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This statement is false. 

Democratic traditions, values and institutions are not purely western. Our ancient epics, our diverse folk tales from one corner of the country to another are full of dialogues, discussions and contrasting positions. 

The dialogue in Mahabhrata between Bhrigu and Bharadvaja relating to caste division talks about how all humans get affected by emotions of the likes of sorrow, fear, anger and still divide ourselves on the basis of caste. 

Thus, social change in modern India is not just about Indian or Western ideas. It is a combination as well as reinterpretation of western and Indian ideas. We have seen the use of both modern ideas of equality and traditional ideas of justice. In colonial India the undemocratic and discriminatory administrative practice of British colonialism contrasted sharply with the vision of freedom which western theories espoused and which the western educated Indians read about. Thus, the scale of poverty and intensity of social discrimination led to deeper questioning of what is democracy. 

Mass communication helps in communication at a global level. Also, it helps in economic development of a country. Moreover, it plays a major role in lives of people like - entertainment, informative, sports field etc. It also helps the business to be held at global level.

• India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually.
• India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films, video feature films and video short films.

Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.

Sustainable development can be defined as the careful utilisation of resources to not only meet the requirements of the present generation but also of the future generation. Some common ways in which we can conserve resources are:

• Not to waste paper
• to switch off fans and light when not in use
• to not waste paper
• to use water carefully

Gandhiji’s ideas of satyagraha were:

(i) Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and need to search for truth.

(ii) It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

(iii) Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

(iv) Gandhiji also believed that people had to be persuaded, instead of being forced, to see the truth through non-violence.

Need for Starting Non-Cooperation Movement
Young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali approached Gandhiji about the possibility of a united movement against the British rule.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Gandhi feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. The non-cooperation movement was launched on 1 August 1920. In response to the killing of the police, British authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura tragedy.

Gandhi ji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages:

1st Stage: Surrender of titles that the government awarded.
2nd Stage: Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
3rd Stage: Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Inability to see the perspective of others is called Egocentrism.

Early childhood stage stage is known as pre- gang stage.

According to 10% law, 

Plants have 20,000 J energy available. 

Plants transferred their 10% energy to deer i.e.

20000 x 10/100 = 2000 J

Deer received 2000 J energy from the plants and now it transfer 10% energy of itself to lion. 

2000 x 10/100 = 200 J

Hence, lion will have 200 J energy from deer. 

There are five major groups of micro-organisms:

(i) Bacteria: They are single celled disease-causing micro-organisms. They can be spiral or rod- shaped.

(ii) Fungi: They are mostly multicellular disease-causing microbes. Bread moulds are common examples of fungi.

(iii) Protozoa: They mainly include organisms such as Amoeba, Plasmodium, etc. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

(iv) Virus: Viruses are disease-causing microbes that reproduce only inside the host organism.

(v) Algae : They include multicellular, photosynthetic organisms such as Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc.

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey have made the production of antibiotics widespread by pioneering efforts.

Advantages of inbreeding in animals are
(1)  Necessary in evolving a pure line in any animal breed.
(2) Increases homozygosity

It provides abundant antibodies (IgA) for passive immunity to protect the infant

The two types of immunity are innate and passive/acquired immunity. 

Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defence that provides barriers to the entry of antigens. 

Passive immunity is a pathogen-specific type of defence that develops in response to encouter with pathogen. The foetus recieves antibodies through the placenta.

Innate Immunity , Acquired Immunity that a baby acquires from his mother’s milk after birth is an example of passive Immunity 

The adaptive immune system is also known as acquired immune system.

The adaptive immune system, also referred as the acquired immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminates pathogens by preventing their growth.

“The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods.” Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir, mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. The low lying areas suffer the most because the dams fail to provide a 100 percent guarantee to control the flow of water during excessive rainfall, and whenever there is an overflow , these are the areas which drown first. Excessive sedimentation on the reservoir side of the dams also plays an important role in this.

The insulin prepared by rDNA technology does not produce sensitive allergic reactions and immunological reactions whereas those used earlier produced allergic reactions and other complications to the foreign protein as earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle or pigs.

Earlier, insulin was extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pig. This insulin is not in use as some patients developed allergic reaction to this foreign protein.

Gel electrophoresis is used for separating the fragments of DNA cut by restriction endonucleases.

Vaccines prevent microbial infections by initiating production of antibodies against these antigens to neutralise the pathogenic agents during later actual infection. (1/2) 

 The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognize the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure. (1/2) 

(d) All the above

On dissolution of a firm, Credit balance of Partner's Capital Account is paid to Partners.

b) Accounting concepts

b) Accrual concept

Subscription received in advance during the current year is recorded on the liability side of current year's Balance sheet.

'Receipt and payment Account' in case of Not - for - profit Organisation is prepared on Cash Basis of Accounting.

Interest on drawings = 9,000 x 4 x (6/100) x (4.5/12)

Interest on drawings = Rs.810

Two reasons for preparation of Revaluation Account at time of  admission of a partner are.

(i) To record the effect of revaluation of assets and liabilities. 

(ii) To ensure that the profits or losses on revaluation of assets and liabilities may be divided amongst the old partners. 

It is necessary to revalue assets and liabilities of a firm in case of admission of a partner so that the incoming partner is neither put to an advantage nor to disadvantage due to change in the market value of assets and liabilities. 

Benefits from the Website are as follows : 

1. Customers can buy toys anywhere and anytime because Internet is online 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 

2. With a Website, customers can easily access information about the toys. 

3. Business Website is the potential for reaching a wider audience.

Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. It cannot lose 4 electrons to form C⁴⁺ cation because very high energy is required to remove 4 electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with 6 protons in its nucleus holding onto just 2 electrons. It also cannot gain 4 electrons to form C^4– anion because it is difficult for 6 protons to hold onto 10 electrons. The type of bonds formed in ionic compou nds are ionic or electrovalent bonds and in compounds formed by carbon are covalent bonds. Since the electrons are shared, there are no char ged particles in carbon compounds and hence they are poor conductors of electricity.

Observation of Rhizopus or common mould under the microscope.
Materials Required: Mould sample, plain glass slide, coverslip, water, disposable gloves. 

Procedure:

1. Place a drop of water in the centre of the slide.
2. Using a toothpick, scrape very little of the mould and place it on the drop of water.
3. Take the cover slip and set it at an angle to the slide, so that one edge of it touches the water drop, then carefully lower it over the drop so that the cover slip covers the specimen without trapping air bubbles underneath.
4. Use the corner of a tissue paper or blotting paper to blot up any excess water at the edges of the cover slip.
5. View the slide with a compound microscope first observe under low power.

Observation:

(a) The common bread mould consists of fine thread like projections called hyphae and thin stems having knob like structures called sporangia.
(b) Each sporangium contains hundreds of minute spores.
(c) When the sporangium bursts, the tiny spores are dispersed in air.

Advantages:

(i) Bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.

(ii) Plants without seeds can also reproduce.

(iii) Genetically similar to the parent plant.
Plants:

Banana, sugarcane, grapes or any other.

Two contraceptive methods are :
(a) Creating mechanical barriers.
(b) Using contraceptive pills. 
Two benefits of these methods are :
(a) Protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
(b) Sufficient gap between successive births.

The space around the magnet or current carrying conductor within which its influence can be felt by the magnetic substance is called magnetic field. 

Two parameters that are necessary to describe magnetic field are magnitude and direction. 

It would mean that at the point of intersection, compass needle would point at 2 directions which is impossible.

Precautions : 

(i)  Cut the peel to a proper size and avoid folding it.

(ii)  Always place the peel at the centre of the slide and hold the slide at the edges. 

(iii)  Do not overstrain or under strain the peel. 

(iv)  Remove excess stain and glycerin with a blotting paper.

Energy used is dissipated in less usable form. The energy used is consumed and cannot be used again.

Example: Burning of candle → light + heat but the product cannot produce chemical energy.

Detailed Answer:

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But, it can only be converted from one form to another. Despite this fact, the world is facing energy crisis. The reason behind it is that energy is converted into non-usable forms.

Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum etc. are the sources of energy which have accumulated in nature over a long time and cannot be replaced. We should worry about such sources because these sources of energy are getting depleted and sooner or late, will no longer be available to us.

Biological magnification refers to the process of increase in the concentration of a toxic chemical with increasing trophic level in a food chain. 

Harmful or poisonous substance such as DDT sprinkled to kill pests on plants enter the food chain. The plants absorb these harmful chemicals from soil along with water and minerals. They enter the food chain at producer level and then transfers to the next trophic level. The tertiary consumers get more higher levels of these chemicals.

(i) The leaf peel of lower epidermis is taken and cut with a blade.

(ii) The cut pieces are transferred into a petridish containing water.

(iii) Leaf peel is stained with safranine.

(iv) Leaf peel after staining (2-3 minutes) is taken with a brush and kept on a clean glass slide.

(v) Mount the peel with glycerine and put coverslip on it.

(vi) Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of blotting paper.

(vii) Observe the slide under the microscope.

Potential Energy (stored water in dam) → Kinetic Energy (water falling from dam on turbine) → Electrical Energy (Generation of electricity

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.

A dam is built to control water through the placement of a blockage of earth, rock across a stream or river. They usually store water in a reservoir which is then used for a variety of applications such as irrigation and municipal water supplies.

Three main problems that arise because of the construction of big dams are :

(i) Construction of dams across rivers leads to deforestation which results in the loss of biodiversity.

(ii) Constructing reservoir may result in the flooding of nearby towns and villages.

(iii) Construction of dams requires a huge amount of monetary investments.

The gustatory receptor is the tongue and olfactory receptor is nose.

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams.

A dam is built to control water through the placement of a blockage of earth, rock across a stream or river. They usually store water in a reservio4 which is then used for a variety of applications such as irrigation and municipal water supplies.

Three main problems that arise because of the construction of big dams are :

(i) Construction of dams across rivers leads to deforestation which results in the loss of biodiversity.

(ii) Constructing reservoir may result in the flooding of nearby towns and villages.

(iii) Construction of dams requires a huge amount of monetary investments.

a is cyton or cell body & and is axon.