orders within its jurisdiction and receives orders from no one. It is absolute and has no legal limitations. Hence the laws of the state are final and binding.

External sovereignity means the state is independent of all external control and force which can coerce a state into obedience. A state is free and equal with other states. An independent state can enter into any treaty or agreement and have its own foreign policy to carry on its own foreign affairs without any interference from other states.

Aristotle defines the state as “A Union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficient life, by which we mean a happy and honorable life”.

According to Bluntschli. The state is Politically Organized people According to Wilson, “The state is a people organized for law within a definite territory”. According to Laski, “The state is a territorial society divided into government and subject, etc, claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions”.

The above definitions show that there are four essential elements of the state.

1. Population. 

2. Territory. 

3. Government. 

4. Sovereignty.

1. population: People are the most important essential of the state. If there are no people there will be nobody to rule and nobody to be ruled. A vacant island or desert can’t constitute a state. Hence, the population is essential for state and without population there can be no state.

For Aristotle, the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be well-governed. The actual population is less than the optimum; the natural resources can’t be fully utilized. If it is more, poverty will be the result.

2. Territory: Territory is a definite area of earth’s surface where people reside permanently. We can’t think of a state without territory. The area within these boundaries constitutes the “Territorial Jurisdiction” of a state.

There is no fixed limit to the size of the territory, it may be generally laid down that there should be a proper balance between population and territory.

3. Government: For the peaceful existence, gout is very much essential for a state. The government is the machinery, which regulates controls and directs human behavior in society. It is an agency of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and executed. The entire population of a political community makes a state. The gout is composed of few persons duly elected or selected. There are branches of government. They are legislature, executive and judiciary. The form of government differs from state to state.

4. Sovereignty: It means the supreme power of the state. The term sovereignty derived from the Latin word supreranus, which means supreme. There are two aspects of sovereignty Internal and external ‘sovereignty’. Internal means supreme legal authority and group within its territory. External means freedom of state from any kind of outside control. It means Pot – Independence of state. ‘Sovereignty’ is the most important element of the State.

 The Citizen of a Nation Enjoys two kinds of Citizenship, one of his nation and another is of the state where he actually resides. 

E g: U S A and Switzerland.

1. Power is relative 

2. Power is Circumstantial.

1. To realize social good: the existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties: rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property: state is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society: The state also protects the weaker section of the society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society: A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary 7 to prevent anarchy. 

6. State creates order and Progress m the world: The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

I agree with the above statement.

In Political Science, the term ‘State’ is used to describe a sovereign country. Anti-colonial nationalism led to the freedom struggle in India and subsequent independence from British Rule in 1947.

Any state has the following elements:

• Sovereignty: India achieved the status of a Sovereign Republic on 26th January 1950 when its constitution came into effect.
• Government: As a British colony, there was a government but it was not a sovereign government However, after political independence, a Sovereign, Parliamentary, Federal government was constituted in India.
• Territory: India is defined by its geographical boundaries. Its jurisdiction extends all over its compact territory, now comprising of 29 states and 7 union territories.
• Population: India has a vast population, exhibiting great diversity in terms of ethnicity/race, region and language, culture, religion, and so on. Thus, we can conclude that India is a nationstate.

A country that does not have any religion as State religion, and it gives equal importance to all religions and does not insist on any individual to follow a particular religion is called a Secular State.

Associations are formed to serve different aspects of Social life. Each having its own aims and objectives. Its membership is optional, so they are Voluntary.

An Alien is one who owes his allegiance to his home state and not to the state where he lives temporarily. He enjoys only Civil Rights.

Answer is Nationalism

Answer is Jurisdiction

This statement is False.

• The state has four essential elements i.e. population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Palestine does not have a sovereign government. Its territory is under Israeli jurisdiction.
• Hence, Palestine is a nation, not a State although more than 100 members of the UNO have given recognition to Palestine as a State.

This statement is False.

• Progressive nationalism is integral nationalism that can help people of a society to unite and to promote development towards the objective of national integration.
• Aggressive nationalism is destructive and can create differences amongst people.

Answer is French

The government is the agent of the State. It is the agent through which the will of the State is formulated expressed realized. The State is an abstract concept government, is its concrete form.

1. State is sovereign as the people within the state have to obey the laws made by the state. 

2. In order to operate its sovereign power, the state has to use coercive power. 

3. Membership of the state is necessary for man for his very existence. 

4. State protects and promotes individuals’ welfare. 

5. State has come into existence due to the deliberate and conscious efforts of human beings. 

6. State is dynamic in nature as it keeps changing from stage to stage. 

7. State should necessarily have four elements viz, population, territory, government and, sovereignty.

This statement is True.

• In the expansionist form of nationalism, countries become aggressive, imperialist, and colonialist, and create empires for national glory.
• This has been noticed in Nazi Germany Fascist Italy.

1. State is politically organised Nation is spiritually united 

2. State is objective Nation is subjective.

An emotional feeling of oneness among the people who belongs to common stock is called a nation.

Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A Citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. These are called duties. They are broadly divided into moral and legal duties. The legal duties are general duties that are enforced and recognized by the laws of the state. They are compulsory. If a citizen neglects his duty he is punished. 

The important general duties of a citizen are:

1. Loyalty to the state: Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to Protect and promote unity and integrity of the state and for the maintenance of peace, order, and security of the state.

2. Obedience to law: Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion and disorder.

3. Payment of Taxes: Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest exercise of the right to vote: This duty enables citizens to elect gout of their choice which works for development, welfare, security, etc.

Swami (King), Amatya (Minister), Janapada (Population and territory), Kosha (treasury), Bala (Army), Durga (Fort). Mithra (International relations).

State association serves people from birth to death.

1. Legislature. 

2. Executive 

3. Judiciary

The word ‘nation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Nasci’ meaning ‘to be born’. Thus, the literal meaning of a nation is a people having a common race/ethnicity or cultural linkages. Earnest Barker defines a nation as a body of men, inhabiting a definite territory, who normally are drawn from different races but possess a common stock of thoughts and feelings acquired and transmitted during the course of common history. A nation refers to a large group of people, united in common bonds of geography, race, history, religion, language, sharing common objectives.

Features of a Nation:

Population: A nation must have a population that has a sense of ethnic, historical, and cultural oneness.

Feeling of community: The emotional dimension of a nation is a perception held by the population of psychological oneness i.e., they are a community.

Desire to be politically separate: A feeling of unity and of being a nation is a product of the urge for ‘self determination’. This can lead to a demand for self-governance. This signifies that people who feel united should have the right to decide the type of government that they prefer.

Answer is Nasci

Common Race: [Some writers Say racial purely is a factor, which helps in the formation and continuance of nationality].

People belonging to the same race develop strong bonds of unity and form nationality.

There is no pure race in any nation. The USA, Canada, Switzerland and India are belonging to various origins . Thus the racial unity is a desirable factor for the formation of nationality but an absolutely essential factor.

Common Language: It brings people together. People who speak common language have a strong bond of relationship and unity. It helps people to communicate with each other. For e. g: People of Switzerland speak their languages, Hench, German and Italian but form one nationality. In India, we speak many languages but we belong to one nationality.

Common Race, Common Religion, Common Language, Common Culture and Traditions, Common History.

1. To realize social good: The existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties: Rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property: State is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society: The state also protects the weaker section of society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society: A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress in the world: The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.