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The Czar Nicolson-1891 and opened for transport in 1904.

Marmary under water railway line. It was opened – In-2013 between Asia & Europe.

1. The Trans-Siberian Railway system : It lies in Russia. It is the longest in the world. 

It connects Asia & Europe continents, Moscow with Vladivostok.

• It connects St. Petersberg, Moscow, Yekaterinbug, Tgumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita & Vladivostok. The total length of this railway is 9,289 kms. 
• The Trans-Siberian Railway was Inaugurated by Czar Nicolson in 1891 & opened for transport in 1904. The Most important train Russio which runs in the Trans-Siberian Railway. It takes 6 days and 10 hours to complete the. Journey.

2. Trans-Canadian railway –

• This railway has the length of 2,500 kms which runs from Halifax in the east to Vancouver on the Pacific coast passing Through Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Calgary. It was constructed in 1886. 
• The Quebec-montreal industrial region & the wheat belt of Prairie region with the coniferous forest region in the North. 
• This railway line is the economic artery of Canada through which wheat and meat are exported.

• The trans-Siberian raiway : It lies in Russia it is Longest in the World. It connects Asia & Europe continents, mos cow with Vladivostok its length is 9,289.
• Trans-canadian railway : It has the length of 22,500 kms which runs Halifax in the East to Vancouver on the pacific coast.
• The union and pacific railway: It connects New york on the Atlantic coast to Sanfrancisco on the pacific coast. 
• The Chile-Argentina railway: it is the longest railway line in South America. It connects the Buenos-Aires on Atlantic coast and Valparaiso a- major port on the coast of pacific. 
• The Australian trans-continental railway : It locates in the southern part of Australia as . the Large interior part of desert. It connects perth & Sydney. ‘ 
• Northern trans-continental railway : It connects Seattle to Newyork in USA.
• The southern trans-continental railway : It connects Losangles to Newyork. 
• The Canadian National railway : Iy connects saint John to Vancouver. 
• Trans caucasioan railway : This railway line connects Batum to Kursk. 
• Cape-Cairo railway : It connects Cape Town to cairo in Africa.

(b) Hazrat Nizamuddin to Agra Cantt

(a) Amritsar to Delhi

In olden times, ships did not use fuel engines. They had sails which helped to use the force of wind. They were called sailing ships.

After Mumbai – Ahmedabad, route, it has been proposed to operate bullet trains from Delhi to three other metropolitan cities.

1. Delhi to Lucknow – It will cover 506 km distance in only 1 hour 15 minutes. 2. Delhi to Varanasi – It will cover 782 km distance in 

2 hours 40 minutes only. Expenditure of approximately Rs 43 thousand crore will be incurred on this. 

3. Delhi to Kolkata – A distance of 1513 km will be covered in 4 hours 56 minutes only and an expenditure of approximately ₹ 84 thousand crore will be incurred in this setup.

The first train started to operate in England in the year 1825.

After the revolt of 1857, British started rapid development of Railways in India for the following objectives: 

1. To have control on administration of India. 

2. For assistance in foreign Invasion. 

3. For the benefit of England.

(d) 16 April, 1853

c) Ladakh – Leh Road

A Port is defined as a place of navigable water where ships can shelter for load and unload.

On the Hoogly river 148 km from the sea.

The longest Tunnel of Asia is situated on Konkan railway line and it is 6.5 km long.

The ports of Karnataka are New Mangaluru Port, Karwar Port, Malpe, Bhatkal, Honnavar, Belekeri, Old Mangaluru Port and Tadri Port.

The two main proposed routes of Telgo train are as follows: 

1. Delhi to Mumbai Rail route (1385 km). 

2. Mathura to Palwal Rail route.

Taosan a Chinese traveler in 700 B.C., has described three major trade routes between India and China.

The advantages of air transport are: It is the fastest mode of transport. It helps to take people, post and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time. It is of great help during natural calamities, wars, and other emergencies.

Different types of roads in Karnataka are 

1. National Highways 

2. State Highways 

3. District Road 

4. Village Roads

 (a) 64600 km

Important rail routes of Karnataka are Konkan Railway route, Bangalore Metro Rail route, Ballari, Belagavi, Hassan, etc.

At present, India has 17 railway zones. The Kolkata Metro Railway zone is the 17 th zone of India announced on December 25, 2010.

Correct option is (a) harm

(a) air , (c) noise

If we have to travel a short distance, we should cultivate the habit of working.

Using a vehicle saves time and effort.

We can help reduce pollution in the following ways: 

1. By cultivating a habit to walk short distances. 

2. By riding a bicycle for slightly longer distances. 

3. By using public transport as far as possible.

National water way no -1 from Kolkata to Patna through Gahga and its tributaries with a distance of 2510 km.

• Sahara – Mumbai 
• Indira Gandhi International – Delhi 
• Subash Chandra Bose – Kolkata 
• Anna – Chennai 
• Kempegowda international airport – Bangalore 
• Rajiv Gandhi international airport – Hyderabad.

An electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen. 

• Television can offer video clips of events that show the audience what happened in the accompanying story. 
• The television coverage covers events at all times of the day. 
• Television broadcasting was first started by the government of India under the name of Doordarshan (DD) in Delhi on Sep – 1959.
• Today, Television coverage is provided by Doordarshan to about 90 percent of India’s population in India.

Advantages:

• It is the most effective medium to deliver information to large number of people very quickly. 
• News in different part of the world can be seen with in minutes or even seconds. 
• Television educates millions of people through advertisement. , 
• It is a source of entertainment. 
• It makes a personal appeal and transmits the message directly into the home. 
• It exhibits the persons giving the message.

Disadvantages:

• It is a sort of time – consuming, people waste time in watching. 
• Television is a health hazard to people, especially to children. 
• Television also braodcasts some inappropriate programmes. 
• It is very costly, so it can be used only to a limited extent. 
• It requires lot of concentration, attention of the people.

• The gangas with its tributaries forms the most important inland waterways in India. It is navigable from Kolkata to Patna. It has been declared as the national water way no-1 in 1986. Its length is 2510 km. 
• The Brahmaputra is the second important navigable river next to the Gangas. It is navigable from Kolkata to Dibrugh (1280) km. The water way between Satiya and Dhubri (891) km in Assam was declared as a National waterways no-2. 
• River of south India are not suitable for navigation. However the deltaic parts of the Godavari (300) km. The Krishna (60 km) and the Mahanadi are useful for.navigation. 
• There are some navigable canals, which serve as inland waterways the Buckingham canal (418 km) along the east cost of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu is the longest navigable canal. The Kurnool cuddapah canal in Andhra Pradesh and the some canal in Bihar are also used for inland navigation! , 
• The backwaters and lagoons of Kerala are used for navigation.

Imports of India : Imports trade of India refers to buying goods from foreign countries and bringing them to home country. 

The main items of Imports of India are :

1. Petroleum crude and products : 

• It is the most important materials of Indian.Imports. 
• In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,58,572 crores worth of crude oil and other petroleum products. 
• It contributed 23% of our total imports.

2. Pearls precious and semi precious stones : India imported rupees 33,881 crores worth of precious stone.

3. Capital goods : In 2006-2007 India imported rupees 2,51,136 crores worth of capital goods.

4. Fertilizers : India is a major importer of chemical Fertilizers. It is because the country is agrarian and the Internal production of fertilizers is insufficient. Potash fertilizers are largely imported.

Exports of India : Export trade of India refers to the sale of goods and services by India to other countries of the world.

The main items of our exports are as follows :

• Agricultural and Allied products: Products such as cereals, pulses tobacco, spices, nuts and seeds, oil meals, caster oil etc. During 2011-2012 exports income is about US dollar 13300.63 million. 
• Ores and minerals: Export of ores and minerals like Iron ore, Manganese, Micca was estimated at US dollar 4700.29 million during 2011-12. 
• Gems and Jewellery: India imports gems and precious stones in their raw form and . exports them after proper cutting and polishing. 
• Electronic goods: Items under this group of consists of machinery, iron, steel and other engineering items. 
• Petroleum products: Export of petroleum products increased to US dollar 34667.02 million.

Correct option is (b) air

Communication through satellites emerged as a new Era in communication technologes.

• Artificial satellites now are successfully even the remote areas of the globe. 
• In India ISRO (Indian Space Reasearch Organisation) at Bangalore is responsible for . ‘ satellite building and launching. 
• Satellites helps to have STD. ISD, Telegraph, Telephone. Telex, E-Mail, Computer networking, Radio, Television, Internet, GIS, GPS and Remote sensing. 
• India has launched INSAT, METSAT and EDUSAT Satellites for different purposes. 
• Insat Satellites helps Television. 
• Metsat Satellites helps the Meterological Department and Weather forecast. 
• Edusat – Satellites helps the education field. 
• Billions of people are using the internet : cyber space will expand the Economic and social space of Humans through email – commerce, E – learning & E – governance.
• Development of Telecommunication and Satellite communication has made the world into a samll global village.

Ships follows paricular paths are called:

• The Nothem Atlantic sea route – It connects north eastern USA and north western Europe. The two industrially developed regions of the world and it is busiest route of the world. 
• The Mediterranean sea route – It passes through the heart of old world like Suez canal, South of Asia and connects South cost & East Asia. 
• The cape of Good hope sea route – It is Oldest sea route. It begins from western Europe countries along the West coast of Africa around cape of Good hope to connect Australia and New zeland. –
• The north – pacific sea route – It links the ports on the west coast of North America. It is not well developed. 
• The south pacific sea route – This sea route connects western europe and north America with Australia, Newzealand and the scattered pacific.islands. 
• The south Atlantic sea route – It connects the Eastern coast of south America with Western coast of Africa and Europe. It is also not well developed.

• The North America – The Greatest air traffic is found in USA with internal and international flights. It has the top airports like Attanta, Chicago, Losangeles, Dallas. 
• South America – It has far air routes. The Major international airports are: Rio-de-Janeiro, Brasilia, Saopaulo, Santiago and Buenos Aires. 
• Africa – It is served by 2 international Airlines. 
• The East African air route through London, Rome, Cairo, Nairobi and Johannesbrug. 
• SriLanka and South East Asia and the Central air route connects Paris, Capetown, logos. 
• Australia – It is a well developed internal and external air services. Sydney is an important international airport.
• Asia – China has external links with other countries of the world. Its enroute location is between Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. 
• The Russian International Air Routes: Russia and other countries of former Soviet Union are well connected by air service. All Countries of the World connects each other through airlines of different comers.

1. The Volga – Mascow eanal. 

2. The Volga – Don canal with the block sea. –

• The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) informely called Mangalyaan (Sanskrit name for Mars craft) is a mars orbiter launched into Earth orbit. 
• On 5^th Nov 2013 by (Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) (8) (9) (10) (11). 
• It is expected to enter orbit around Mars on 24 Sep 2014. 
• The mission is a technology demonstrator project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operation of a Inter planatery mission.

• It is most convenient, efficient and cheap mode of transporting products like crude oil and refined products, gas, water and milk. 
• At present solid materials are also transported through pipeline after converting them into slurry.

Advantages of Pipelines :

• Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrain and also through water. 
• The initial cost of laying the pipelines is high but the subsequent cost of maintainence and operation is low. 
• Pipelines ensure a steady supply and minimizes transshipment losses and delays. 
• Pipelines operation involves very low consumption of energy and keeps the environment free from pollution. 
• Pipeline regions unites industrial regions.

• Disadvantages: 

• The capacity of pipelines cannot be increased once they are laid. 
• The security of pipelines in certain areas and the detection of leakage are difficult. 
• The construction of pipelines are expensive.

Nagpur plan has classified the road into 4 categories : 

1. National highways 

2. State highways 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads.

1. Road ways are more flexible, fast, reliable which is capable of providing door to door service. 

2. It provides employment opportunities. 

3. It plays a vital role in national and international security. 

4. In hilly area, roads are the only means of effective transport.

The world’s highest road is Manali -Leh road in the Western Himalayas. It is at an altitude of 4,270 meters.