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The Gottard Pass located in Switzerland.

North America.

The Means of carrying Goods & Passengers from One place to another place by Road is called Road Transport.

World Distribution of Road:

• In North America highway density is about 0.65 kms/km, as every place is within 20 kms just away from highway. 
• The highest road density & the highest number of vehicles are in North America which accounts 33% of the total length of the roads in the world. 
• Europe has the good density of road network which connects the entire Western and Central European countries. 
• Russia, a vast country developed a dense highway Network in the industrial region West of urals with Vladivostok in the east. 
• Asia has a good Networks of roads. A great highway connects from Turkey in the west to Malaysia in the east through India. In India N.H-7 connecting Varanasi from the north to Kanya kumari in the south is the longest road way. 
• The Longest Road in the World is Pan American highway which connects Alaska- Canada-United States-Mexico. 
• Africa has a few number of good quality roads which connects Algiers in the North to Guinea. 
• In South America, Brazil has parallel Road along the Eastern coast. 
• In Australia 90% of the road network is found along the Coastal Region.

USA – 278.3/100 sq km area.

Liners – are ships used for the transportation of passengers. 

Cargoes – are the ships carrying only the goods.

Tankers – are ships used for the transportation of Petroleum products. 

Refrigerators – Ships are used for the transportation of perishable products.

• American side: The north-pacific sea-route connects the ports are Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, sanfrancis colosangeles. 
• Asian.side: Yakohama, Koba, shanghai, Honking, Manila, Singpore.

(a) The trans – continental stuart highway – connects Darwin to Melbourne. 

(b) The southern highway passes through Kalgoorlie and Koolgardie.

GIS = Geography Information system. 

GPS = Global Positioning system.

It is the Electronic digital World for communicating or accessing information over computer networks.

• Planes leave from Rome Airport of every 3 minus 
• London’s Heathrow Airport is the busiest in the world interms of mail and fright. 
• The British Airways is one of the most important which connects the entire world.

ISRO : INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION.

American wright brothers in 1903.

Vasounez-De-Balboa in 1517 A.D.

The Suez canal is the Busiest canal in the world.

Vasco-Da-Gama in 1498.

Inland Waterways – The movement of goods, passengers, through rivers, canals, lakes known as Inland Waterways. 

The Main Inland Waterways are:

• The Rhine Waterways – The Rhine River flows through Germany & Netherland which is navigable for 700 kms from Rotterdam of Netherlands to Basel in Switzerland.
• The Danube Waterways – This important inland waterway serves Eastern Europe. The river Danube rises in the black forest of Germany flows through many countries. 
• The Volga Waterways – The Volga waterway in Russia provides a navigable waterway of 1200 kms and drains into the Caspian Sea. It has two Canal linkages. They are: 
• The Volga-Moscow – Canal connects with the Moscow region. 
• The Volga-Don – Canal with Black sea. 
• The Great Lakes – St Lawrance Seaway. A Unique commercial waterway in the North Eastern Part of America. This waterway has Duluth and Buffalo ports. 
• The Missipssipi Waterway – The Mississipi Ohio water way connects interior part of USA with the Gulf of Mexico in the south.

• Pipelines have become more popular for transporting certain products for lpng distances. 
• USA has a large network of pipelines. They are transporting natural gas, petroleum and refined products. 
• BIGINCH is the famous pipelines which carries pertroleum from Gulf of Mexico to the north-east states. 
• About 17% of all commodities is carried through pipelines in USA. 
• In Europe pipeline system was laid to distribute refined products from sea ports to inland markets. 
• In Africa, Pipe lines are found in Nigeria and other countries to carry crude oil and natural gas production. 
• In New Zealand Milk is being supplied through Pipelines from farms to factories. 
• China has one of the most impressive networks of pipelines. 
• India has good network of pipelines connecting oil ports and gas fields, refineries and markets. 
• Turkmenistan in Central Asia. Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and also parts of china. ‘

Transport is compared to the circulatory system of the body. It is similar to that of veins which are present in the body.

In a vast country, where there are natural economic, sociological and other diversities, major work of transport is unification of these diversities.

(c) Visakhapatnam

Transport system is divided mainly into the following parts: Land transport, Water transport and Air transport.

Correct Answer is: (c) Mumbai

5 factors affecting the development of transport system are:

1. Physical 

2. Cultural 

3. Economic 

4. Security/safety 

5. political factors

In the year 2015, total length of roads in India was 48.45 lakh km.

Correct Answer is: (c) 16^th

Taking travelers and goods from one place to another place is called transport.

The first railway line in India was from Bombay (VT) to Thane a distance of 34 km.

64, 460  km.

India’s first pipeline-Naharkatia to Baruni.

The central organisation for railway electrification (CORE).

“Sputnik-I’, It was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.

(a) air  (c) noise

Correct option is (b) connected

Air and noise.

LPG and CNG.

The following are the remedies for reducing pollution:

1. Use fuels that cause less pollution. 

2. Maintain and repair vehicles from time to time. 

3. Use public transport mostly. 

4. Use private vehicles only when necessary. 

5. Plant indigenous trees to enhance biodiversity.

6. Use LPG and CNG fuels which do not cause pollution.

To reduce the burden on local transport build flyovers, walk short distance, avoid unnecessary travel and go to school and work place close to our house.

(1) It increases trachea, lung and eye disorders, e.g. burning of the eyes

(2) The leaves of plants shrivel up and fall, sprouts, get scorched. The growth and development of plants is affected.

(3) The habitat of the animals is harmed and wild animals migrate elsewhere.

(4) Sound pollution causes restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, and psychological disorders.

Noise pollution causes restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, psychological disorders etc.

Automobiles causes air and noise pollution.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).

‘Mangalyann” was launched on 5 November 2013.

The means of carrying goods and passengers through the motor vehicles from one place to another place.

1. National Highways 

2. State Highways 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads

• Air transport is the transportation of goods and passengers by means of aeroplane and helicopters. 
• It is very efficient means for speedy transport of people, mail & goods. 
• It is very essential in times of peace as well as during emergencies. 
• The first air travelling facility was started in India between Bangalore and Hyderabad by “Deccan Airways” in the year 1946. 
• Indian Airways was nationalized in the year 1953. 
• In the year 1996 state airport of Bangalore was declared as an International Airport.

Civil Aviation :- Air transport used for commercial purpose is called civil Aviation.

There are two types of air transport in India namely:

1. The Indian Airlines Corporation to operate internal routes. 

2. Air India International to operate on external routes.

1. The Indian Airlines Corporation :

• Carries passengers cargo and mail to different regions of the country. 
• It operates from 55 domestic stations and provides air service to remote areas. 
• At present the Indian Airlines Corporation has more than 70 air crafts. 
• It connects all the important places in India & neigh bouring countries namely Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Mynmar and Srilanka.

2. The Air India :

• It carries foreign traffic of passengers and cargo. 
• It was established in 1953. – 
• It provides services to 97 destinations outside the country. 
• It operates 59 stations of which 16 are domestic and 25 international. 
• Air India own a fleet of 22 air crafts.

• The first railway line in India was from Bombay (V.T) to Thane, a distance of 34 km, opened on 16th April, 1853. 
• It was followed by a railway line in 1856, from Madras to Arkonam (70 km). 
• Railway line in 1874 from Kolkata to Raniganj (180 km). 
• Then gradually railway lines were constructed to link different parts of the country. 
• At the time of Independence, the length of the railway line was 54,96 km. 
• During post-Independence period, because of the Five year plans, the Indian railway has recorded spectacular progress.
• There were 43 steam, 4,963 diesel and 3585 electric locomotives 55,065 coaches 2,11,763 wagons. 
• The trains moved everyday through more than 7,030 stations. 
• On an average they carried 17 million passengers and 2.8 million lakh tones of freight everyday. 
• At present all the rail operations in India are managed by Ministry of Indian railways. 
• The country’s railways is about 64,460 km of length which is fourth largest railway network in the world and first in Asia. 
• It has transported 7651 million passengers and 921 million tonnes of frieght annually. 
• The Network operates 28 states and 3 union territories.

The major ports located in the west coast of India are (a) Kandla (b) Mumbai.

1. Kandla : It is a tidal port located at Eastern end of Gulf of Kachchh (Gujarat).

• It has a natural harbour and has a vast hinterland, rich in agriculture and animal husbandary. 
• Its main exports consists of leather, petroleum products, chemicals, salt, cement, cotton and silk textiles and edible oils. 
• The imports include crude oil, potash, fertilizers, machines and synthetic rubber.

2. Mumbai: Mumbai is the biggest, most spacious, natural, well shelter, and capital of the Maharashtra state.

• The port is situated towards the eastern side of Mumbai island which runs in a north-east to south-east direction. ‘ 
• The length of this port is 20 kms and width is 6-10 kms. 
• There are 54 berths in its wet dock. This port has become India’s largest oil terminal. 
• It has rich hinterland. 
• Important items of imports are foodgrains, crude oil, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers ore.

• It is very efficient means for speedy transport of people, mail and goods. 
• It is very essential on times of peace as well as during emergencies.

1. Moscow to the Atlantic coast in the West. ’ 

2. Vladivostok along the pacific coast in the East.