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12801.

Question : Mention the four barriers of innate immunitywithan examplefor each .

Answer»

SOLUTION :Physicalbarrier .
Ex : Mucus coatingof epithelium .
PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER.
Ex : Acidin stomach / SALIVA in the MOUTH / tears from eyes .
Cellularbarries .
Ex : WBC/Naturalkillercells / Macrophages .
Cytokinin barrier .
Ex : Interferons.
Discussion
12802.

Question : Mention the factors affecting Health ?

Answer»

Solution :Genetic disorders-deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from parents during birth.
INFECTIONS caused by MICROORGANISM.
Life STYLE including food and WATER intake, rest and exercise, habits that we have or LACK etc.
Discussion
12803.

Question : Mention the features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Origin of replication : Origin of replication is a specific sequence from where replication starts.
When any piece of DNA is linked to this sequence can be made to replicate WITHIN the host cells.
This sequence is also responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked DNA.
So if one wants to recover many copies of the target DNA, it should be, cloned in a vector whose origin support high copy number.
(ii) Selectable marker : In vector, there is selectable marker in addition to origin of replication.
Which HELPS in identifying and eliminating non transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants.
Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotic such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol tetracycline or kanamycin etc. are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli.
(iii) Cloning sites : In order to link the alien DNA, the vector needs to have very few, preferably single recognition sites for the commonly used restriction enzymes.
Presence of more than one recognition sites within the vector will GENERATE several fragments, which will complicate the gene cloning.
The ligation of alien DNA is carried out at a restriction site present in one of the two antibiotic resistance genes.
For example, you can ligate a foreign DNA at the BamH I site of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector pBR322.
The recombinant plasmids will lose tetracycline resistance due to insertion of foreign DNA but can still be selected out from non recombinant ones by plating the transformants on tetracycline containing medium.
The transformants growing on ampicillin containing medium are then transferred on a medium containing tetracycline.
The recombinants will grow in ampicillin containing medium but not on that containing tetracycline. But non recombinants will grow on the medium containing both the antibiotics.
In this CASE, one antibiotic resistance gene helps in selecting the transformants, wher as the other antibiotic resistance gene gets inactivated due to insertion of alien DNA and helps in selection of recombinants.
Selection of recombinants due to inactivation of antibiotics is a cumbersome procedure because it requires simultaneous plating on two plates having different antibiotics.
Therefore alternative selectable markers have been developed which differentiate recombinants from non recombinants on the basis of their ability to produce colour in the presence of a chromogenic substrate.
For e.g. a recombinant DNA is inserted within the coding sequence of an enzyme, `beta`-galactosidase,. This results into inactivation of the gene for synthesis off this enzyme which is referred to as insertional inactivation.
The presence of a chromogenic substrate gives blue coloured colonies if the plasmid in the bacteria does not have an insert. Presence of insert results into insertional inactivation of the `alpha`-galactosidase gene and the colonies do not produce any colour, these are identified as recombinant colonies.
(iv) Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals : Bacteria and Viruses can be used for transferring genes into plants and animals.
Agrobacterium fumifaciens, a pathogen of several dicot plants is able to deliver a piece of DNA transform normal plant cells into a tumor Nowadays it is transformed into cloning vector.
Which is not a pathogenic but it is still able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes of our interest into a variety of plants.
Similarly retroviruses in animals have the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Which is recently useful by transforming into desired genes and ENTER into animal cells.
Discussion
12804.

Question : Mention 'The Evil Quartet' of biodiversity loss

Answer»

SOLUTION :i. Habitat loss and fragmentation.
II. Over - exploitation.
III. Alien (exotic) species invasions.
iv. Co - EXTINCTIONS.
Discussion
12805.

Question : (b) Mention 'The Evil Quartet' of biodiversity loss.

Answer»

SOLUTION :REFERE PAGENO . 322
Discussion
12806.

Question : AUG has dual functions.

Answer»

Solution :AUG has DUAL FUNCTIONS. It acts as a initiator codon and ALSO codes for the amino acid METHIONINE.
Discussion
12807.

Question : Mention the different wildlife organisations.

Answer»

SOLUTION :ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Discussion
12808.

Question : Mention the different steps of process of recombinant DNA technology.

Answer»

Solution :a. ISOLATION of DNA
b. Fragmentation of DNA by RESTRICTION endonucleases.
c. Isolation of a desired DNA fragment.
d. Ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector.
e. INSERTION of recombinant DNA into the hast.
f. Culturing the HOST cells on a suitable medium at a large scale.
g. Extraction of the desired gene product.
h. Down stream processing of the products as FINISHED product, ready for marketing.
Discussion
12809.

Question : Mention the differences between spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
12810.

Question : Mention the difference between breech birth and normal birth.

Answer»

Solution :In breech BIRTH, the FOETUS PRESENTS buttocks first. In normal birth, the foetus presents head first.
Discussion
12811.

Question : Mention the detection and diagnosis of Cancer ?

Answer»

Solution :Early detection of cancers is essential as it allows the disease to be treated successfully in many cases.
Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue and blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the CASE of leukemias.
In biopsy, a piece of suspected tissue is cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope by a pathologist.
Techniques like RADIOGRAPHY (use of X-rays), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are very useful to detect cancers of internal organs.
Computed tomography uses X-rays to generate a three dimensional image of the internals of an object.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and Non-ionizing RADIATIONS to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in living TISSUES.
Discussion
12812.

Question : Mention the cranial capacity ofNeanderthal man

Answer»

1100 CC
1200 CC
1300 CC
1400 CC

Solution :1400 CC
Discussion
12813.

Question : Mention the criteria for a molecularthat acts as the geneticmaterial

Answer»

Solution :Itshould be able to generate its replica (REPLICATION).
It should be CHEMICALLY and structurally stable .
It shouldprovide the scope for slowchanges (MUTATION) that required for EVOLUTION .
Discussion
12814.

Question : Mention the correct number of biodiversity hotspots identified throughout the world.

Answer»

29
16
34
46

Answer :C
Discussion
12815.

Question : Mention the conventional propagation techniques.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) CUTTING (B) GRAFTING
Discussion
12816.

Question : Mention the contribution of genetic maps inhuman genome project.

Answer»

Solution :GENETIC maps enhance basic understanding of human genetics and provide information that will HELP to prevent inherited DISEASES as well as to PLAN GENETICALLY modified diets.
Discussion
12817.

Question : Mention the contribution of Gregor Mendel ? Mention the reasons for his success.

Answer»

Solution :Gregor Mendel, conducted hybridisation EXPERIMENTS on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of INHERITANCE in living organisms.
= During Mendel.s investigations into inheritance patterns it was for the first time that statistical analysis and mathematical logic were applied to problems in BIOLOGY.
= His experiments had a large sampling size which gave greater credibility to the data that he collected.
= Also the confirmation of his inferences from experiments on successive generations of his test plants, proved that his results pointed to general rule of inheritance rather than being unsubstantiated ideas.
=Mendel investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were manifested as TWO opposing traits e.g. tall or dwarf plants, yellow or green seeds.
= This allowed him to set up a basic framework of rules governing inheritance, which was expanded on by later scientists to account for all the diverse natural observations and the complexity inherent in them.
=Mendel conducted such artificial pollination/cross pollination experiments using several true - breeding pea lines.
= A true - breeding line is ONE that having undergone continuous self pollination, shows the stable trait inheritance and expression for several generation.
=Mendel selected 14 true-breeding pea plant varieties as pairs which were similar except for one character with contrasting traits.
=Some of the contrasting traits selected were smooth or wrinkled seeds, yellow or green seeds, smooth or inflated pods, green or yellow pods and tall or dwarf plants.
Discussion
12818.

Question : Mention the contribution of microbes in making of antibiotics.

Answer»

Solution :Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century and have greatly contributed towards the welfare of the human society Anti is a GREEK word that means against. and bio means .life., together they mean against life.. (In the context of disease causing ORGANISMS). Whereas with reference to human beings, they are Pro life and not against. Antibiotics are chemical substances which are produced by some microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other (disease causing) microbes. Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered. When Alexander fleming was working on staphylococci bacteria once observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which staphylococci could not grow. He found out that it was due to a chemical produced by the mould and he named it penicillin after the mould penicillium notatum. However its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard FLOREY. This antibiotic was extensively used to TREAT American soldiers wounded in world war-II. Fleming Chain and Florey were awarded the Noble Prize in 1945 for this discovery. After penicillin, other antibiotics were also purified from other microbes. Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly disease such as plague, whooping cough, diptheria and leprosy, which used to kill millions all over the globe.
Discussion
12819.

Question : Mention the chemical change that proinsulin undergoes to be able to act as mature insulin

Answer»

SOLUTION :The REMOVAL of c peptide meoety of porinsulin give INSULIN
Discussion
12820.

Question : Mention the commercial importance of Monascus pupureus.

Answer»

SOLUTION :BLOOD- CHOLESTEROL LOWERING AGENT.
Discussion
12821.

Question : Mention the cells involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Answer»

SOLUTION :T- LYMPHOCYTES.
Discussion
12822.

Question : Mention the characteristic of exponential growth.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) When RESOURCES in the habitat are UNLIMITED, each species has the ability to realize fully its INNATE potential to grow in number and SHOWS exponential growth.
(b) Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous population densities in a short time.
Discussion
12823.

Question : Mention the effects due to ultraviolet radiation.

Answer»

Solution :UV rays may penetrate DEEP into the skin and can lead to premature skin aging and wrinkling of skin, suppression of the immune system, skin CANCER (melanoma) and chronic effects LEADING to eye DAMAGE. DNA damage can RESULT from free radicals and reactive oxygen and photons can damage the DNA itself.
Discussion
12824.

Question : Mention the causes of enhanced UV radiation on human beings.

Answer»

Solution :UV raysmay penetratedeepinto the SKINAND canlead to prematureskin agingand WRINKLING of skin ,suppressionoftheimmunesystem, skincancer(melanoma ) and chroniceffectsleading to eyedamage . DNA damagecan result fromfree radicalsand reactiveoxygen and photons candamagethe DNA itself .
Discussion
12825.

Question : Mention the causative organism of the following (a)Tetanus (b)Bubonic plague (C )pneumonia (d)Cholera

Answer»

Solution :(a)Tetanus :Clostridium tetani
(B)BUBONIC plague:Yersinia pestis
(C )Pneumonia :STREPTOCOCCUS pneumoniae
(d)Cholera:Vibrio choleae
Discussion
12826.

Question : Mention the carbon positions to which the nitrogenous base and the phosphate molecule are respectively linked in the nucleotide given below :

Answer»

Solution :The NITROGEN BASE in bonded to the `1^(st)` CARBON and PHOSPHATE molecule to the `5^(TH)` carbon.
Discussion
12827.

Question : Mention the barriers used for contraception.

Answer»

SOLUTION :CONDOMS, DIAPHRAGM, CERVICAL capss and VAULTS.
Discussion
12828.

Question : Mention the bacterium responsible for the large holes seen in Swiss Cheese.

Answer»

SOLUTION :PROPIONIBACTERIUM sharmanii
Discussion
12829.

Question : Mention the asexual reproductive structures of Penicillium.

Answer»

SOLUTION :CONIDIUM
Discussion
12830.

Question : Mention the approximate life spans of following organisms

Answer»

SOLUTION :a(60 to 90 years) , c(20-30 years),d(25 years),e(20-25 years) , f(62 years), g(2 WEEKS),H(3-4 month, i(200-300 years)
Discussion
12831.

Question : Mention the asexual reproductive structure in sponges.

Answer»

SOLUTION :GEMMULES
Discussion
12832.

Question : Mention the application of biotechnology.

Answer»

Solution :(i) Biotechnology is one of the most important applied interdisciplinary sciences of the `"21"^(st)` century. It is trusted area that enables us to find the beneficial way of life.
(ii) Biotechnology has wide applications in various sectors like AGRICULTURE, medicine, environment and commercial industries.
(iii) This science has an invaluable outcomes like transgenic varieties of plants e.g. transgenic cotton (Bt-cotton), RICE, tomato and banana.
(iv) The development of transgenic as pesticide resistant varieties of agricultural corps is the immense outcome of biotechnology.
(v) The SYNTHESIS of human insulin and blood protine in E-coll and utilized for insulin deficiency disorder in human is a breakthrough in biotech industries in medicine.
(vi) The synthesis of vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, dairy products of biotech industries.
(vii) Biochip based biological computer is one of the successes of bio technology.
(viii) Genetic engineering involves genetic manipulation tissues culture involves aseptic cultivative of totipotent plant cell into plant clones under controlled ATMOSPHERIC conditons.
(ix) SIngle cell porotine from spirulina is utilized in food industries.
(x) Production of secondary metabolites, biofertilizers, biopesticides and enzymes.
(xi) Biomass enrgy, BIOFUEL, bioremediation, phytoremedition for environmental biotechnology.
Discussion
12833.

Question : Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel.

Answer»

Solution :Mendel.s selected garden pea plant as a sample due to the following reasons: (i) Pea plants are readily available on large scale and has bisexual cleistogamous flowers. (ii) Pea are self-pollinated and can be cross-pollinated also. (III) These are annual plants with short life cycle. So generation can be studied within a short PERIOD. (IV) Pea plants could be easily raised, MAINTAINED and handled. (v) Pea plants differ in distinct/ contrasting characteristics which provide MANY easily detectable contrasting characters.
Discussion
12834.

Question : Mention the advantages and disadvantages of cloning.

Answer»

Solution :Offers benefits for clinical trials and medical RESEARCH. It can help in the production of proteins and drugs in the field of medicine.
Aids stem cell research.
Animal cloning COULD help to save endangered SPECIES.
Animal and human activists see it as a threat to biodiversity saying that this alters evolution which will have an impact on populations and the ecosystem.
The process is tedious and very expensive.
It can cause animals to suffer. Reports show that animal surrogates were manifesting adverse OUTCOMES and cloned animals were affected with disease and have high mortality rate.
It might compromise human health through consumptionof cloned animal meat.
Cloned animals age faster than NORMAL animals and are less healthy than the parent organism as discovered in Dolly
Cloning can lead to occurrence of genetic disorders in animals.
More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable offspring.
Discussion
12835.

Question : Mention the advancement which Neanderthal man showed over Homo erectus.

Answer»

Solution :More BRAIN CAPCITY, use of hides to cover body and BURIAL ofdead.
Discussion
12836.

Question : Mention the accessory ducts of male reproductive system.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Retetestis, VASA EFFERENTIA, EPIDIDYMIS and vasdeference.
Discussion
12837.

Question : Mention some of the names of biodegradable liopolymers .

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAS )
(II) Polyhydroxyal butyrate (PHB) .
Discussion
12838.

Question : Mention single word for the following. a. Spread of cancer cells to a distant site. b. Abnormal sensitivity to any substance. c. Cancer inducing substances. d. Non-specific proteins preventing virus multiplication.

Answer»

Solution : a. Metastasis b. ALLERGY C. CARCINOGENS d. Interferon
Discussion
12839.

Question : Mention social, religious and cultural value of the flowers

Answer»

Solution :Human beings have had an INTIMATE relationship with FLOWERS since time immemorial.
Flowers are objects of AESTHETIC, ornamental, social, religious and cultrual value
They have always been used as symbols for conveying IMPORTANT human feelings such as love, affection, HAPPINESS, grief, mourning etc
Discussion
12840.

Question : Mention responsible methods for the development of modern biotechnology.

Answer»

Solution :Among many, the two CORE techniques that enabled birth of modern technology are :
(1) GENETIC engineering : Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism.
(ii) Bioprocess engineering : MAINTENANCE of sterile (Microbial contamination free) ambience in chemical engineering processes to ENABLE growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like ANTIBIOTICS, vaccines, enzymes etc.
Discussion
12841.

Question : Mention salient features of human genome.

Answer»

Solution :Some of the salient observations drawn from human genome project are as follows:
(i) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases.
(ii) The average GENE consists of 3000 bases but sizes vary greatly with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.
(III) The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 - much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 1,40,000 genes. Almost all (99.9 percent) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
(iv) The functions are unknown for over `50%` of the discovered genes.
(v) Less than `2%` of the genome codes for proteins.
(vi) Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome.
(vii) Repetitive sequences are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many TIMES, sometimes hundred to thoudand time. They are thought to have no direct coding functions but they shed light on chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution.
(viii) Chromosome I has most genes (2968) and the Y has the fewest (231).
(ix) Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA differences (SNPs-single nucleotide polymorphism) occur in human. This information promises to revolutionise the processes of finding CHROMOSOMAL locations for disease - associated sequences and tracing human history.
Discussion
12842.

Question : Mention one significant difference between morula and blastula.

Answer»

Solution :Morula is a SOLID ball of 16-32 embryonic cells not organised into layer. Blastula is a hollow tennis balllike structure with a blastocoel in the centre and has an OUTER trophoblast layer and an INNER cell mass CALLED embryonal KNOB.
Discussion
12843.

Question : Mention one similarity between hydrach and xerarch succession.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Both TYPE of succession leads to medium WATER conditions or MESIC conditionsi.e. NEITHER too dry nor too wet.
Discussion
12844.

Question : Mention one significant difference between each of the following: (a) Sertoli cells and spermatogonial cells (b) Menarche and menopause

Answer»

Solution :(a) Sertoli cells are large PYRAMIDAL cells which PROVIDE ATTACHEMENT and nutrition to the DEVELOPING sperm. Spermatogonial cells are cuboidal cells of germinal epithelium which divide to produce spermatocytes or MALE germ cells.
Discussion
12845.

Question : Mention one disadvantage of using Nuclear power.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) The radioactive BYPRODUCTS cannot be disposed easily.
(ii) IMPROPER STORAGE of nuclear waste can cause contamination of the environment.
Discussion
12846.

Question : Mention one difference between carcinoma and sarcoma with reference to their origin.

Answer»

Solution :CARCINOMA: CANCER of epithetial TISSUE, Sarcoma: Cancer of CONNECTIVE and MUSCULAR tissues
Discussion
12847.

Question : Mention one application of pollen bank. How are pollen stored in a bank?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The pollen grains can be stored for years in liquid nitrogen (`-196^@C`.) in plllen BANKS and used for CROP BREEDING experiment.
Discussion
12848.

Question : Mention main phases included in recombinant DNA technology.

Answer»

SOLUTION :The phases included in recombinant DAN TECHNOLOGY are as follow :
(i) FORMATION of DNA pieces and selection of DNA piece with desirable characteristics.
(ii) Creation of DNA by landing of selected DNA piece n cloning vector.
(III) Identification of recombinant vector in host cell.
(iv) Multiplication and selection of clones having recombinant molecules.
(v) Making/creation or origin of desired product by GENE representation.
Discussion
12849.

Question : Mention four tools required for recombinant DNA technology b. With reference to gel electrophoresis, what is elution?

Answer»

Solution :Enzymes (Restriction enzyme, DNA ligases, polymerase enzymes)
Vector DNA
Host organisms
Bioreactors.
B) ELUTION: The SEPARATED bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose GEL and extracted from the gel PIECE.
Discussion
12850.

Question : Mention four traits for which plant breeding is done.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(a) Increased CROP yield and IMPROVED quality
(b) Increased tolerance to environmental stresses
(C) Resistance to pathogens
(d) Increased tolerance to insect pests
Discussion