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18851.

Question :Define diffusion. Give one example of it in a living system.

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Solution :It is TRANSPORT of materials from higher concentration to LOWER concentration DUE to intrinsic KINETIC energy of the molecules e.g. EXCHANGE of `O_2` of air and `CO_2` of blood at the lung alveoli.
Discussion
18852.

Question : Define diffusioni pressure deficit.

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SOLUTION :The difference BETWEENTHE DIFFUSION pressure of the solution and its solvent at a particular temperature and atmosphericpressure is called as Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD).
Discussion
18853.

Question : Define differentiation. Also give details about how can you distinguish between dedifferentiation and redifferentiation ?

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SOLUTION :(A) Dedifferentiation during growth, meristematic cell divides by mitotic division to form daughter cells.
The cells from root and shoot-apical meristems, cambium or other meristems tends to differentiate and mature to perform specific functions.
This ACT leading to maturation is known as DIFFERENTIATION.
EG cell tends to lose their protoplasm in order to form trachery element.
Those cells also develops a very strong, elastic, lignocellulosic secondary cell walls in order to carry out water to long distances even under extreme conditions.
(B) Dedifferentiation : The LIVING differentiated cells also show another interesting phenomenon, during which they regain the capacity to divide mitotically under certain conditions.
The dedifferentiated cell can act as a meristem e.g. formation of meristems - interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells.
(C ) Redifferentiation: The products of dedifferentiated cells or tissue when lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform specific function is known as dedifferentiation. e.g. Secondary cortex and cork.
Discussion
18854.

Question : Define : Diffusion.

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Solution :The molecules of any substance MOVE from REGION of higher concentration to region of lower concentration. This EVENT is called diffusion. Diffusion is a random MOTION.
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18855.

Question : Define differentiation.

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Solution :The process of maturation of meristematic cells to specific TYPES of cells performing specific FUNCTIONS is CALLED DIFFERENTIATION.
Discussion
18856.

Question : Define deglutition. What is its effect on respiration?

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Solution :Swallowing of FOOD BOLUS from buccal cavity to oesophagus is called deglutition. During swallowing, the uvula MOVES upwards and closes internal NARES while epiglottis closes the glottis, so respiration STOP for a moment.
Discussion
18857.

Question : Define: Deplasmolysis.

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Solution :Deplasmolysis is the ENTRY of WATER into a plasmolysed CELL bringing back cell membrane and other ORGANLLES to normal condition.
Discussion
18858.

Question : What is cytoplasmic streaming?

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Solution :CYTOPLASMIC streaming refers to the MOVEMENT of the cytoplasm ALONG with the cellular MATERIALS inside the cell.
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18859.

Question : Define cyclosis.

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Solution :The MOVEMENT of cytoplasm INSIDE the cell is called cytoplasmic streaming or CYCLOSIS.
Discussion
18860.

Question : Define Cyanobacteria.

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SOLUTION :Cyanobecteria are POPULARLY called as 'Blue green algae' or 'Cyanophyceae'. They are photosynthetic, PROKARYOTIC organisms. Cyanobacteria are primitive FORMS and are found in different habitats.
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18861.

Question : Define cross breeding.

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SOLUTION :BREEDING between a SUPERIOR male of ONE breed with a superior FEMALE is of another breed is known as cross breeding.
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18862.

Question : Define Couplet.

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SOLUTION :COUPLET- The PAIRED CHARACTER in a KEY.
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18863.

Question : Define Complex tissue & mention its types.

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Solution :A COMPLEX TISSUE is a tissue with several TYPES of cells but all of them function together as a single UNIT. It is of types - xylem and phloem.
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18864.

Question : Define Conjugation.

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Solution :J. Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum demonstrated conjugation in E.coli in the year 1946. In this method of gene transfer the donor cells GETS attached to the recipient cell with the help of pili. The pilus grows in SIZE and forms the conjugation tube. The PLASMID of donor cell which has the f+ (fertility factor) undergoes replication. Only one strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell through conjugation tube. The recipient completes the structure of double stranded DNA by synthesizing the strand that complements the strand acquired from the donor.
Discussion
18865.

Question : Define coenocytic mycelium.

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SOLUTION :MULTINUCLEATE and ASEPTATE HYPHAE are COENOCYTIC.
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18866.

Question : Define coefficient of utilization.

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SOLUTION :Precentage of oxygen released by ONE DECILITRE of oxygenated blood and used by the adult PERSON (I.e., 5ml. Of oxygen released out of 20ml PER decilitre).
Discussion
18867.

Question : Define - Cloaca.

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SOLUTION :Cloaca The common CHAMBER into which the intestinal, urinary and genital tracts open. It is PRESENT in birds, reptiles, amphibians, elasmobranch FISHES and monotremes. The cloaca has an opening for EXPELLING its contents from the body and in females it serves as the depository for sperm.
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18868.

Question : What is cladogram? Draw a model cladogram.

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Solution :The OUTCOME of a cladistic analysis is a cladogram, a tree-shaped DIAGRAM that REPRESENTS the BEST hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships.
Discussion
18869.

Question : What is cladistics?

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Solution :The method of classifying ORGANISMS into monophyletic group of a common ancestor BASED on shared APOMORPHIC characters is CALLED Cladistics.
Discussion
18870.

Question : Define circinate ptyxis .

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SOLUTION :It is COILING of YOUNG growing leaves like spring of a watch where growing APEX is PROTECTED .
Discussion
18871.

Question : Define chemical potential and matric potential.

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Solution :Chemical potential is the free energy of ONE mole of a substance is a system under constant temperature pressure.
MATRIC potential is the component of water potential influenced by presence of matric (MATRIX).
Discussion
18872.

Question : Define Cell cycle.

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SOLUTION :A series of events LEADING to the formation of new CELL is KNOWN as cell cycle.
Discussion
18873.

Question : Define cell pool and mention its constituents.

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SOLUTION :The cell components are MADE of collection of molecules called as CELLULAR pool, which consists of both INORGANIC and organic compounds.
Discussion
18874.

Question : Define Capillitium.

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Solution :Capillitium REPRESENTS the branching system of thread like structure FORMED inside the SPORANGIUM of acellular SLIME MOULD at the time of spore formation.
Discussion
18875.

Question : Define calmodulin.

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Solution :CALMODULIN is a `Ca^(2+)` MODULATING PROTEIN in eukaryotic CELLS. It is a heat stable protein involved in FINE metabolic regulations.
Discussion
18876.

Question : Define buds, nodes and internodes. What is the difference between the axillary bud and terminal bud?

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Solution :Buds. The bud is a SMALL compact STRUCTURE and the shoot develops from it. Plumule is the first bud.
Node. It may be defined as a point of ATTACHMENT for a leaf on the stem.
Internode. The interval between two adjacent nodes is called internode.
Axillary bud. The buds which are located in the AXIL of each leaf are called axillary or lateral buds. These buds grow into branches.
Terminal bud. The bud which remains at the rip and CONTINUE to grow indefinitely, is called terminal or apical bud.
Discussion
18877.

Question : Define C-Value.

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Solution :C - VALUE is the AMOUNT in picograms of DNA contained WITHIN a haploid NUCLEUS.
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18878.

Question : Define bud. Explain the types of buds based on location.

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Solution :Buds are the growing points surrounded by protective scale leaves.
1. Terminal bud or APICAL bud : These buds are PRESENT at the apex of the main stem and at the TIPS of the branches.
2. Lateral bud or Axillary bud : These buds occur in the AXIL of the leaves and develop into a branch or flower.
3. Extra axillary bud : These buds are formed at nodes but outside the axil of the leaf as in Solanum americanum.
4. Accessory bud: An extra bud on either SIDE (collateral bud) or above (superposed bud or serial bud) the axillary bud. e.g. Citrus and Duranta.
Discussion
18879.

Question : Define bronchial intercom.

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SOLUTION :A network PRENT inside the ling FORMED by DIVISION and redivision of BRONCHUS.
Discussion
18880.

Question : Define Bolting.

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SOLUTION :Rosette PLANTS (genetic dwarfism) plants EXHIBIT EXCESSIVE internodal growth when they are treated with gibberellins. This sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering is called bolting.
Discussion
18881.

Question : Define branching. Mention its types.

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SOLUTION :The mode of arrangement of branches on a stem is known as BRANCHING. There are TWO main types of branching : 1. Lateral branching and 2. Dichotomous branching.
Discussion
18882.

Question : Define Blackman's law of limiting factors and identify any two important factors which influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

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Solution :Blackman.s LAW of limiting factors. states that when a PROCESS is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors, the rate of process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor. It was proposed by F E Blackman (1905).
Light, carbon DIOXIDE are TWO of the important factors which influence the rate of photosynthesis. If light intesity is increased, rate of photosynthesis INCREASES and other factor `CO_2` become limiting and if `CO_2` concentration increases, rate of photosynthesis will increase and the light become a limiting factor.
Discussion
18883.

Question :list out the aim of biosystematics.

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Solution :• Biosystematics: Biosystematics is an “Experimental, ecological and cytotaxonomy" through which life forms are studied and their relationships are DEFINED.
• Aims of Biosystematics: The aims of biosystematics are as follows:
(a) To delimit the naturally occurring biotic COMMUNITY of plant species.
(b) To establish the evolution of a group of taxa by understanding the EVOLUTIONARY and phylogenetic trends.
(c) To involve any type of data gathering based on modern concepts and not only on morphology and ANATOMY.
(d) To recognize the various groups as SEPARATE biosystematics categories such as ecotypes, ecospecies, cenospecies and comparium.
Discussion
18884.

Question : Define biosystematics.

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SOLUTION :Biosystematics is an “EXPERIMENTAL, ecological and CYTOTAXONOMY” through which LIFE forms are studied and their RELATIONSHIPS are defined.
Discussion
18885.

Question : Define bacteria and bacteriology.

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Solution :BACTERIA are prokaryotic, unicelluar, ubiquitous, MICROSCOPIC ORGANISM. The study of bacteria is called BACTERIOLOGY.
Discussion
18886.

Question : Define Autolysis.

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SOLUTION :Autolysis is the process, where the LYSOSOME CAUSES self destruction of cell on insidght of DISEASE they destroy the CELLS.
Discussion
18887.

Question : Write a note on assimilation.

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SOLUTION :The conversion of ABSORBED food materials into components of CELLS is CALLED ASSIMILATION.
Discussion
18888.

Question : Define ascent of sap.

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Solution :The water within the xylem along with dissolved MINERALS from roots is CALLED SAP and its upward TRANSPORT is called ascent of sap.
Discussion
18889.

Question : Define ascolichen and basidiolichen.

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Solution :If the FUNGAL PARTNER of LICHEN BELONGS to ascomycetes, it is called ascolichen and if it is basidiomycetes it is called basidiolichen.
Discussion
18890.

Question : Define: Ascent of sap .

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Solution :The upword movement (against gravitration) of WATER and DISSOLVED mineral salts absorbed by root SYSTEM in PLANTS towards stem and leaves by xylem tissue is CALLED ascent of sap.
Discussion
18891.

Question : Explain apoplast pathway

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SOLUTION :The apoplastic MOVEMENT of water OCCURS exclusively through the intercellular spaces and the WALLS of the CELLS.
Discussion
18892.

Question : Define : Antiport .

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SOLUTION :In antiport MOLECULES move in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
Discussion
18893.

Question : Define and understand explain the following terms : (i) Phylum (ii) Class (iii) Family (iv) Order (v) Genus

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Solution :(i) Phylum : Phylum is the PRIMARY division of Kingdom. It includes one or more RELATED classes of animals. In plants, instead of phylum, the term .division. is used.
(II) Class : Class is taxonomic group consisting of one or more related ORDERS. For examples, the class Mammalia, includes many orders.
(iii) Family : Family is a taxonomic group containing. One or more related genera. In plants, families are categorized on the basis of vegetative and reproductive features.
(iv) Order : Order is a taxonomic group containing one or more families. For example, the order Carnivora includes many families.
(v) Genus : Genus is a taxonomic group including closely related species. For example genus Panthera comprises many species such as LEO (lion) pardus (leopard) and tigris (tiger).
Discussion
18894.

Question : Define anaerobic photosynthesis .

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SOLUTION :In some bacteria, OXYGEN is not evolved and is called as non-oxygenic and anaerobic photosynthesis. Examples: Green SULPHUR, PURPLE sulphur and green FILAMENTOUS bacteria.
Discussion
18895.

Question : What is an aster?

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Solution :In animal CELL the centrioles extend a radial array of microtubules TOWARDS the plasma membrane when they reach the poles of the cell. This arrangement of microtubules is called an aster. Plant CELLS do not FORM asters.
Discussion
18896.

Question : Whatr is alternation of generation?

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Solution :Alternation of the haploid GAMETOPHYTIC PHASE (N) with diploid sporophytic phase (2n) during the LIFE cycle is called alternation of generation.
Discussion
18897.

Question :Define aestivation. Which type of aestivation is found in China rose,Calotropis Gulmohar and Pea.

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Solution : The mode of ARRANGEMENT of SEPALS or petals in a floral BUD is known asaestivation.
CHINA rose – twistedCalotropis – valvate
Gulmohar – imbricatePea – vexillary
Discussion
18898.

Question : Define aestivation.

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SOLUTION :Arrangement of SEPALS and PETALS in a FLORAL bud.
Discussion
18899.

Question : Explain the terms cohesion force, Adhesive force, surface tension force.

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SOLUTION :The attraction of WATER MOLECULES to POLAR surfaces (such as the SURFACE of tracheary elements).
Discussion
18900.

Question : What is absorption spectra? Give their types.

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SOLUTION :A curve obtained by plotting the amount of ABSORPTION of DIFFERENT wavelengths of LIGHT by a pigment is called its absorption SPECTRUM.
Discussion