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The issue of a file being too large for a USB drive can be solved quite easily by changing the file system of the detachable drive from FAT32 to a more current system, such as exFAT or NTFS.

Before you begin, examine the USB drive you're about to change for any vital files you own, and if it does, copy them to a separate location (such as the PC or a different removable drive). This is important since changing a drive's file system will wipe all of its contents. If you're unsure, go with exFAT: it has better SUPPORT from non-Windows device manufacturers, so if you wish to use the USB drive with either a Mac or Linux computer, possibilities are they'll be able to open the contents without any additional adjusting. If you plan to use the drives with older Windows PCs, such as Windows XP, choose NFTS INSTEAD of exFAT because exFAT is a newer FORMAT that the older computer MAY not recognise.

One of the most prevalent APPLICATIONS of Flash memory is for your computer's basic input/output SYSTEM, sometimes known as the BIOS. When a computer is turned on, the BIOS allows it to do specific tasks right away. The BIOS' primary function is to control the early phases of a computer's starting process, guaranteeing that the operating system is loaded appropriately into memory. BIOS is vital to the functioning of most computers today, and understanding it can help you troubleshoot problems with your machine.

• The Power On Self Test is the first thing the BIOS does once you turn on your computer. The BIOS examines the computer's hardware at the POST to ensure that it can complete the STARTUP procedure. When a POST is successfully finished, the system normally emits a beep. However, if the attempt fails, the system usually produces a sequence of beeps. The quantity, duration, and pattern of such sounds can help you figure out why the test failed.
• After the POST, the BIOS tries to load the operating system using a program called a bootstrap loader, which is made to look for any available operating systems and load them into memory if one is DISCOVERED. At this stage, the BIOS drivers are also loaded. These are programs that allow the computer to control hardware devices simply.
• In addition to computer security, the BIOS can PLAY a role. The boot process can be password-protected in most BIOS software versions, which means you must provide a password before any BIOS action can take place. Because the BIOS performs nearly all of its duties during startup, the entire computer is effectively password-protected. Resetting a forgotten BIOS password, on the other hand, can be time-consuming and need access to some of the computer's highly sensitive components.
• The BIOS software is usually stored on a Read-Only Memory (ROM) or a flash memory chip connected to the motherboard of your computer. Because the BIOS software is the first to take control of the system when you switch it on, the position of the BIOS program on the chip is critical. Your computer's CPU would just not know where to find the BIOS if it wasn't constantly in the same position on the same chip, and the boot process would fail.

Several troubleshooting TIPS are recommended by Google, Mozilla, and Microsoft to assist you to figure out why your Internet browser fails.

• Mozilla, Google, and Microsoft distribute updates for their browsers Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer regularly. These upgrades correct issues while also IMPROVING browser stability and security. Therefore, older versions should be updated from time to time.
• Add-ons make your ONLINE experience better, but incompatible add-ons may crash your browser. It's tough to know which of your add-ons is creating issues if you have a lot of them. All add-ons are momentarily disabled when you run your browser in safe mode. If your browser doesn't crash in safe mode, one of your add-ons is likely to blame. To discover the conflicting add-on, disable all one at a time.
• Malware might crash your browser at any time or when you access specific websites. Malware can reroute your Internet searches or perhaps even take full control of your browser. To scan for malware on your computer, Microsoft suggests using the Microsoft Security Scanner and antivirus.
• Reset the browser to its default state if all other troubleshooting METHODS have failed.

If this OCCURS, an administrator should investigate the problem by looking at the vmware.log and hostd.log log FILES. Vmare.log log files keeps track of virtual machine and ESX HOST activity and the agent that manages and configures the ESXi host and its virtual MACHINES is described in the hostd.log log files.

The ESXTOP tool is USED to evaluate the memory, CPU, and network utilisation of an ESXi HOST. It's an EXCELLENT tool for VMware admins to employ when dealing with performance concerns. To set up ESXTOP, you'll need the vSphere Client, as well as putty and SSH sessions. CPU performance is measured using the COUNTERS percent RDY, percent MLMTD, and percent CSTP.

Press f and place an asterisk NEXT to each field that should be DISPLAYED in ESXTOP to DISPLAY output.

Esxtop displays status information for the physical server running an ESX Server. It displays CPU and memory use for each physical processor, as well as disc and network bandwidth for each network and disc DEVICE connected to the ESX Server system.

The mac-ADDRESS will not be RETAINED by the switch. A database is MAINTAINED in the switch where the mac address is stored. When the port is turned off, the mac address is REMOVED from the switch's mac-address database.

The THREE steps you'd take to troubleshoot a problem with an FTP server are:

• Ping can be used to test basic connectivity.  The "ping" command uses a "echo request," which is an ICMP component (Internet Control Message Protocol). When you ping a DEVICE, you're making an echo request, and if the device is active or online, you'll get an echo back.
• Use Nmap to see if the ports are open (20 and 21). The Nmap HOSTED security tool can ASSIST you in determining the effectiveness of your firewall and security settings. Ports are numbered addresses for network communication on current operating systems. By default, different types of services use distinct ports. Because port configuration might pose a security risk, knowing which ports are open and which are blocked is crucial. 
• Check to see if the server's TRAFFIC is being restricted by a firewall.

OS settings or other SYSTEM issues MIGHT cause some program faults. Safe Mode is a troubleshooting environment available in both Windows and Mac operating SYSTEMS. Safe Mode disables non-essential applications and processes, allowing you to isolate PROBLEMS more easily. WHENEVER your system is in Safe Mode, run the troublesome software and try to reproduce the issue you were experiencing while it was in regular mode. If you don't experience the same issue in safe mode, it's likely that the problem is exacerbated by your operating system or another software rather than the application you're debugging.

A Protocol analyzer is a sophisticated tool for locating network problems. It is the SOFTWARE that INTERCEPTS and RECORDS the flow of data packets between the source and the destination. For example, if the system is slow, it can check for latency difficulties and other networking issues, which will aid in the diagnosis of the MAIN cause.

A Ping is a tool for determining whether or not an IP address is connected to another TCP/IP computer. It's a piece of computer network administration software that checks a host's reach on an Internet Protocol network. It's compatible with almost any operating system that has NETWORKING capabilities, as well as the majority of embedded network administration applications.

The PING utility validates reachability to the remote end's destination host using IP ICMP echo request and echoes reply MESSAGES. The reception of related echo Reply messages, as well as round-trip times, are displayed. The most used TCP/IP command for troubleshooting connectivity, reachability, and name resolution is ping. It CONTAINS two messages: the first is whether the data packet is capable of sending and receiving messages from the destination IP address, and the second is the process' RTT time (RTT means round trip time and is calculated in MILLISECONDS).

A domain is a type of COMPUTER network in which all user accounts, computers, printers, and other security principles are registered with a central database that is located on one or more domain CONTROLLER clusters. A workgroup, on the other hand, is a peer-to-peer LAN that allows computers to share files and printers. Computers and other networking DEVICES can all be part of a domain or workgroup. Each arrangement, however, has a different method of managing network resources.

The primary distinction between a domain and a workgroup is that in a domain, network MANAGERS utilise servers to govern all computers on the domain, but in a workgroup, no computer has control over another. Furthermore, devices in a domain can be connected to many local networks, whereas in a workgroup, all devices are part of the same LAN or SUBNET.

This command is commonly USED for incoming and OUTGOING connections, routing tables, port listening, and use statistics. The NETSTAT command creates graphs that illustrate network and protocol statistics. In table FORMAT, you can see the status of TCP and UDP endpoints, as well as routing table and interface information. For example, while checking the status of a host's listening port or seeing whether remote hosts are connected to a local host on a given port, the netstat command is used.  The netstat UTILITY can also be used to detect whether services on a host are associated with specific active ports.

• Hub (layer 1 Device):
  • Hubs, also known as repeaters, are network devices that operate on layer 1 (the physical layer) to connect network devices for communication.
  • A hub is a BASIC and inexpensive networking device that connects a group of computers to a single network. When a hub receives a data packet (an Ethernet frame) at one of its ports, it broadcasts (repeats) the packet to all of its ports, which includes all other network devices. When two network devices on the same network try to send packets at the same time, a collision occurs.
  • Hub is  a network monitoring tool. They're also employed to give connectivity in businesses. It can be used to create a device that can be accessed from anywhere on the network.
• Switch (layer 2 Device):
  • Switches are network devices that communicate at the OSI model's layer 2 (data link layer)
    Switches are also known as intelligent hubs. A device in a network that FILTERS and forwards packets between LAN segments is a switch.  Switches work at the data connection layer (layer 2) of the OSI Reference Model, as well as the network layer occasionally (layer 3).
  • It enables multiple connections of many devices in the same network, as well as port and VLAN security settings administration.
  • Switch is often used to connect numerous nodes in local area networks. A switch, like a bridge, uses the same forwarding or filtering logic on each port. When a network host or switch sends a message to another network host or switch, the switch receives the frames and decodes them to read the message's physical (MAC) address component. A switch divides a LAN into numerous collision zones, each with its own broadband connection, allowing the LAN's bandwidth to be significantly increased.
• Router (Layer 3 Device):
  • Routers are network devices that operate at the OSI Layer 3 level of communication. Because layer-3 protocols have access to logical addresses( IP addresses), routers can send data across networks . Routers are sometimes known as Layer-3 switches.
  • Router is a data packet forwarding network device. A router connects at least two networks, TYPICALLY two LANs or WANs, or a LAN and its ISPs network and determines how to send each data packet based on its current network status. Its main goal is to use adaptive and non-adaptive routing to connect multiple types of networks at the same time. The router is connected to at least two networks.
  • It controls traffic by routing data packets to the correct IP addresses and it determines the most efficient ROUTE for SENDING packets.

The combined measurements and PROCESSES used to discover, diagnose, and address problems in a computer network are referred to as network troubleshooting. It's a logical procedure used by network engineers to address network issues and increase network performance.

Before you begin troubleshooting any problem, you should have a clear grasp of what the issue is, how it arose, who it affects, and how long it has been present. You'll have a far higher chance of addressing the problem quickly if you acquire the proper facts and clarify the problem, rather than wasting time on useless fixes. To assist diagnose and fixing the issue, you can always start troubleshooting with these simple network troubleshooting procedures.

• Hardware Inspection: To begin, inspect the hardware that is installed on a computer, server, laptop, or other similar devices to ensure that it is connected, switched on, and operational. Sometimes the issue is as simple as a loose cord, a router that has shut down, or an unplugged cord; in these circumstances, network troubleshooting is unnecessary. Other basic methods for debugging network hardware can be followed.
  Perhaps turning the gadget on and off or leaving it off for sixty seconds will cure the problem. CYCLING at a high intensity is also a good way to do so.
• Ipconfig: Ipconfig can be used to display TCP/IP network configuration values, discard a device's current IP and DHCP settings, and refresh a device's DHCP settings. Type ipconfig into the TERMINAL from the command prompt. You may get your default gateway and IP address, but if it starts with 169, it won't get a genuine IP address. In some circumstances, using "ipconfig/renew" to request a new one would solve the problem. If you acquire your IP address through an ethernet cable, the problem is with the router rather than the network.
• Ping and Tracert: The "ping" command lets you send a signal to another device, which, if it is operational, will respond with a response to the sender. The "ping" command employs a "echo request," which is a component of the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). When you ping a device, you're sending out an echo request, and you'll get an echo back if the device is active or online. Tracert command displays all of a packet's steps on its way to its destination.
  If the IP address is correct without ethernet, the issue is most likely between your router and the internet. This is the moment to use ping to check if larger servers can connect to your router. If this is unable to connect to your router, there may be an issue. Tracert, which bounces between your router and server’s DNS, can also be used to track the problem. We can pinpoint the EXACT site of the issue, and if the error occurs early, the issue may be with your local network.
• DNS Check: Use nslookup command to see if the server you're using has any issues. The nslookup command retrieves DNS records for a domain name or an IP address. Remember that DNS servers contain IP addresses and domain names, therefore the nslookup command allows you to query DNS records for information. If you see terms like "timed out," "service failure," "refused," or "network is unreachable" on your screen, the issue is with the DNS rather than your network. To find the precise IP address(es) associated with a domain name, use the nslookup command. There is a DNS problem if this utility is unable to resolve this information. Along with simple LOOKUP, the nslookup tool can query specific DNS servers to discover if there is a problem with the host's default DNS servers.
• ISP (Internet Service Provider) contact: Contact your internet service provider if you have any problems with your internet service. Perhaps there is a problem on their end. You can also use the mobile apps to see if other people are experiencing the same issues by looking up outage maps and associated information.
• Malware and Viruses Check: Malware and Viruses Check is done to see if something is preventing some programs from connecting to the network and running properly. This could be because your antivirus software isn't up to date, or the network is experiencing issues that are being blocked by it.
• Database logs: Checks for faults in your database and database connections if it isn't performing properly. Perhaps it is not working as it should, causing difficulties to spread and the network to slow down.

Some common networking issues are:

• Problem with the cable: The cable that connects two devices can become defective, shorter, or physically damaged.
• Connectivity Issue: The port or interface to which the device is ATTACHED or CONFIGURED MAY be physically down or malfunctioning, preventing communication between the source and destination hosts.
• Incorrect configurations: Network faults and service disruptions can occur as a result of incorrect configuration, IP looping, routing problems, and other configuration difficulties.
• Software Issue: The transmission of IP data packets between the source and destination is DISRUPTED due to software compatibility difficulties and version mismatches.
• Traffic overload: When a network (or a portion of a network) or a network node is overburdened with data, this is known as network congestion. Every network has a limit on the AMOUNT of data it can manage. This capacity establishes a limit on how much bandwidth and traffic your network can handle before performance suffers.
• Network IP problems: The source will be unable to reach the target IP over the network due to poor configuration of IP addresses, subnet masks, and routing IP to the next hop.